| Native Name: | Svenska Livland |
| Conventional Long Name: | Swedish Livonia |
| Common Name: | Livonia |
| Status: | Vassal |
| Empire: | Sweden |
| Status Text: | Dominion of the Swedish Empire |
| Event Start: | Truce of Altmark |
| Year Start: | 1629 |
| Date Start: | 25 September |
| Event End: | Treaty of Nystad |
| Year End: | 1721 |
| Date End: | 30 August |
| Event1: | Treaty of Oliva |
| Date Event1: | 23 April 1660 |
| Event2: | Great Northern War |
| Date Event2: | 1700–1721 |
| Event3: | Conquered by Russia |
| Date Event3: | 1713 |
| Event Pre: | Conquered by Sweden |
| Date Pre: | 1621 |
| P1: | Duchy of LivoniaDuchy of Livonia |
| Flag P1: | POL Inflanty IRP COA.svg |
| Border P1: | no |
| S1: | Riga GovernorateRiga Governorate |
| Flag Border: | no |
| Flag: | List of flags of Sweden |
| Flag Type: | Flag |
| Symbol: | Coat of arms of Vidzeme |
| Image Map Caption: | Baltic provinces of Swedish Empire in the 17th century. |
| Capital: | Riga |
| Common Languages: | Swedish, Estonian, Latvian, Livonian, Low German (Latin as lingua franca) |
| Religion: | Lutheranism |
| Leader1: | Gustav II Adolf |
| Year Leader1: | 1611–1632 |
| Leader2: | Frederick I |
| Year Leader2: | 1720–1751 |
| Title Leader: | King of Sweden |
| Representative1: | Jacob De la Gardie |
| Year Representative1: | 1622–1628 |
| Representative2: | Erik Dahlberg |
| Year Representative2: | 1696–1702 |
| Title Representative: | Governor-General |
| Today: | Estonia Latvia |
| Legislature: | Diet |
Swedish Livonia (sv|Svenska Livland) was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1629 until 1721. The territory, which constituted the southern part of modern Estonia (including the island of Ösel ceded by Denmark after the Treaty of Brömsebro) and the northern part of modern Latvia (the Vidzeme region), represented the conquest of the major part of the Polish-Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia during the 1600–1629 Polish-Swedish War. Parts of Livonia and the city of Riga were under Swedish control as early as 1621 and the situation was formalized in the Truce of Altmark 1629, but the whole territory was not ceded formally until the Treaty of Oliva in 1660. The minority part of the Wenden Voivodeship retained by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was renamed the Inflanty Voivodeship ("Livonian Principality"), which today corresponds to the Latgale region of Latvia.
Riga was the second largest city in the Swedish Empire at the time. Together with other Baltic Sea dominions, Livonia served to secure the Swedish dominium maris baltici. In contrast to Swedish Estonia, which had submitted to Swedish rule voluntarily in 1561 and where traditional local laws remained largely untouched, the uniformity policy was applied in Swedish Livonia under Karl XI of Sweden: serfdom was abolished, peasants were offered education as well as military, administrative or ecclesiastical careers, and nobles had to transfer domains to the king in the Great Reduction.
The territory in turn was conquered by the Russian Empire during the Great Northern War and, following the Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710, formed Riga Governorate. Formally, it was ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, together with Swedish Estonia and Swedish Ingria.
the House of Vasa
House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
House of Hesse
The dominion was ruled by appointed governors-general, but retained its own diet.
See main article: List of Swedish regiments.
Temporary cavalry regiments: