Suwon Explained

Suwon
Native Name:Korean: 수원
Settlement Type:Special case city
Translit Lang1:Korean
Translit Lang1 Type1:Hangul
Translit Lang1 Info1:Korean: {{linktext|수원|시
Translit Lang1 Type2:Hanja
Translit Lang1 Info2:Korean: {{linktext|水|原|市
Translit Lang1 Info3:Suwon-teungnyesi
Translit Lang1 Info4:Suwŏn-t'ŭkrye-si
Image Blank Emblem:Suwon_City_Council_2022_logo.png
Blank Emblem Type:Emblem of Suwon
Coordinates:37.2667°N 128°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Type1:Area
Subdivision Name1:Gyeonggi Province (Seoul Capital)
Parts Type:Administrative divisions
Parts:4 gu, 43 dong
Government Type:Mayor-Council
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Lee Jae-jun
Leader Title1:Council
Leader Name1:Suwon City Council
Area Total Km2:121.04
Elevation Max M:582
Elevation Max Point:Gwanggyosan
Population Total:1,233,424
Population As Of:31 December 2023
Population Density Km2:auto
Population Blank1 Title:Dialect
Population Blank1:Gyeonggi
Website:Suwon City Council
Leader Title2:Members of the Gyeonggi Provincial Council
Leader Title3:Members of the National Assembly
Blank Name:Flower
Blank Info:Azalea[1]
Blank1 Name:Tree
Blank1 Info:Pine
Blank2 Name:Bird
Blank2 Info:Egret
Postal Code:16200–16799[2]
Area Code:+82-31-2xx

Suwon (; pronounced as /ko/) is the largest city and capital of Gyeonggi Province, South Korea's most populous province. The city lies approximately 30km (20miles) south of the national capital, Seoul. With a population of 1.2 million,[3] Suwon has more inhabitants than Ulsan Metropolitan City,[4] though it enjoys a lesser degree of self-governance as a 'special case city'.[5]

Traditionally known as the 'City of Filial Piety',[6] modern Suwon retains a variety of historical landmarks. As a walled city, it is a popular destination for day-trippers from Seoul,[7] with the wall itself—Hwaseong Fortress—receiving 1½ million visits in 2015.[8]

Suwon plays an important economic role as it is home to Samsung Electronics, Korea's largest and most profitable company.[9] The company's research and development centre is in Yeongtong-gu in eastern Suwon, where its headquarters have also been located since 2016.[10] Samsung's prominence in Suwon is clear: the company is partnered with Sungkyunkwan University,[11] which has a campus in the city; it also owns the professional football team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. This team has won the K League four times[12] and the Asian Super Cup twice.[13] [14] The city is also home to the K League 1 team Suwon FC and the KBO League baseball team KT Wiz.

Suwon houses several well-known universities, most notably Sungkyunkwan University and Ajou University.[15] It is served by three expressways, the national railway network, and three lines on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway.

Name

Suwon means literally "water source".[16] The area has gone by different names since antiquity, but almost all of them have this meaning. The name originally comes from the name of the statelet, from around the Proto–Three Kingdoms period. Afterwards, the area and what is now Hwaseong were together called Maehol, Maetkol, or Mulgol .[17] In, the name was changed to Susŏng-gun, in order to disambiguate it from another territory with a similar-sounding name.[18] In 940, its name was changed to Su-ju . In the 11th century, it went by either Susŏng (different Hanja:) or Hannam . In 1310, it received the name Suwon.

In English, the name was formerly often spelt .[19]

History

Early history

The area now corresponding to Suwon has been inhabited since at latest the early Bronze Age. Artifacts from that period to the early Iron Age have been found in the area, and include objects such as pottery, sculpture, and arrowheads.[20] One location these materials have been found is at, which is now a .

During the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, the area was described as being of the territory of the statelet Mosukuk, part of the Mahan confederacy. The area came under the influence of Goguryeo in the late 5th century CE, and then later became part of Unified Silla (668–935).

