| Susana Muhamad | |
| Office: | Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development |
| Term Start: | August 7, 2022 |
| President: | Gustavo Petro |
| Predecessor: | Carlos Eduardo Correa |
| Office1: | Councilor of Bogotá |
| Term Start1: | January 1, 2020 |
| Term End1: | July 14, 2022 |
| Office2: | Secretary of Environment of Bogotá |
| 1Blankname2: | Mayor |
| 1Namedata2: | Gustavo Petro |
| Term Label2: | In office |
| Term Start2: | July 2, 2014 |
| Term End2: | January 1, 2016 |
| Predecessor2: | Néstor García Buitrago |
| Successor2: | Francisco Cruz Roble |
| 1Blankname3: | Mayor |
| 1Namedata3: | Gustavo Petro |
| Term Label3: | In office |
| Term Start3: | June 27, 2012 |
| Term End3: | July 13, 2013 |
| Predecessor3: | Margarita Flórez Alonso |
| Successor3: | Néstor García Buitrago |
| Office4: | Secretary General of Bogotá |
| 1Blankname4: | Mayor |
| 1Namedata4: | Gustavo Petro |
| Term Label4: | In office |
| Term Start4: | July 30, 2013 |
| Term End4: | July 2, 2014 |
| Predecessor4: | Orlando Rodríguez |
| Successor4: | Martha Lucía Zamora |
| Birth Name: | María Susana Muhamad González |
| Birth Date: | 21 April 1977 |
| Birth Place: | Bogota, D.C., Colombia |
| Nationality: | Colombian |
| Party: | Humane Colombia |
| Alma Mater: | University of The Andes Stellenbosch University[1] |
María Susana Muhamad González (born April 21, 1977) is a Colombian political scientist, environmentalist and politician belonging to the Humane Colombia party. Since August 7, 2022, she has held the position of Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development of her country, in the government of Gustavo Petro.[2]
Muhamad is a nationally and internationally recognized environmentalist. She was the former Director for Climate Action Planning for Latin America in the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.[3] Her work focuses on developing actions that allow Colombia to consolidate as a world power of life, through compliance with international agreements on climate change and loss of biodiversity, the protection of environmental defenders, and the fight against deforestation in the Amazon region.
Muhamad is of Palestinian ancestry.[4] She was born in and hails from Bogotá.
Muhamad has a degree in political science from the Universidad de los Andes, and a Master's in Management and Planning of Sustainable Development from the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa. She was a sustainable development consultant for Shell Global Solutions International in The Hague, the Netherlands and has supported through activism different environmental causes, as well as worked and collaborated with communities on the ground, non-governmental organizations and human rights movements.[5] [6]
Susana Muhamad was an active member and leader of AIESEC, having served as the President of AIESEC in Colombia and as one of the Directors of AIESEC International.
One of her multiple works focuses on two fundamental concepts: development and sustainability. She believes that while development focuses on material progress and economic growth in a context of globalization, sustainability focuses on preserving natural resources for future generations.[7] The aim of sustainable development is to balance economic growth with the preservation of natural resources. Her studies seek to understand the relationship between development and environmental sustainability, exploring the tensions that have arisen in Western civilization over the last two centuries from various philosophical perspectives and viewpoints of different actors.
Susana Muhamad embarked on an extensive and participatory process to establish regulations for Visual Outdoor Advertising (PEV) from an environmental perspective. This initiative was prompted by citizen feedback from the 2011 Multipurpose Survey, where 179,464 people expressed concerns about excessive advertising across the city.[8] The administration aimed to develop a regulation framework through social and political legitimacy-building processes, involving various stakeholders such as academia, council members, interinstitutional representatives, and the PEV industry. This endeavor seeks to establish guidelines for environmentally sustainable PEV practices, addressing regulatory ambiguity and promoting responsible behavior among both private and public actors in Bogotá.
In the book El agua en la ciudad y los asentamientos urbanos, in the context of water management, she suggests rethinking the water-city relationship in Bogotá to address vulnerabilities caused by development.[9] It advocates for viewing water management through a sustainability lens, emphasizing the need for new infrastructure to manage water during extreme weather events, promote biodiversity, and mitigate urban heat island effects. This includes reclaiming waterways, using permeable materials, and integrating green spaces into urban areas.
Additionally, in Handbook of Strategic Environmental Assessment she discusses the potential of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in promoting biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.[10] She argues for including biodiversity as a key consideration in decision-making processes and outlines examples from international experiences, including South Africa and India, where SEA has been effective in supporting biodiversity conservation planning and stakeholder engagement.
Muhamad was secretary of the environment and general secretary of the Mayor's Office of Bogotá. In 2019 she was elected city councilor, a position she held until the first semester of 2022.
In 2021, Muhamad was elected as vice president of the national coordination board of the Colombia Humana party, after this political movement officially received its legal status.
On July 5, 2022, during the transition from the Duque government to the Petro government, the elected President Gustavo Petro announced the appointment of Muhamad as Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development.[11]
Muhamad stressed that the environmental sector has been marginalized in past administrations, in addition to its purpose to work hand in hand with communities for the preservation of the environment, as Colombia is the second most biodiverse country in the world.[12] She has defended the Escazú Agreement within her agenda as Minister of Environment, in conjunction with the President and the Congress for the legislation and subsequent implementation of the agreements.[13]
Muhamad has been clear regarding her positions on three of the most important issues on her agenda as Minister of Environment.
One of them, which has also been one of the most questioned by the opposition, is fracking. The government seeks to eliminate fracking as a means of extracting oil, since this method of extraction causes irreparable damage to the environment as well as to the atmosphere and water reserves.[14] In June 2023, she made an appearance with Frankie, the activist dinosaur from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), delivering an urgent message to the House of Representatives to address the climate crisis and avoid extinction.[15] There was a call to halt the use of fossil fuels worldwide and to ban fracking in Colombia to prevent further expansion of the extractive frontier.
In January 2023, Muhamad announced creating a division of animal protection within the ministry's Directorate of Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity, as part of policies supporting animal welfare.[16] This initially led to fears of inaction among conservationists regarding the country's invasive hippopotamus population.[17]
On November 2, 2023, Muhamad revealed plans to control the growing hippopotamus population, estimated to be close to 200 individuals living along the Magdalena River. These involved neutering 40 hippopotamuses per year, as well as culling an unspecified number and relocating some to other countries, including Mexico, India and the Philippines.[18] While experts stated the potential danger of the hippopotamuses for the local ecosystem and agreed with the need to control the population, the plans were criticized for relying too much on the less effective sterilization methods. The risk of legal challenges being brought against culling due to public outcry was also mentioned, as were the logistical costs of exporting the hippopotamuses to other countries, which Muhamad said would be covered by the institutions that will receive the animals.[19] The plans were also criticized by animal rights activists, stating that sterilization would pose risks to both animals and veterinarians,[20] and opposing the culling of healthy individuals.[21]
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