| 109P/Swift–Tuttle | |
| Discoverer: | Lewis Swift Horace Parnell Tuttle |
| Discovery Date: | July 16, 1862 |
| Designations: | 1737 N1; 1737 II; 1862 O1; 1862 III; 1992 S2; 1992 XXVIII |
| Orbit Ref: | [1] [2] |
| Epoch: | October 10, 1995 (JD 2450000.5) |
| Observation Arc: | 257 years |
| Semimajor: | 26.092 AU |
| Perihelion: | 0.9595 AU |
| Aphelion: | 51.225 AU |
| Eccentricity: | 0.9632 |
| Period: | 133.28 yr |
| Inclination: | 113.45° |
| Min Speed: | (2059-Dec-12) |
| Last P: | December 12, 1992 |
| Next P: | July 12, 2126 |
| Orbital period at different passages[3] | |||||||
| Perihelion date | Orbital period (years) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2392-09-16 | 132.7 | ||||||
| 2261-08-10 | 134.6 | ||||||
| 2126-07-12 | 136.2 | ||||||
| 1992-12-12 | 135.0 | ||||||
| 1862-08-23 | 131.7 | ||||||
| 1737-06-15 | 127.8 | ||||||
| 1610-02-06 | 130.5 | ||||||
| 1479-10-18 | 133.4 | ||||||
| 1348-05-02 | 135.0 | ||||||
Comet Swift–Tuttle (formally designated 109P/Swift–Tuttle) is a large periodic comet with a 1995 (osculating) orbital period of 133 years that is in a 1:11 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet, which has an orbital period between 20 and 200 years. The comet was independently discovered by Lewis Swift on July 16, 1862 and by Horace Parnell Tuttle on July 19, 1862.
Its nucleus is in diameter.[4] Swift–Tuttle is the parent body of the Perseid meteor shower, perhaps the best known shower and among the most reliable in performance.[5]
The comet made a return appearance in 1992, when it was rediscovered by Japanese astronomer Tsuruhiko Kiuchi and became visible with binoculars.[6] It was last observed in April 1995 when it was 8.6AU from the Sun.[1] In 2126, it will be a bright naked-eye comet reaching an apparent magnitude of about 0.7.[7] .
| Older passages | |||||||
| CE/BCE | Date | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 188 CE | 188-07-10 | ||||||
| 69 BCE | –68-08-27 | ||||||
| 322 BCE | –321-09-27 | ||||||
In the discovery year of 1862, the comet was as bright as Polaris.[8]
After the 1862 observations, it was incorrectly theorized that the comet would return between 1979 and 1983. However, it had been suggested in 1902 that this was the same comet as that observed by Ignatius Kegler on July 3, 1737,[9] and on this basis Brian Marsden calculated correctly that it would return in 1992.
The comet's perihelion is just under that of Earth, while its aphelion is just over that of Pluto. An unusual aspect of its orbit is that it was recently captured into a 1:11 orbital resonance with Jupiter; it completes one orbit for every 11 of Jupiter. It was the first comet in a retrograde orbit to be found in a resonance. In principle this would mean that its proper long-term average period would be 130.48 years, as it librates about the resonance. Over the short term, between epochs 1737 and 2126 the orbital period varies between 128 and 136 years.[1] However, it only entered this resonance about 1000 years ago, and will probably exit the resonance in several thousand years.
The comet is on an orbit that makes repeated close approaches to the Earth–Moon system, and has an Earth-MOID (Minimum orbit intersection distance) of 0.0009abbr=onNaNabbr=on.[4] Upon its September 1992 rediscovery, the comet's date of perihelion passage was off from the 1973 prediction by 17 days. It was then noticed that if its next perihelion passage (July 2126) was also off by another 15 days (July 26), the comet could impact the Earth or the Moon on August 14, 2126 (IAUC 5636: 1992t).Given the size of the nucleus of Swift–Tuttle, this was of some concern. This prompted amateur astronomer and writer Gary W. Kronk to search for previous apparitions of this comet. He found the comet was most likely observed by the Chinese at least twice, first in 69 BCE and later in 188 CE; these two sightings were quickly confirmed by Brian Marsden and added to the list of perihelion passages at the Minor Planet Center.[1] Around 25 July 188 CE the comet passed about 0.129abbr=unitNaNabbr=unit from Earth.[10]
This information and subsequent observations have led to recalculation of its orbit, which indicates the comet's orbit is sufficiently stable that there is absolutely no threat over the next two thousand years. It is now known that the comet will pass 0.153abbr=unitNaNabbr=unit from Earth on August 5, 2126.[4] and within 0.147AU from Earth on August 24, 2261.[10]
A close encounter with Earth is predicted for the comet's return to the inner Solar System in the year 3044, with the closest approach estimated to be 1000000miles.[11] Another close encounter is predicted for the year 4479, around Sept. 15; the close approach is estimated to be less than 0.05 AU, with a probability of impact of 1 in a million.[12] Subsequent to 4479, the orbital evolution of the comet is more difficult to predict; the probability of Earth impact per orbit is estimated as 2 (0.000002%).[12]
Comet Swift–Tuttle is by far the largest near-Earth object (Apollo or Aten asteroid or short-period comet) to cross Earth's orbit and make repeated close approaches to Earth. With a relative velocity of 60 km/s, an Earth impact would have an estimated energy of ~27 times that of the Cretaceous–Paleogene impactor.[13] The comet has been described as "the single most dangerous object known to humanity".[14] In 1996, the long-term possibility of Comet Swift–Tuttle impacting Earth was compared to 433 Eros and about 3000 other kilometer-sized objects of concern.[15]
| 2126-08-05 15:50 | 0.15337abbr=unitNaNabbr=unit | 1.04AU | 58.3 | 40.8 | ± 11000 km | Horizons |