Swing Low, Sweet Chariot Explained

Swing Low Sweet Chariot
Cover:SwingLowSweetChariot1873.jpg
Caption:Page from The Jubilee Singers (1873)
Written:After 1865
Genre:Spirituals

"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" is an African-American spiritual song and one of the best-known Christian hymns. Originating in early African-American musical traditions, the song was probably composed in the late 1860s by Wallace Willis, a Choctaw freedman. Performances by the Hampton Singers and the Fisk Jubilee Singers brought the song to the attention of wider audiences in the late 19th century.[1] The earliest known recording of "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" was recorded in 1894, by the Standard Quartette.[2]

The song uses the theme of death to remind the audience of the glory that awaits in Heaven, when Christians believe they will transcend the earthly world of suffering and come to rest in their final home. Specifically, the text refers to the Old Testament account of the Prophet Elijah's ascent into Heaven by chariot. The stylistic elements and thematic content are highly typical to those of other spirituals. The song is characterized by its use of repetition as a key poetic element, powerful imagery, personal rhetoric, and potentially coded lyrics. "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" was traditionally performed as a call-and response tune. Its free-form structure intentionally allows for improvisation and spur-of-the-moment changes made to bring the performers and audience to a state of ecstasy and connection with the Holy Spirit. The melody is pentatonic.

In 2002, the US Library of Congress honored the song as one of 50 recordings chosen that year to be added to the National Recording Registry.[3] It was also included in the list of Songs of the Century, by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts.[4]

History

"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" was composed by Wallace Willis, a Choctaw freedman in the old Indian Territory in what is now Choctaw County, near the County seat of Hugo, Oklahoma sometime after 1865. He may have been inspired by the sight of the Red River, by which he was toiling, which reminded him of the Jordan River and of the Prophet Elijah being taken to heaven by a chariot (2 Kings 2:11).[5] [6] Some sources[7] [8] claim that this song and "Steal Away"[9] (also sung by Willis) had lyrics that referred to the Underground Railroad, the freedom movement that helped black people escape from Southern slavery to the North and Canada.

Alexander Reid, a minister at the Old Spencer Academy, a Choctaw boarding school, heard Willis singing these two songs and transcribed the words and melodies. He sent the music to the Jubilee Singers of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. The Jubilee Singers popularized the songs during a tour of the United States and Europe.[6]

In 1939, Nazi Germany's Reich Music Examination Office added the song to a listing of "undesired and harmful" musical works.[10]

The song enjoyed a resurgence during the 1960s Civil Rights struggle and the folk revival; it was performed by a number of artists. Perhaps the most famous performance during this period was that by Joan Baez during the legendary 1969 Woodstock festival.

Oklahoma State Senator Judy Eason McIntyre from Tulsa proposed a bill nominating "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" as the Oklahoma State official gospel song in 2011. The bill was co-sponsored by the Oklahoma State Black Congressional Caucus. Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin signed the bill into law on May 5, 2011, at a ceremony at the Oklahoma Cowboy Hall of Fame; making the song the official Oklahoma State Gospel Song.[11]

Lyrics

Refrain:Swing low, sweet chariot,[12] Coming for to carry me home.Swing low, sweet chariot,Coming for to carry me home.

I looked over Jordan, and what did I see,Coming for to carry me home.I saw a band of angels coming after me,Coming for to carry me home.

['''Refrain''']

If you get back to heaven before I do,Coming for to carry me home.You'll tell all your friends I'll be coming there too,Coming for to carry me home.

['''Refrain''']

As is typical of folk songs, there is no standardized set of lyrics. The version by the Fisk Jubilee Singers takes the following structure:

Refrain:Swing low, sweet chariotComing for to carry me homeSwing low, sweet chariotComing for to carry me home

['''Refrain''']

I'm sometimes up, I'm sometimes downComing for to carry me homeBut still my soul feels heavenly boundComing for to carry me home

['''Refrain''']

I looked over Jordan and what did I see?Coming for to carry me homeA band of angels coming after meComing for to carry me home

['''Refrain''']

['''Refrain''']

