Susan Carey Explained

Workplaces:Harvard University
New York University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Thesis Title:Is the child a scientist with false theories about the world?
Thesis Year:1971
Thesis Url:http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/003760888/catalog

Susan E. Carey (born 1942) is an American psychologist who is a professor of psychology at Harvard University. She studies language acquisition, children's development of concepts, conceptual changes over time, and the importance of executive functions.[1] She has conducted experiments on infants, toddlers, adults, and non-human primates.[2] [3] Her books include Conceptual Change in Childhood (1985) and The Origin of Concepts (2009).[4]

Among the ideas that Carey has developed are fast mapping, whereby children learn the meanings of words after a single exposure;[5] extended mapping, folk theories, and Quinian bootstrapping. Her work is considered "the starting point for any serious modern theory of conceptual development."[6]

In 2009, Carey was the first woman to receive the David E. Rumelhart Prize for significant contributions to the theoretical foundation of human cognition. Carey received the 2020 Atkinson Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Sciences for her theory of conceptual change, for which she is credited with having "revolutionized our understanding of how humans construct an understanding of objects, number, living kinds, and the physical world."[7] [8]

Early life and education

Susan Carey was born in 1942 to William N. Carey Jr., a research engineer with the Highway Research Board (HRB),[9] and his first wife, Mary Champine.[10] She attended Ottawa Township High School in Ottawa, Illinois, graduating in 1960.[11]

Susan Carey received her BA from Radcliffe College in 1964. Carey then attended Harvard University. As an undergraduate she did field work with the Tzotzil, a Mayan people in Chiapas. In her junior year she took classes with George Armitage Miller and Jerome Bruner, and worked during the summer as a research assistant with Peter Wason, who was visiting from University College, London. Carey worked with refugees in Tanzania before accepting a Fulbright scholarship in 1965 to work on her M.A. at the University of London. She studied African history at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and attended Wason's laboratory meetings in cognitive studies. Carey began graduate work at Harvard in 1967,[12] receiving her PhD in experimental psychology in 1971.

Career

Carey was employed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1972 to 1996 in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences.[2] Carey credits Hans-Lukas Teuber as an important career mentor who helped determine her direction and Jerry Fodor as an intellectual mentor with whom she argued about the possibility of conceptual change. At MIT, Carey worked alongside George Miller, Jerome Bruner, and Roger Brown and first met Elizabeth Spelke.[12] Carey was an assistant professor at MIT from 1972 to 1977, an associate professor from 1977 to 1984, and a full professor from 1984 to 1996.[2] Carey served as president of the Society for Philosophy and Psychology in 1983-1984.

In 1994, Carey was one of 16 women faculty in the School of Science at MIT who drafted and co-signed a letter to the then-Dean of Science (now Chancellor of Berkeley) Robert Birgeneau, which started a campaign to highlight and challenge gender discrimination at MIT.[13]

In 1996, Carey joined New York University, where she was a professor in the department of psychology from 1996 to 2001. In 2001 she joined the faculty at Harvard University. She became the Henry A. Morss Jr. and Elisabeth W. Morss Professor of Psychology at Harvard as of 2004, the first woman to receive the award.[2]

Carey has served on editorial boards including Cognition,[14] Development Psychology,Memory and Cognition, andPsychological Review.

Research

In 1978 Susan Carey and Elsa Bartlett coined the term "fast mapping". This term refers to the hypothesized mental process where a new concept (e.g. a color name) is learned based only on a single exposure.[15] They also discussed "extended mapping", the process by which children gradually brought the new concept into alignment with their previous understanding of a conceptual space. Carey argues that extended mapping requires both the creation of new primitives for words and hypothesis testing about word meanings. Fast mapping has become a central idea in developmental theories about the learning of words leading to "considerable methodological and theoretical advances". Studies of extended mapping are difficult and less often attempted.[16]

In 1985 Carey wrote Conceptual Change in Childhood, a book about the cognitive differences between children and adults. It is a case study about children's acquisition of biological knowledge and analyzes the ways the knowledge is restructured during development. The book reconciles Jean Piaget's work on animism with later work on children's knowledge of biological concepts.[17] Carey suggested that children's early understanding of biological concepts like "animal" indicates anthropomorphic thinking or folk theorization in which humans are expected to be prototypical of non-humans.[18] (Subsequent researchers have argued that such anthropomorphic thinking is not universal, emphasizing the effects of culture and experience.)[19] Carey also compared the ways that knowledge is restructured by children and by adults. She argued that similar psychological processes are involved in conceptual development in children and in the development of theories by scientists as shown through the history of science.[20]

In 2001, Carey and Elizabeth Spelke both moved to Harvard, where they started the Laboratory for Developmental Studies.[21] Working with infants, toddlers, adults, and non-human primates, they developed a core knowledge proposal. According to the idea of core cognition, human infants begin life with a set of fundamental processing mechanisms or core knowledge systems, for dealing with object, agent, number, and possibly causality and space. These early representations provide a basis for further inference, reasoning, and the development of larger conceptual structures.[22] [23]

In 2009 Carey published The Origin of Concepts, "an elegant, well-written, and ambitious synthesis"[22] with the goal of providing a comprehensive explanation of conceptual structure, concept acquisition and change, and cognitive development.[24] In it Carey coined the term "Quinian bootstrapping" for a theory of how people build complex concepts out of simple ones.[25] [26] The book won the Cognitive Development Society Book Award in 2009 and the Eleanor Maccoby Book Award of the American Psychological Association in 2011.