It became part of Goryeo after a military campaign led by King Taejo. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area was promoted, demoted, merged, and made part of various administrative districts. The area then became a part of Joseon upon its founding, and in 1395 was made an administrative center of Gyeonggi Province.

Until the late 18th century, Suwon’s administrative centre was in modern-day Annyeong-dong at the foot of Hwasan (a hill in Hwasan-dong, Hwaseong City).[21] In 1796, King Jeongjo relocated it to its current location at the foot of Paldalsan. To protect this new city, he commanded the building of Hwaseong Fortress—a protective wall around the town.[22]

An 1899 administrative report had the population at 49,708 people in 12,579 households.

Japanese colonial period

See also: Korea under Japanese rule and Korean independence movement.

During the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period, a number of prominent Korean independence activists came from or operated in Suwon. and Yi Sŏn-gyŏng were both arrested for their activities.

Liberation to Korean War periods

On 15 August 1949, Suwon was promoted from a county to a city, with some of its former territory made into Hwaseong County.[23]

When the Korean War began, the United States Air Force 49th Fighter Wing, then stationed in Japan, was sent to Korea[24] with an initial mission of evacuating civilians from Suwon and Gimpo.[25] While on this mission, on 1950, US planes in Suwon were attacked by North Korean fighters. The ensuing Battle of Suwon Airfield became the first aerial combat of the war.[26] Suwon Airfield was attacked again two days later while General Douglas MacArthur was on site.[27] Though the US repelled both attacks, Suwon fell to the advancing North Koreans one week later, on 1950.[28] The following day saw the first land conflict between United States and North Korean forces, the Battle of Osan.

North Korean troops were not the only threat to life: in the early days of the war, southern authorities feared left-leaning civilians, and many were killed.[29] Suwon was a site of such killings: eyewitness account from US intelligence officer Donald Nichols places Suwon as the location of a massacre of approximately 1,800 in late June 1950.[30] [31] [32]

Suwon was retaken, fell again to the North, before being recaptured for the final time. In total, the city changed hands four times during the war.[33]

While under southern authority, Suwon hosted forces from several countries. For example, on 1950, the Greek Expeditionary Force relocated from Busan to Suwon, attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division.[34] The city also appeared strategically important, as in late 1951, the US Air Force's top fighter pilot Gabby Gabreski was placed in charge of Suwon Air Base.[35]

A memorial to French forces was erected in 1974 near the Yeongdong Expressway's North Suwon exit.[36] This was renovated in 2013.[37]

Recent history

In 1964, the headquarters of Gyeonggi Province began a process of relocation from Seoul to Suwon.[38] Seoul had left the province in 1949.[39] When the construction of the headquarters was completed on 23 June 1967, the date was set as a new annual holiday: Suwon Citizen's Day . The Hwahong Cultural Festival (now) was established to celebrate the occasion.

Suwon has experienced a number of administrative territory changes since the 1960s. In 1963, Suwon expanded greatly as 20 villages were incorporated from Hwaseong-gun.[40] In 1983, two more villages were acquired from Yongin.[41] In 1987, Suwon expanded westwards, acquiring another two villages from Hwaseong.[42] [43] Gwonseon-gu and Paldal-gu were established in 1988. It received more territory from Hwaseong and Yongin in 1994,[44] and again from Hwaseong in 1995. It established Yeongtong-gu in 2003.

In preparation for the construction of a new planned city Gwanggyo, there were two-way exchanges of land between Suwon and Yongin in 2007[45] [46] and 2019.[47] [48] Suwon’s most recent land exchange occurred in 2020, when it swapped some land parcels with Hwaseong.[49]

Geography

Suwon lies in the north of the Gyeonggi plain, 30km (20miles) south of the national capital, Seoul. It is bordered by the cities of Uiwang to the north-west, Yongin to the east, Hwaseong to the south-west, and Ansan to the west.[50] Suwon is near the Yellow Sea coast: at its closest point, on the 239m (784feet) Chilbosan ridge to the west, Suwon lies 18.2km (11.3miles) from Ueumdo[51] in Sihwa Lake, a coastal inlet cordoned off to drive the world's largest tidal power station.[52]