Content and style

The content of the song is typical to the style of the spiritual in several ways: its use of imagery that provides a sense of immediacy to the historical and biblical past, the repetition of the key poetic element of the song (“Coming for to carry me home”), and the alteration between the refrain and the stanzas throughout.  The song alternates between first person and second person pronouns, stressing the relationship between the performer, the listener, and the events unfolding in the song. By directly calling to the listener in the second stanza (“If you get there before I do”) the audience is transformed into a creative device that serves to heighten the emotional urgency of the tune.[13]

The song was originally intended to be sung in a call-and-response, a format that draws from the heritage of African styles of music and is widely used in African-American churches today. A leader sings the differentiated lines, and the congregation replies “Coming for to carry me home” after each. This style of performing the spiritual can be heard in the existing recordings of the Fisk Jubilee Singers performing the tune. This call-and-response performance style is the most common form of spiritual.[14]

The simple, repetitive nature of the song, along with the fact that it was commonly performed without instrumental accompaniment, meant that spontaneous shifts in tempo, pitch, and emphasis were commonly made, leading the song in new and exciting directions intended to unify congregants with the Holy Spirit.

Like other spirituals, “Swing Low Sweet Chariot” has been thought to contain coded meanings not immediately apparent to all listeners. American historian Charshee Charlotte Lawrence McIntyre argues that many spirituals make use of “metonymic devices,” or metaphors that have encoded meanings. She claims that throughout many traditional spirituals several recurring figures always carry a metonymic double meaning. These double meanings allowed enslaved people to safely communicate messages of hope, freedom, and specific plans for escape to one another under the watchful gaze of their captors. The double meanings encoded in “Swing Low, Sweet Chariot” are believed to be the Jordan River as representative of the first step to freedom from slavery, “home” as Africa, and Jesus as anyone who helps bring the enslaved to freedom. However, a definitive categorization of any such figures is impossible to make.

Film, video games, and television appearances

The song has frequently been used in films and television.

Renditions

A popular early recording[34] was by the Fisk University Jubilee Quartet for Victor Records (No. 16453) on December 1, 1909,[35] which became the first gospel song to sell 1 million copies[36] and is one of the best-selling gospel songs of all time. Two years later the Apollo Jubilee Quartette recorded the song on Monday, February 26, 1912, Columbia Records (A1169), New York City.[37] [38]

Since then, numerous versions have been recorded; including those by Nellie Melba (one of her last recordings, made in June 1926), Bing Crosby (recorded April 25, 1938),[39] Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen (included in the album The Kenny Ball Show – 1962), Louis Armstrong (for his album Louis and the Good Book – 1958), Sam Cooke (for his album Swing Low – 1961), Vince Hill (1993),[40] Peggy Lee (1946),[41] and Paul Robeson (recorded January 7, 1926 for Victor (No. 20068)).[42] In 1951, Dizzy Gillespie replaced the chariot with a Cadillac; first a Fleetwood and later, as on the 1967 album Swing Low, Sweet Cadillac, an Eldorado.

Biviano Accordion Sextette

The jazz accordionist/composer John Serry Sr. recorded the composition with the jazz guitarist Tony Mottolaas members of the Biviano Accordion & Rhythm Sextette in 1947 for Sonora Records on the album Accordion Capers (Sonora # MS 476).[43] [44]

Eric Clapton

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
Cover:Eric Clapton Swing Low Sweet Chariot.jpg
Type:single
Artist:Eric Clapton
Album:There's One in Every Crowd
B-Side:Pretty Blue Eyes
Genre:Blues rock · reggae
Label:RSO
Producer:Tom Dowd
Chronology:Eric Clapton
Prev Title:Willie and the Hand Jive
Prev Year:1974
Next Title:Knockin' on Heaven's Door
Next Year:1975

British rock musician Eric Clapton recorded a reggae version of the song for his 1975 studio album There's One in Every Crowd. RSO Records released it with the B-side "Pretty Blue Eyes" as a seven-inch gramophone single in May the same year, produced by Tom Dowd.[45] His version reached various singles charts, including Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

Weekly chart performance

References in other songs

"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" contains the lyrics, "I looked over Jordan and what did I see? Coming for to carry me home". Pink Floyd's 1977 song "Sheep", written by Roger Waters, makes reference to the song with the lyrics, "I've looked over Jordan and I have seen, things are not what they seem". A later 1992 song by Waters, "The Bravery of Being Out of Range", makes further reference to the song with the lyrics, "I looked over Jordan and what did I see? I saw a U.S. Marine in a pile of debris".