Beginning in 2012, Carey and Deborah Zaitchik have led the Executive Function and Conceptual Change project, to study how people integrate their existing knowledge with new knowledge that requires conceptual change. They have identified executive function as a key factor influencing the process of learning and conceptual change.[1] [27] Executive function includes important mental processes like focusing on information in working memory, inhibiting responses to information, and set-switching between contexts.[28] Children's level of executive function predicts their ability to learn an idea that involves conceptual change, such as the biological concept that something is alive.[1] Children with higher EF scores are more effective at learning. Research also suggests that training can improve executive function and lead to subsequent gains in children's math, reading, and vocabulary scores.

Surprisingly, researchers have shown that elderly adults make errors in reasoning reminiscent of those made by young children. In adults this may reflect failures of executive functioning rather than the absence of relevant concepts.[1] Children under 5, adults with Alzheimer’s disease, and healthy adults between age 65 and 81 displayed similar patterns of miscategorization on certain tasks. When asked to sort things according to whether or not they were alive, members of all three groups tended to categorize things that moved - including airplanes, watches, and bicycles - as "alive".[29] Carey is examining the question of how executive functioning impacts adults' ability to express the knowledge they have previously learned.[28]

Personal life

Carey is married to the professor of philosophy Ned Block (NYU).[12]