Geology and topography

Suwon is primarily composed of Precambrian metamorphic rock. It has amphibolites that intrude through these, and also granites from the Mesozoic Era.[53]

Most of Suwon is composed of biotite granite (Jbgr) from the Jurassic period. This granite is centred on Paldalsan. A form of Daebo granite, this rock is distributed through Homaesil-dong, Geumgok-dong, Dangsu-dong, Seryu-dong, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-dong, and other areas. Its main constituent minerals are quartz, plagioclase, orthotic, biotite, and amphibole.[53]

Precambrian biotite gneiss (PCEbgn) is found in northern Suwon, specifically Pajang-dong, Gwanggyo-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. Visible rocks here are composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, amphibole, and muscovite; and are generally dark grey or dark green. Mesozoic biotite granite intrudes through these.[53]

Precambrian quartzo-feldspathic gneiss (PCEqgn) is distributed in some mountainous areas in Hagwanggyo-dong and Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has primarily undergone silicification, and is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. It is grey, grey-brown, and white.[53]

Suwon's single tectonic fault splits from the Singal Fault in Iui-dong, creating the Woncheonri Stream. The stream follows the fault through Ha-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong till it joins the Hwangguji Stream in Annyeong-dong, Hwaseong City. This is a -long vertical fault running SSW, eventually to the Yellow Sea. In Suwon, biotite gneiss and biotite granite are brought into contact by the fault.[53]

While the low-lying fault sits in the south of Suwon, the north is hillier: the city's highest point is Gwanggyosan (582m (1,909feet)) on the border with Yongin.[54]

Streams and lakes

Most of Suwon's streams originate on Gwanggyosan or other nearby peaks. Since the city is bounded to the north by Gwanggyosan, to the west by Chilbosan, and to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the Hwanggujicheon, Suwoncheon, Seohocheon, and Woncheollicheon, flow southwards.[55] After merging, they eventually empty into the Yellow Sea at Asan Bay. The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner.[56]

Several of Suwon's streams feature lakes. Since there are few natural lakes on the Korean mainland,[57] Suwon's lakes are in fact small reservoirs. These 11 reservoirs are, otherwise known as Seoho near Hwaseo Station;[58] Irwol Reservoir near Sungkyunkwan University; Bambat Reservoir near Sungkyunkwan University Station;[59], otherwise known as Irwang Reservoir in Manseok Park;[60] Pajang Reservoir near the North Suwon exit of the Yeongdong Expressway; and Hagwanggyo Reservoir at the foot of Gwanggyosan; Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs in Gwanggyo Lake Park; and Geumgok Reservoir, a small lake at the foot of Chilbosan. Irwang Reservoir (Manseokkeo) has been designated a world heritage site for irrigation.[61] Wangsong Reservoir, on the border with Uiwang, used to be partly in Suwon, but after controversial boundary changes, it is now entirely in Uiwang.[62]

Climate

Suwon has both a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa), and a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa).[63]

The city is prone to occasional flooding: the 1998 flood caused the death of a US soldier,[64] and 145mm of rain fell in 24 hours in 2010.[65]

Administrative divisions

See also: Administrative divisions of South Korea.

The city is composed of four gu (districts). Jangan-gu and Gwonseon-gu were established on 1988. On 1993, parts of Jangan-gu and Gwonseon-gu became a new district, Paldal-gu . The newest district is Yeongtong-gu, which separated from Paldal-gu on 2003. These districts are in turn divided into 42 dong.[66]

Suwon has several new 'towns', e.g., Homaesil[67] and Gwanggyo. The latter is perhaps the most notable of these: the first stage of its construction was completed in 2011,[68] and today its district, Yeongtong-gu, has Gyeonggi Province's seventh most expensive housing.[69]

Demography

Suwon is 50.3% male (49.7% female), and 2.9% foreign. On average, there are 2.3 residents per household. Further details for each district are shown below (figures from 31 December 2023).