Use in rugby union

"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" has been sung by English rugby players and fans for some decades,[47] and there are associated gestures, sometimes used in a drinking game, which requires those who wrongly perform the gestures to buy a round of drinks.[48] [49] Folk singer Joe Stead claimed he introduced it to the rugby fraternity as early as 1960 after hearing it from civil rights activist Paul Robeson. An article published in Tatler in 1966 described a "tradition" at the West Park bar at Twickenham of patrons singing the song whilst swaying as one, shoulder-to-shoulder.[50] It became associated with the England national side, in particular, in 1988.

First documented singing at Twickenham (1987)

The World Rugby Museum in 2020 unearthed archive footage of Swing Low being sung at Twickenham when Martin Offiah (nicknamed "Chariots" as a play-on-words referencing the 1981 film Chariots of Fire), played in the 1987 Middlesex Sevens tournament.[51] The curator of the museum believes the crowd at Twickenham would already have known Swing Low because it had been sung in rugby clubs since the 1960s, with rude gestures illustrating the words.[52]

First documented singing at an England international match (1988)

Coming into the last match of the 1988 season, against Ireland at Twickenham, England had lost 15 of their previous 23 matches in the Five Nations Championship. The Twickenham crowd had only seen one solitary England try in the previous two years and at half time against Ireland they were 0–3 down. However, during the second half England scored six tries to give them a 35–3 win. The official account of this occasion from England Rugby is that a group of fans from Market Bosworth rugby club in the West Stand started singing the song before it was taken up by the rest of the crowd.[53] [54] Another account states that a group of boys from Douai School were the ones in the crowd to begin singing the song before it was taken up by other fans.[55] The song is still regularly sung at matches by English supporters.[56]

2020 review

In 2020 the Rugby Football Union, in response to the increased interest in the Black Lives Matter movement after the murder of George Floyd, said it was "reviewing" fans' use of the song. Former rugby player Brian Moore and Prince Harry both argued that the song should no longer be sung in rugby contexts.[57] [58] Former Barbarian and Rugby League Hall of Fame player Martin Offiah shortly afterwards said that he thought the song should be retained as an opportunity to educate England's and other nationalities' rugby fans about racial discrimination and Black history.[59] Former England player Maggie Alphonsi said "I think it's good the RFU are having a review, but I don't agree with it being banned".[60]

Rugby-related record releases

1991

The song became the England Rugby World Cup theme for the 1991 Rugby World Cup, when performed by "Union featuring the England World Cup Squad". It reached number 16 on the UK singles chart.

1995

The song was covered in 1995 for that year's tournament by British reggae duo China Black together with South African male choral group, Ladysmith Black Mambazo. Released as a single on 22 May 1995, it reached number 15 on the UK Singles Chart.[61] [62]

1999

1999's tournament featured Russell Watson record a version (titled Swing Low '99) which had less success, only peaking at number 38 on the UK chart.[63]

2003

Swing Low
Type:single
Artist:UB40 featuring United Colours of Sound
Album:Homegrown
B-Side:"Swing Low" (Stadium mix)
Released:[64]
Length:3:27
Label:DEP International
Producer:Charlie Skarbek
Chronology:UB40
Prev Title:Cover Up
Prev Year:2002
Next Title:Kiss and Say Goodbye
Next Year:2005

The song enjoyed more success in 2003's tournament, but included the album Homegrown, when recorded by UB40 and the United Colours of Sound. It originally peaked at number 23, but following England's victory in the tournament, the cover reached number 15.[65] [66] In the wake of the tournament, UB40 performed the song at a concert at the NEC Arena Birmingham that was attended by England rugby fans and captain Martin Johnson.[67] The England national rugby union team returned from the 2003 Rugby World Cup triumph in Australia on a plane dubbed "Sweet Chariot".[68]

2007

Another version was recorded by Blake for the 2007 Rugby World Cup.

