| Swatow dialect | |
| Also Known As: | Shantou |
| Nativename: | Uncoded languages: 汕頭話 Suan¹tao⁵ uê⁷ |
| States: | China |
| Region: | Mainly in Shantou, southeastern Guangdong province. |
| Speakers: | ? |
| Familycolor: | Sino-Tibetan |
| Fam2: | Sinitic |
| Fam3: | Chinese |
| Fam4: | Min |
| Fam5: | Coastal Min |
| Fam6: | Southern Min |
| Fam7: | Chaoshan Min |
| Ancestor: | Proto-Sino-Tibetan |
| Ancestor2: | Old Chinese |
| Ancestor3: | Proto-Min |
| Script: | Peng'im |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glotto: | shan1244 |
| Glottorefname: | Shantou |
| Lingua: | 79-AAA-jif |
| Map: | Shantou map2005.jpg |
| Mapcaption: | Shantou dialect |
The Swatow dialect, or in Mandarin the Shantou dialect, is a Chinese dialect mostly spoken in Shantou in Guangdong, China. It is a dialect of Chaoshan Min language.[1] It is similar to and largely mutually intelligible with the Teochew dialect.
Shantou dialect has 18 initials, 61 rimes and 8 tones.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ 毛 | pronounced as /link/ 腦 | pronounced as /link/ 俄 | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate | pronounced as /link/ 波 | pronounced as /link/ 刀 | pronounced as /link/ 之 | pronounced as /link/ 哥 | pronounced as /link/ 烏 | |
| pronounced as //pʰ// 抱 | pronounced as //tʰ// 天 | pronounced as //tsʰ// 此 | pronounced as //kʰ// 戈 | |||
| pronounced as /link/ 無 | pronounced as /link/ 鵝 | |||||
| Continuant | pronounced as /link/ 思 | |||||
| pronounced as /link/ 羅 | pronounced as /link/ 入 | pronounced as /link/ 何 | ||||
| pronounced as /link/ 衣 | pronounced as /link/ 污 | ||
| pronounced as /link/ 亞 | pronounced as /ia/ 呀 | pronounced as /ua/ 娃 | |
| pronounced as /link/ 窩 | pronounced as /io/ 腰 | ||
| pronounced as /link/ 啞 | pronounced as /ue/ 鍋 | ||
| pronounced as /link/ 余 | |||
| pronounced as /ai/ 哀 | pronounced as /uai/ 歪 | ||
| pronounced as /oi/ 鞋 | pronounced as /ui/ 威 | ||
| pronounced as /au/ 歐 | pronounced as /iau/ 夭 | ||
| pronounced as /ou/ 烏 | pronounced as /iu/ 憂 | ||
| pronounced as /ĩ/ 丸 | |||
| pronounced as /ã/ 噯 | pronounced as /ĩã/ 營 | pronounced as /uã/ 鞍 | |
| pronounced as /ĩõ/ 羊 | |||
| pronounced as /ẽ/ 楹 | |||
| pronounced as /ɯ̃/ 秧 | |||
| pronounced as /ãĩ/ 愛 | |||
| pronounced as /õĩ/ 閑 | |||
| pronounced as /im/ 音 | |||
| pronounced as /am/ 庵 | pronounced as /iam/ 淹 | ||
| pronounced as /iŋ/ 因 | pronounced as /uŋ/ 溫 | ||
| pronounced as /aŋ/ 按 | pronounced as /iaŋ/ 央 | pronounced as /uaŋ/ 汪 | |
| pronounced as /oŋ/ 翁 | pronounced as /ioŋ/ 雍 | ||
| pronounced as /eŋ/ 英 | |||
| pronounced as /ɤŋ/ 恩 | |||
| pronounced as /iʔ/ 裂 | |||
| pronounced as /aʔ/ 鴨 | pronounced as /iaʔ/ 益 | pronounced as /uaʔ/ 呴 | |
| pronounced as /oʔ/ 學 | pronounced as /ioʔ/ 約 | ||
| pronounced as /eʔ/ 厄 | |||
| pronounced as /oiʔ/ 狹 | pronounced as /iuʔ/ | ||
| pronounced as /ip̚/ 邑 | |||
| pronounced as /ap̚/ 盒 | pronounced as /iap̚/ 壓 | pronounced as /uap̚/ 法 | |
| pronounced as /ik̚/ 乙 | pronounced as /uk̚/ 熨 | ||
| pronounced as /ak̚/ 惡 | pronounced as /iak̚/ 躍 | pronounced as /uak̚/ 獲 | |
| pronounced as /ok̚/ 屋 | pronounced as /iok̚/ 育 | ||
| pronounced as /ek̚/ 液 | |||
| pronounced as /m̩/ 唔 |
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tones | dark level 陰平 | dark rising 陰上 | dark departing 陰去 | dark entering 陰入 | light level 陽平 | light rising 陽上 | light departing 陽去 | light entering 陽入 |
| Tone contour | pronounced as /˧/ (33) | pronounced as /˥˧/ (53) | pronounced as /˨˩˧/ (213) | pronounced as /˨/ (2) | pronounced as /˥/ (55) | pronounced as /˧˥/ (35) | pronounced as /˩/ (11) | pronounced as /˥/ (5) |
| Example Hanzi | 詩 | 死 | 四 | 薛 | 時 | 是 | 示 | 蝕 |
Shantou dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:
| Original citation tone | Tone sandhi |
|---|---|
| dark level 33 | 23 |
| light level 55 | 21 |
| dark rising 53 | 35 |
| light rising 35 | 21 |
| dark departing 213 | 55 |
| light departing 11 | 12 |
| dark entering 2 | 5 |
| light entering 5 | 2 |