Total peopleKorean malesKorean femalesKorean (total)Foreign malesForeign femalesForeign (total)
Suwon (total)1,233,424602,346594,9111,197,25717,83718,33036,167
Gwonseon-gu375,574184,970181,197366,1674,5584,8499,407
Jangan-gu277,645136,145134,704270,8493,3123,4846,796
Paldal-gu208,79199,29097,923197,2135,9175,66111,578
Yeongtong-gu371,414181,941181,017363,0284,0504,3368,386

Religion

See also: Religion in South Korea. The Catholic Diocese of Suwon was created in 1963 by Pope Paul VI.[70] [71] The cathedral—St Joseph's—is at Jeongja-dong.

Suwon is the birthplace of the former president of the Baptist World Alliance, Kim Janghwan (Billy Kim).[72] Mr founded the Suwon Central Baptist Church,[73] though this is located in Yongin.

Mireukdang, a small shrine to Maitreya, is located in Pajang-dong. This has a religious basis fusing Buddhism and traditional local religions.[74] [75]

Crime

Illegal dumping of household waste has been a problem in Suwon, and the city council has addressed this by increasing urban greenery. This approach appears to have reduced the scale of the problem.[76]

Suwon crime statistics, 2021[77]
CategoryCrimeNumber
Property crimeTheft4,202
Possession of stolen property8
Fraud6,183
Embezzlement1,277
Breach of trust70
Destruction1,510
Violent crime (serious)Murder16
Robbery7
Arson28
Sexual assault934
Violent crime (lesser)Violence2,988
Injury429
Intimidation540
Extortion159
Kidnapping, abduction4
False arrest, confinement33
Violation of The Punishment of Violence, Etc. Act (e.g., burglary)29
Violation of The Punishment of Violences, Etc. Act (e g., Formation of illegal organizations, and such activities)0
ForgeryCurrency7
Valuable securities, revenue stamp, postage2
Documents228
Seal11
Public official crimeAbandonment of duties18
Abuse of authority30
Receiving bribes2
Giving bribes0
Crime against moralityGambling, lotteries1,342
Deceased person1
Other obscene acts79
NegligenceInflicting bodily injury or death through negligence52
Inflicting bodily injury or death through occupational negligence47
Fire caused by negligence57
Misc.Defamation759
Obstruction of rights134
Credit business, auction438
Trespass439
Violation of secrecy4
Abandonment5
Traffic obstruction10
Obstruction of official duties186
Escape, harbouring criminals4
Perjury, destruction, and concealment of evidence83
False accusation108
Breach of the peace4
Insurrection0
Drinking water crimes0
Water use crimes0

Education

There are several universities and colleges in Suwon. These include Sungkyunkwan University's Natural Sciences Campus, Kyonggi University, Ajou University, Dongnam Health University, Gukje Cyber University, Hapdong Theological Seminary, and Suwon Women's University. Despite their names, the University of Suwon and Suwon Science College are not actually in Suwon, but in neighbouring Hwaseong. Seoul National University's agriculture campus was located in Suwon until 2005; it is now in Seoul.[78]

Suwon has 44 high schools, 57 middle schools, 100 primary schools, and 180 kindergartens.[79] Three schools are dedicated to special education: Jahye School (Tap-dong),[80] Suwon Seokwang School (Imok-dong),[81] and Areum School (Iui-dong).[82] Special education is also provided in some regular schools, e.g., Suwonbuk Middle School (Yeonghwa-dong).[83] There is also a centre for lifelong learning at Kyemyung High School (Imok-dong),[84] and there are two international schools in the city: Gyeonggi Suwon International School[85] and Suwon Chinese International School [86]

Schools and kindergartens in Suwon
Gwonseon-guJangan-guPaldal-guYeongtong-guTotal
KindergartenPublic (dedicated k'gtn)321511
Public (in elem. sch.)3219112385
Private2921102484
Elementary schoolPublic3322152898
Private00022
Middle SchoolPublic131352051
Private10416
High SchoolPublic7931231
Private238013

Environment

Throughout South Korea, water management is a challenge.[87] Suwon is 11% self-sufficient in its use of water, and plans to increase this to 50% through rainwater harvesting, including building retention facilities; and by treating and reusing sewage.[88]