2011

For the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand, all-girl group Our Lady Muse (O.L.M) released an England Rugby World Cup Song. An upbeat party anthem version of Swing Low, Sweet Chariot – The Song was premiered at the "Polo Rocks" concert in aid of The Prince's Trust.

2015

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
Cover:Ella Eyre Swing Low Sweet Chariot.jpg
Type:single
Artist:Ella Eyre
Released:September 7, 2015
Recorded:2014
Genre:Pop
Length:3:14
Label:Virgin EMI Records
Prev Title:Good Times
Prev Year:2015
Next Title:Best of My Love
Next Year:2015

English singer Ella Eyre released a cover version of the song on September 7, 2015 as a digital download in association with England Rugby, to coincide with the 2015 Rugby World Cup, with the song raising money for England Rugby's All Schools programme. The song was produced by Glyn Aikins and Mojam, it peaked to number 134 on the UK Singles Chart and number 87 on the Scottish Singles Chart. A music video to accompany the release of "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" was first released onto YouTube on September 10, 2015 at a total length of three minutes and ten seconds.

Release history

2018

Country and gospel artist, Josh Turner, released a cover of the song on the 2018 album, I Serve a Savior. The album was Turner's first release that contained mainly gospel music.[70]

See also

African-American spirituals

Rugby Union fan songs

External links

Notes and References

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  3. Web site: 2002 View Registry by Induction Years Recording Registry National Recording Preservation Board Programs Library of Congress. 2022-01-25. Library of Congress.
  4. Web site: CNN.com - Entertainment - Songs of the Century - March 7, 2001. 2022-01-25. edition.cnn.com.
  5. Web site: Story behind spiritual 'Swing Chariot' emerges. usatoday30.usatoday.com. December 4, 2018.
  6. Web site: Michael Overall, How an Oklahoma slave came to write one of the world's most famous songs . 27 January 2019 . Tulsa World, January 28, 2019. January 28, 2019.
  7. Web site: Underground Railroad Terminology . www.pbs.org . July 3, 2013 . Walls, Bryan . October 4, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213038/http://www.pbs.org/wned/underground-railroad/stories-of-freedom/underground-railroad-terminology/ . dead .
  8. News: Story behind spiritual 'Sweet Chariot' emerges . USA Today . August 12, 2006 . July 3, 2013 . Eversley, Melanie.
  9. Web site: A Guide to The Underground Railroad in New Jersey . Njstatelib . July 3, 2013 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130823115712/http://slic.njstatelib.org/slic_files/digidocs/h673/h6732002.pdf . August 23, 2013 .
  10. Web site: Banned Music in the Third Reich. Völkischer Beobachter, Full edition Nr. 94 of April 4, 1939. March 2, 2019.
  11. Web site: Oklahoma House Approves 'Swing Low, Sweet Chariot' As State Gospel Song. www.newson6.com. en. April 19, 2019.
  12. In subsequent refrains, it is customary to add "Oh" before the first "Swing Low"
  13. Peters. Erskine. 1989. The Poetics of the Afro-American Spiritual. Black American Literature Forum. 23. 3. 559–578. 10.2307/2904207. 2904207. 0148-6179.
  14. Book: Darden, Bob. People get ready! : a new history of Black gospel music. 5 October 2005. Bloomsbury Academic . 978-0-8264-1752-7. 875302254.
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  27. Web site: Quotes Description. Movie Quotes. May 26, 2019.
  28. Web site: The 'Addams Family Values' Cast Reveals Behind-The-Scenes Secrets 20 Years Later. BuzzFeed. 19 November 2013 . December 29, 2017.
  29. Book: Long. Michael. Peaceful Neighbor: Discovering the Countercultural Mister Rogers. 2015. Westminster John Knox Press. Louisville, KY. 978-0664260477. 97.
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  33. News: Rowan . Kate . Rugby must make the most of popularity surge following Japan – Joe Marler should be the new face of the sport on TV . January 6, 2020 . The Telegraph . November 5, 2019.
