Suvarnapushpa Explained

Ruler of the Tocharians, King of Kucha
Reign:600-625
Predecessor:Sunidie
Successor:Suvarnadeva

Suvarṇapuṣpa (Sanskrit: ||Gold Flower, Swarnabūspe in Tocharian, or directly translated as Ysāṣṣa Pyāpyo "Golden Flower") was a King of the Tarim Basin city-state of Kucha from 600 to 625. He was known in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (BHS) as Kucīśvara Suvarṇapuṣpa "Suvarṇapuṣpa, lord of Kucha".[1] He was known in Chinese as Bái Sūfábójué (Chinese: 白蘇伐勃駃, the prefix "白" means "white", possibly pointing to the fair complexion of the Kucheans)[2] [3] as he sent an embassy to the court of the Tang dynasty in 618 CE acknowledging vassalship.[4]

Epigraphy

Suvarṇapuṣpa is illustrated with his Queen in Cave 69 of the Kizil Caves, with an inscription in Brahmi script on his halo:

Suvarṇapuṣpa is known to have ruled between 600 and 625, and his three sons died before 647 CE according to Chinese sources.[5] [6] [7]

Visit of Xuanzang

When he visited Kucha in 630 CE, the Chinese monk Xuanzang received the favours of Suvarna-deva (Chinese: 白蘇伐疊 Bái Sūfádié, ruled 625-645 CE), the son and successor of Suvarna-puspa, and king of Kucha.

Xuanzang described in many details the characteristics of Kucha (屈支国, in "大唐西域记" "Tang Dynasty Account of the Western Regions"), and probably visited Kizil:[8] [9]
1) "The style of writing is Indian, with some differences"
2) "They clothe themselves with ornamental garments of silk and embroidery. They cut their hair and wear a flowing covering (over their heads)"
3) "The king is of Kuchean race"[10]
4) "There are about one hundred convents (saṅghārāmas) in this country, with five thousand and more disciples. These belong to the Little Vehicle of the school of the Sarvāstivādas (Shwo-yih-tsai-yu-po). Their doctrine (teaching of Sūtras) and their rules of discipline (principles of the Vinaya) are like those of India, and those who read them use the same (originals)."
5) "About 40 li to the north of this desert city there are two convents close together on the slope of a mountain".[11]

These events were soon before the Tang campaign against Kucha in 648 CE.

Suvarna-deva is known from an inscription in which he is called in Tocharian "Swarnatepe":[12] [13]

Haripuspa was the son and successor of Savarnadeva.[14]

Cave 69 in Kizil

Suvarṇapuṣpa is illustrated with his Queen in Cave 69 of the Kizil Caves, with an inscription in Brahmi script on his halo.[5]

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Web site: A dictionary of Tocharian B . www.win.tue.nl.
  2. Book: Peyrot . Michaël . Variation and change in Tocharian B . January 2008 . BRILL . 978-90-04-35821-8 . 199 . en.
  3. Book: Puri . Baij Nath . Buddhism in Central Asia . 1987 . Motilal Banarsidass Publ. . 978-81-208-0372-5 . 79 . en.
  4. "618年，汉名为苏伐勃駃（梵文Suvarna pushpa，意为金色的花朵）的库车王向隋场帝表示归顺。" in Book: Grousset . René . 草原帝国 (L'Empire des Steppes) . 138 .
  5. "On the lunette of the front wall is painted a scene of the preaching of the Buddha in the Deer Park. On the left of the Buddha are painted the king and his wife; on the halo of the king is inscribed the dedication, which was interpreted by Pinault in his paper of 1994, 'Temple Constructed for the Benefit of Suvarnapousa by His Son' (this material is referred to in Kezier shiku neirong zonglu p. 2). From Chinese historical records it is known that this king reigned between the years 600 and 625, and his three sons died before 647: to date, this is the most accurate dating for the cave" in Vignato . Giuseppe . Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools . East and West . 2006 . 56 . 4 . 405, note 71 . 29757697 . 0012-8376.
  6. The inscription is translated in Chinese “儿子为苏伐那·勃驶功德造寺” in Book: 霍 . 旭初 . 克孜尔石窟艺术模式及其对外影响, in English in Turfan revisited: the first century of research into the arts and cultures of the Silk Road . 2014 . Reimer . Berlin .
  7. Book: Zhu . Tianshu . BUDDHAS AND BODHISATTVAS: EMANATORS AND EMANATED BEINGS IN THE BUDDHIST ART OF GANDHĀRA, CENTRAL ASIA, AND CHINA . 2007 . 399 .
  8. Book: Beal . Samuel . Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World : Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A.D. 629) . 2000 . Psychology Press . 978-0-415-24469-5 . 19 . en., also available in: Web site: Kingdom of K'iu-chi (Kucha or Kuche) [Chapter 2] ]. www.wisdomlib.org . 30 December 2020 . 27 June 2018.
  9. Web site: "屈支国" in 大唐西域记/01 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆 . zh.m.wikisource.org . Wikisource.
  10. "王屈支种也" in Web site: "屈支国" in 大唐西域记/01 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆 . zh.m.wikisource.org . Wikisource.
  11. Web site: Waugh . Daniel (Historian, University of Washington) . Kizil . depts.washington.edu . Washington University . 30 December 2020.
  12. Web site: Carling . Gerd (Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen) . Tocharian (p.16) .
  13. Book: Klein . Jared . Joseph . Brian . Fritz . Matthias . Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook . 23 October 2017 . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG . 978-3-11-052175-7 . 1090 . en.
  14. Book: Peyrot . Michaël . Variation and change in Tocharian B . January 2008 . BRILL . 978-90-04-35821-8 . 169 . en.

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