Air pollution in Suwon appears to be from a range of industrial and other sources, with origins of coarse particulate matter (PM10) shown in the pie chart.[89]

Industry

The largest employer in Suwon is Samsung Electronics, which was founded in the city in 1969.[90] Its headquarters remain in Suwon, located today with the company's large R&D complex in Maetan-dong. Samsung's presence in the city can be seen through its sponsorship of local sports teams such as Suwon Samsung Bluewings Football Club[91] and two of the oldest domestic basketball teams—Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx—both of which have since left Suwon.[92] [93] [94] [95] Other major companies in Suwon include SK Chemical,[96] Samsung SDI,[97] and Samsung Electro-Mechanics.[98]

Landmarks

Hwaseong Fortress

See main article: Hwaseong Fortress. Hwaseong Fortress, built under the orders of King Jeongjo in 1796, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The entire city used to be encircled by the fortress walls,[99] but Suwon has long since expanded far beyond this boundary. There are four main gates in the walls, and Haenggung Palace lies in the centre of the fortress.[100]

Hwaseong was built under the guidance of philosopher Jeong Yak-yong. Workers were paid for their labour for one of the first times in Korea’s history, corvée labour having been common previously.[101] Construction details were meticulously recorded in the text Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe .[102] This document was invaluable after the Korean War: reconstruction efforts from 1964 to the present day have relied heavily on this.

Hyanggyo

Suwon Hyanggyo was a government-run school and Confucian ceremonial centre during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. During the Joseon Dynasty, it was the largest and oldest state school in Gyeonggi Province.[103] The school was originally built in 1291 beside Hwasan in Wau-ri, Hwaseong-gun. It was moved to its current location at Gyo-dong around 1795, when Hwaseong Fortress was built.[104] The school houses memorial tablets to Confucius, Mencius, and 25 Korean figures noteworthy to Confucianism.[105] It is open to the public on weekdays from till, but it is closed at weekends.

Bugugwon

Bugugwon, also known as Suwon Gu Bugugwon, built prior to 1923, is a cultural centre at Gyo-dong. There is no record of the 85.95 m2 building's construction, but exterior photographs were published in 1923.[106] Under Japanese rule, the building was the headquarters of Bugukwon Co., Ltd., which sold agricultural products such as fertilizers. After liberation, from 1952 to 1956, it temporarily housed the Suwon Court and the Public Prosecutor's Office. From 1957 to 1960, it was used as the Suwon City Education Support Office, and in 1974 the Republican Party used it as their Gyeonggi Province base. In 1979, the Suwon Arts Foundation was based here, and in 1981 it became an internal medicine clinic. Since 2018, it has been a public cultural space.[107]

Adams Memorial Hall

served as a focal point for the independence movement. The building was constructed in 1923 under Pastor William Noble with funding from various sources, including a church in the United States, Suwon Jongno Church, and local residents. Here, independence activists including Park and Lee met weekly to discuss their activities.[108]

