Symbols and conventions used in welding documentation explained

The symbols and conventions used in welding documentation are specified in national and international standards such as ISO 2553 Welded, brazed and soldered joints -- Symbolic representation on drawings and ISO 4063 Welding and allied processes -- Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers. The US standard symbols are outlined by the American National Standards Institute and the American Welding Society and are noted as "ANSI/AWS".^[1] Due in part to the growth of the oil industry, this symbol set was used during the 1990s in about 50% of the world's welding operations.^[1] An ISO committee sought to establish a global standard during this decade.^[1]

In engineering drawings, each weld is conventionally identified by an arrow which points to the joint to be welded. The arrow is annotated with letters, numbers and symbols which indicate the exact specification of the weld. In complex applications, such as those involving alloys other than mild steel, more information may be called for than can comfortably be indicated using the symbols alone.^[1] Annotations are used in these cases.^[1]

Component elements

In the US, the component elements of the weld specification are:

1. The reference line - the body of the arrow which is the baseline for the specification.
2. The arrow tip which goes at an angle to the reference line, pointing to the joint to be welded.
3. The tail which goes at the other end of the reference line.
4. The basic welding symbol which goes on the reference line to indicate the shape of the weld such as a fillet or plug. The symbol is placed on the arrow side or other side of the line to indicate which side of the joint the weld goes.
5. The dimensions and other numbers such as the length of the weld or number of spot welds go above and below the reference line.
6. Supplementary symbols go at the junction of the reference line and the arrow tip. One such symbol is a circle to indicate an all-around weld, which goes on every side of the joint.
7. Finish symbols go above the reference line to indicate the surface contour or finish of the weld such as flush, convex or concave.
8. Letters indicating the welding process are placed at the tail end, such as AHW for atomic hydrogen welding. Further examples include:

Abbreviations for welding processes

See main article: List of welding processes. If a particular welding process needs to be indicated in addition to the symbols, the following abbreviations are commonly used in North America:^[2]

Designation	Welding process
CAW	Carbon-arc welding
DB	Dip brazing
FB	Furnace brazing
FW	Flash welding
GMAW	Gas metal-arc welding
GTAW	Gas tungsten-arc welding
IB	Induction brazing
OAW	Oxy-acetylene welding
OHW	Oxy-hydrogen welding
PGW	Pressure gas welding
RB	Resistance brazing
SAW	Submerged arc welding
SMAW	Shielded metal arc welding
TB	Torch brazing
UW	Upset welding

Further reading

• Book: K.L.Narayana,P.Kannaiah,K.Venkata Reddy . 2008 . Machine Drawing . New age International . 978-81-224-1917-7.
• Book: N.D.Bhatt,V.M.Panchal . 2003 . Machine Drawing . Charotar Publishing House . 81-85594-19-8.

External links

• Welding symbols at Arcraft Plasma Ltd.
• Welding symbols and definitions at Metallic Fusion
• Standard welding symbols at Engineer's Edge
• Extract from Chapter 26 – Welding and welding symbols in Manual of Engineering Drawing by Colin H. Simmons and Dennis E. Maguire. Newnes (2004).

Notes and References

1. Book: E. N. Gregory. Ann A. Armstrong. Welding symbols on drawings. 10 October 2011. 20 April 2005. CRC Press. 978-0-8493-3591-4. 7–8.
2. "Welding Inspection Handbook", 3rd edition, American Welding Society,, Miami, FL, pp. 10-11 (2000)