Awards and honors

Books

Selected papers

Papers written as sole author

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Unlocking the secrets of children's complex thinking: The studies . 14 December 2022 . National Science Foundation . August 14, 2014 . en.
  2. Book: Wayne, Tiffany K.. American Women of Science Since 1900. 2011-01-01. ABC-CLIO. 9781598841589. en.
  3. 2009. Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions: Susan E. Carey . American Psychologist . 64 . 8 . 636–638 . 10.1037/a0017193. 19899856.
  4. Kennison . Shelia . Messer . Rachel . The Beginning of Knowing . PsycCRITIQUES . 10 March 2010 . 55 . 10 . 10.1037/a0018347 .
  5. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development . 1978 . 15 . 17–29 . Acquiring a single new word . Carey. S . Bartlett . E .
  6. Book: Barner . David . Baron . Andrew Scott . Core Knowledge and Conceptual Change. An Introduction to Core Knowledge and Conceptual Change . 2016 . 3–8 . Oxford University Press . 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190467630.003.0001 . 978-0-19-046763-0 .
  7. Web site: Susan Elizabeth Carey . National Academy of Sciences . 13 December 2022.
  8. Huang . Yi Ting . Spelke . Elizabeth . Snedeker . Jesse . When is four far more than three? Children's generalization of newly-acquired number words . Psychological Science . 1 April 2010 . 21 . 4 . 600–606 . 10.1177/0956797610363552 . 20424108 . 3110717 . 0956-7976.
  9. News: Hudson . W.R. . Duplicating The Test . 13 December 2022 . Roads&Bridges . January 1, 2006.
  10. News: Pearson . Richard . WILLIAM N. CAREY JR. . 13 December 2022 . Washington Post . 11 January 1988.
  11. Web site: Ottawa Township High School Educational Foundation Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony 2009 . Youtube . 14 December 2022 . en.
  12. Carey . Susan E. . Becoming a Cognitive Scientist . Annual Review of Developmental Psychology . 9 December 2022 . 4 . 1 . 1–19 . 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-040622-091723 . 252226250 . en . 2640-7922. free .
  13. Book: Zernike, Kate . The Exceptions: Nancy Hopkins, MIT, and the Fight for Women in Science . Scribner . 2023 . 978-1-9821-3183-8 . New York, NY.
  14. Web site: Editorial Board - Cognition - Journal . Elsevier . 14 December 2022.
  15. Book: Houston-Price . Carmel . Brookes . P.J. . Kemp . V. . Encyclopedia of language development. Fast mapping in lexical development . 12 June 2014 . Sage . 978-1-4522-5876-8 . 15 December 2022 . en.
  16. Swingley . Daniel . Fast Mapping and Slow Mapping in Children's Word Learning . Language Learning and Development . 30 June 2010 . 6 . 3 . 179–183 . 10.1080/15475441.2010.484412 . 145627474 . 15 December 2022.
  17. Powell . Stuart . Book Review . Educational Psychology . January 1986 . 6 . 4 . 373 . 10.1080/0144341860060407 . 13 December 2022.
  18. Book: Holyoak . Keith J. . Morrison . Robert G. . The Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning . 2012 . Oxford University Press . New York, NY . 9780199313792 .
  19. Medin . Douglas . Waxman . Sandra . Woodring . Jennie . Washinawatok . Karen . Human-centeredness is Not a Universal Feature of Young Children's Reasoning: Culture and Experience Matter When Reasoning About Biological Entities . Cognitive Development . 2010 . 25 . 3 . 197–207 . 10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.02.001 . 20824197 . 2930830 . 0885-2014.
  20. Solomon . Miriam . Commentary on Alison Gopnik's "The Scientist As Child" . Philosophy of Science . December 1996 . 63 . 4 . 547–551 . 10.1086/289975 . 170165488 . en . 0031-8248.
  21. News: Angier . Natalie . Insights From the Youngest Minds . 15 December 2022 . The New York Times . 30 April 2012.
  22. Book: Xu . Fei . Barner . David . Baron . Andrew Scott . Core Knowledge and Conceptual Change. Preliminary Thoughts on a Rational Constructivist Approach to Cognitive Development: Primitives, Symbols, Learning, and Thinking . 2016 . Oxford University Press . 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190467630.003.0002 .
  23. Jenkin . Zoe . The Epistemic Role of Core Cognition . The Philosophical Review . 1 April 2020 . 129 . 2 . 251–298 . 10.1215/00318108-8012850 . 218843339 . 15 December 2022.
  24. Genone . James . The Conceptual Mind: New Directions in the Study of Concepts . Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews . May 21, 2016 . 15 December 2022 . en.
  25. Web site: Quinian bootstrapping (Quinean bootstrapping) . APA Dictionary of Psychology . 13 December 2022 . en.
  26. Beck . Jacob . Can bootstrapping explain concept learning? . Cognition . 2017 . 158 . 110–121 . 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.017 . 27816843 . 27627478 . 14 December 2022.
  27. News: Mixon . Bobbie . Foundation . National Science . Psychologists seek to unlock secrets of children's complex thinking . medicalxpress.com . August 14, 2014 . en.
  28. Web site: NSF Award Search: Award # 1247396 - INSPIRE: Executive Function and Conceptual Change . www.nsf.gov . 14 December 2022.
  29. News: Nguyen . Sophia . Thinking Conceptually . 14 December 2022 . Harvard Magazine . 15 December 2014 . en.
  30. APA honors psychology's best in D.C. . 14 December 2022 . Monitor on Psychology . 45 . 8 . 2014.
  31. Bravo! APA honors psychology's best at its 2011 Annual Convention in Washington, D.C. . Monitor on Psychology . 2011 . 42 . 9 . 14 December 2022.
  32. Introduction to the 2009 Rumelhart Prize Special Issue Honoring Susan Carey . Cognitive Science . 6 July 2010 . 34 . 5 . 716–718 . 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01115.x . 21564233 . free .
  33. News: Lavoie . Amy . Susan Carey awarded Rumelhart Prize . Harvard Gazette . 21 August 2008.
  34. News: Lombrozo . Tania . Cognitive Science Honors Its Pioneers And Leaders . 13 December 2022 . NPR . 28 July 2014 . en.
  35. Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions: Susan E. Carey. . American Psychologist . November 2009 . 64 . 8 . 636–638 . 10.1037/a0017193 . 19899856 . en . 1935-990X.
  36. Web site: Awards . Cognitive Development Society . 14 December 2022 . en-CA.
  37. Web site: Professor Susan Carey FBA . The British Academy . 14 December 2022 . en.
  38. Web site: Dr. Susan E. Carey . APS Member History . 13 December 2022.
  39. Web site: Susan E. Carey . National Academy of Sciences . 14 December 2022.
  40. Web site: 2002 William James Fellow Award . Association for Psychological Science - APS . 13 December 2022.
  41. Web site: Susan E. Carey . American Academy of Arts & Sciences . 14 December 2022 . en.
  42. Web site: Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2019 : Chapter C . 96 . American Academy of Arts and Sciences .
  43. Web site: Susan Carey . John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation . 14 December 2022.
  44. Web site: Jean-Nicod Lectures and Prize . Institut Jean Nicod (IJN) . 14 December 2022.
  45. Web site: George A. Miller Award . Cognitive Neuroscience Society . 14 December 2022.
  46. Web site: The James McKeen Cattell Fund Fellowship Recipients . James McKeen Cattell Fund . 14 December 2022.
  47. Web site: Susan Carey . Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences . 14 December 2022.
  48. Book: Science . United States Congress House Committee on . National Science Policy Study, Parts I-VII: Hearings Before the Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session, March 4, 11, and 25, April 1 and 22, May 14, and June 10, 1998 . 1998 . U.S. Government Printing Office . 978-0-16-057531-0 . 98–128 . en.

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