Culture and contemporary life

Housing

As is typical of urban South Korea, Suwon has many apartment complexes. The city has been affected greatly by real estate price fluctuations,[109]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: https://www.suwon.go.kr/sw-www/www05/www05-03/www05-03-09.jsp . ko:나무·꽃·새·주 상징종 . Trees, Flowers, Birds, and City Symbols . Suwon City Council . 27 April 2023 . ko . 27 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230427004107/https://www.suwon.go.kr/sw-www/www05/www05-03/www05-03-09.jsp . live.
  2. Web site: https://www.koreapost.go.kr/kpost/subIndex/134.do?pSiteIdx=125 . ko:우편번호 개요 . Postal code overview . Korea Post . 22 March 2024 . ko.
  3. Web site: https://www.suwon.go.kr/stat/stats/statsView.do?categorySeqNo=14 . ko:월별인구현황 . Population Status by Month . Suwon City Council . 20 January 2024 . ko.
  4. Web site: Administrative District & Population . en . 28 February 2023 . 5 June 2023 . Ulsan Metropolitan City Council . 28 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220928223048/https://www.ulsan.go.kr/u/english/contents.ulsan?mId=001001002005000000 . live .
  5. News: PM: 4 Cities to be Given New Autonomous Status Hold Greater Responsibility . 3 January 2022 . 6 June 2023 . KBS World . en . 5 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230605155420/https://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=166705 . live .
  6. News: Suwon invites visitors to city of heritage, festivities . . 1 May 2016 . 27 April 2023 . en . 28 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928170906/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160501000222&mod=skb . live .
  7. News: Suwon celebrates its past while looking ahead . 11 March 2016 . 3 June 2023 . Park . Hyemi . . 3 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230603142321/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3016079 . live .
  8. News: Suwon Hwaseong fortress celebrates 220th year . . 21 February 2016 . 29 January 2024.
  9. News: Samsung Electronics stays atop S. Korea's top 500 firms' list . . 10 May 2023 . 3 June 2023 . 3 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230603145158/https://m-en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20230510001400320 . live .
  10. News: Samsung Electronics leaves Seoul headquarters . 22 February 2016 . 28 April 2023 . Song . Sung-hoon . Maeil Business News. en . 24 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160224094554/http://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2016&no=140836 . live.
  11. Web site: The Strategic Alliance Between Sungkyunkwan University and the Samsung Group: South Korean Exceptionalism or New Global Model? . 2017 . 29 April 2023 . Stek . Pieter . Triple Helix Association . en . 29 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230429091425/https://www.triplehelixassociation.org/helice/volume-4-2015/helice-issue-12/the-strategic-alliance-between-sungkyunkwan-university-and-the-samsung-group-south-korean-exceptionalism-or-new-global-model . live.
  12. Web site: Club: Suwon Samsung Bluewings . Goalzz . Kooora . 8 June 2023 . 8 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608152854/https://www.goalzz.com/?team=2294 . live .
  13. Web site: Asian Club Competitions 2000/01 . Stokkermans . Karel . Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation . 16 October 2014 . 7 June 2023 . 17 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220817114021/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/ascup01.html . live .
  14. News: Blue Wings flying high . 24 July 2002 . 7 June 2023 . BBC Sport . 28 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928170857/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tv_and_radio/world_football/2148786.stm . live .
  15. Web site: http://stat.suwon.ne.kr . ko:수원시통계 . Suwon City Statistics . ko . https://web.archive.org/web/20110130064822/http://stat.suwon.ne.kr/ . 30 January 2011.
  16. Web site: Suwon Tour: Hwaryeongjeon, Haeng-gung and Suwon Fortress . 31 March 2010 . 3 July 2023 . . 3 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230703132219/https://www.korea.net/Events/Performances/view?articleId=3895 . live .
  17. Book: Lee . Ki-Moon . Ramsey . S. Robert . A History of the Korean Language . 2011 . Cambridge University Press . 9781139494489 . Cambridge . 38.
  18. Web site: 김 . 선주 . ko:모수국 . Mosukuk . http://yangju.grandculture.net/yangju/index/GC04300370?category=%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EB%AA%85&depth=2&name=%EB%A7%88&page=7&search=%EB%AA%A8%EC%88%98%EC%84%B1 . 2024-02-02 . 디지털양주문화대전.
  19. Encyclopedia: 1877 . Corea . Encyclopaedia Britannica . 24 June 2023 . Webster . Hugh A. . 9 . 6 . 390 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230624142950/https://digital.nls.uk/encyclopaedia-britannica/archive/193819048 . 24 June 2023 . live.