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  35. Web site: The Online Discographical Project. 78discography.com. August 6, 2017.
  36. Web site: The first million-selling gospel single?. Greg Adams. February 19, 2017. Music Weird. Blogspot. January 25, 2024.
  37. Dixon, Robert M. W. Blues and Gospel Records: 1890–1943 (Blues and Gospel Records), Oxford University Press (1997), p. 23 –
  38. Brooks, Tim. Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 1890–1919, University of Illinois Press (2004), p. 258 –
  39. Web site: A Bing Crosby Discography. BING magazine. International Club Crosby. August 6, 2017.
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  43. Web site: Accordion Capers. his Accordion and Rhythm Sextette. Joe Biviano. June 19, 1947. Internet Archive.
  44. Web site: Leone Jump; Swing Low, Sweet Chariot; The Jazz Me Blues; Nursery Rhymes. Internet Archive.
  45. Web site: Eric Clapton – Swing Low Sweet Chariot – hitparade.ch. Steffen Hung – Hung Medien. Schweizer Hitparade. de. October 21, 2015.
  46. Book: Tatsaku, Ren. The Oricon Sales Report. 2011. Tokyo. Oricon Style – Recording Industry Association of Japan. ja.
  47. Web site: The story behind "Swing Low Sweet Chariot" and how it became a rugby anthem. . everyhit.com . October 8, 2007 .
  48. [Hash House Harriers]
  49. Hugh Farrelly. "Oti the man to blame as 'Swing Low Sweet Chariot' continues to roll", Irish Independent, March 13, 2008.
  50. Web site: Complicated history of Swing Low, Sweet Chariot needs to be taught and honoured . Bull . Andy . July 2, 2020 . . July 2, 2020.
  51. News: Lowbridge. Caroline. Swing Low, Sweet Chariot rugby 'mystery solved'. March 7, 2020. BBC News. March 7, 2020. en-GB.
  52. News: 'I hate Swing Low Sweet Chariot' says former hooker Brian Moore . . Jamie . Gardner . June 19, 2020 . July 4, 2020.
  53. Web site: The story of how Swing Low, Sweet Chariot became England Rugby's anthem . . May 9, 2020 . en.
  54. Web site: Swing Low, Sweet Chariot . rfu.com . August 15, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071025050634/http://www.rfu.com/microsites/museum/index.cfm?fuseaction=faqs.slsc . October 25, 2007.
  55. Oliver Price Blood, mud and aftershave in The Observer Sunday February 5, 2006, Section O is for Oti
  56. News: Holden . Jim . March 16, 2014 . Italy 11 – England 52: Stuart Lancaster's men end with a flourish . Sunday Express .
  57. News: Prince Harry backs rugby move to kick out slavery song Swing Low, Sweet Chariot. The Times. en. June 21, 2020. 0140-0460.
  58. Web site: June 21, 2020. Ex-Engand hooker Brian Moore says Swing Low, Sweet Chariot must go. June 21, 2020. Stuff. en.
  59. News: Black Lives Matter: RFU reviewing use of slave song Swing Low, Sweet Chariot. BBC Sport . June 18, 2020.
  60. Web site: 'Swing Low debate a chance to educate' - Will Greenwood, Maggie Alphonsi, Topsy Ojo discuss | Rugby Union News | Sky Sports . 2020-06-21 . 2020-06-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200622134301/https://www.skysports.com/rugby-union/news/12321/12010398/swing-low-debate-a-chance-to-educate-will-greenwood-maggie-alphonsi-topsy-ojo-discuss . dead .
  61. New Releases: Singles. Music Week. 57. 20 May 1995.
  62. Web site: swing low sweet chariot full Official Chart History Official Charts Company. 25 January 2022. www.officialcharts.com.
  63. Web site: swing low full Official Chart History Official Charts Company. 2022-01-25. www.officialcharts.com. en.
  64. New Releases: Singles. Music Week. 33. October 25, 2003.
  65. Web site: UK Charts – UB40 . www.officialcharts.com . June 14, 2013.
  66. Web site: Swing Low . December 2003 . www.discogs.com . June 14, 2013.
  67. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xb25pqs-OEA UB40 – Swing Low Sweet Chariot (live at the NEC Arena Birmingham, 2003)
  68. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3232174.stm England rugby heroes head home
  69. http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/150919cluk.txt Chart: CLUK Update 19.09.2015 (wk38)
  70. Web site: Praise the Almighty with Josh Turner's "I Serve a Savior". 25 May 2021 .