  20. Web site: 최 . 운식 . 이 . 도남 . ko:수원시 (水原市) . Suwon City . https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0031604 . 2024-02-02 . . . ko.
  21. Noh . Hyeonkyun . Park . Woo . Seo . Boram . 2021 . A Fortress Made in Heaven (Namhansanseong of Gwangju) and the City of a King's Dreams (Hwaseong Fortress of Suwon) . live . The Review of Korean Studies . 24 . 2 . 299–331 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230627131519/https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE10674700 . 27 June 2023 . 27 June 2023.
  22. Web site: Hwaseong Fortress . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220609164424/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/817 . 9 June 2022 . 30 January 2024 . UNESCO.
  23. Web site: ko:화성시 연혁 . History of Hwaseong City . https://www.hscity.go.kr/www/intro/gnrlSttus/ctyhllHist.jsp . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013001117/https://www.hscity.go.kr/www/intro/gnrlSttus/ctyhllHist.jsp . 13 October 2022 . 28 April 2023 . Hwaseong City Council . ko.
  24. Web site: 49th Wing history . US Air Force . 19 June 2023 . 18 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190150/https://www.holloman.af.mil/About/Units/49th-Wing-History/ . live .
  25. Web site: Suwon history goes far beyond Korean War . Frace . Robert R. . United States Army . 21 June 2013 . 21 June 2023 . 24 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230424120739/https://www.army.mil/article/106096/suwon_history_goes_far_beyond_korean_war . live .
  26. Web site: Korean Air Battles . Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency . 1 February 2024 . en.
  27. Web site: The Korean Air War . Y'Blood . William T. . US 7th Air Force . 21 June 2023 . 21 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230621131057/https://www.7af.pacaf.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/408386/the-korean-air-war/ . live .
  28. News: Suwon captured by invaders . 5 July 1950 . The West Australian . Perth, WA . 1 . 22 June 2023 . 22 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230622075600/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/47872753 . live .
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  101. PhD . Lovins . Christopher . 2014 . Testing the limits: King Chŏngjo and royal power in late Chosŏn . University of British Columbia . 10.14288/1.0103420 . 146 . 7 June 2023 . 7 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230607083525/https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0103420 . live.
  102. Pölking . Florian . 2017 . The Status of the Hwaseong seongyeon uigwe in the History of Architectural Knowledge: Documentation, Innovation, Tradition . live . The Korean Journal for the History of Science . 39 . 2 . 257–291 . 10.36092/KJHS.2017.39.2.257 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230516131529/https://kiss.kstudy.com/Detail/Ar?key=3712484 . 16 May 2023 . 16 May 2023.
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  104. Web site: Suwonhyanggyo Confucian School . . 11 April 2023 . en . 2 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502083125/https://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264401 . live.
  105. Web site: Suwonhyanggyo Confucian School . Trippose . 19 April 2023 . en . 22 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230422204224/https://en.trippose.com/tour/suwonhyanggyo-confucian-school . live.
  106. Web site: http://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do;jsessionid=oxQfoIxxy0zlF4AspU7TpowaLdWFZEKNCEJjGPNYzG5CFphIxC8nj68g49lnjyOA.cpawas_servlet_engine1?pageNo=1_1_2_0&ccbaCpno=4413106980000 . ko:수원 구 부국원 (水原 舊 富國園) . Suwon Gu Bugugwon . Korea National Heritage Online . 30 January 2024 . ko . 21 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230421230929/http://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do;jsessionid=oxQfoIxxy0zlF4AspU7TpowaLdWFZEKNCEJjGPNYzG5CFphIxC8nj68g49lnjyOA.cpawas_servlet_engine1?pageNo=1_1_2_0&ccbaCpno=4413106980000 . live.
  107. Web site: https://ncms.nculture.org/legacy/story/1034 . ko:자취수원의 근현대사가 응축된 건물 - 수원 구 부국원 . Suwon Gu Bugugwon: A Building Where the Past and Present Collide . The Federation of Korean Cultural Centers . 26 June 2023 . ko . 25 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230625161102/https://ncms.nculture.org/legacy/story/1034 . live .
  108. Web site: Adams Memorial Hall . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928170905/https://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?mn=EN_02_02&sCcebKdcd=23&ccebAsno=01750000&sCcebCtcd=31&pageIndex=444 . 28 September 2023 . 9 May 2023 . . en.
  109. News: https://www.hankyung.com/article/202211266225i . ko:1년 만에 아파트값 6억 뚝 떨어져…수원 집주인 '비명' . Apartment Prices Fell by 600 Million Won in Just One Year... Suwon Landlords Are ‘Screaming’ . 26 November 2022 . 1 February 2024 . Korea Economy .

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