Surya Subedi Explained

Surya P. Subedi
Honorific-Suffix:OBE KC DCL
Office:United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in Cambodia
Term Start:2009
Term End:2015
Predecessor:Yash Ghai
Successor:Rhona Smith
Birth Date:23 January 1958
Birth Place:Nepal
Occupation:jurist, legal scholar, diplomat
Blank1:Positions
Data1:Professor, Leeds
Barrister, London
Member, Institut de Droit International
Blank2:State Honours

Surya Prasad Subedi OBE KC DCL is a British-Nepalese jurist. He is Professor of International Law[1] at the University of Leeds, a member of the Institut de Droit International,[2] and a barrister[3] in London. He also is a visiting professor on the international human rights law programme of the University of Oxford.[4] He served as the United Nations special rapporteur for human rights in Cambodia for six years (2009-2015).[5] He also served for five years, starting in 2010, on an advisory group on human rights to the British Foreign Secretary.[1] [6] In 2021, he was appointed legal procedural advisor to the World Conservation Congress of the International Union for Conservation of Nature held in Marseille, France.[7] He has written a number of works on the theory and practice of international law and human rights and acted as a counsel in a number of cases before the international courts and tribunals, including the International Court of Justice.[8] In 2022, he was appointed to the list of arbitrators under a post-Brexit free-trade treaty between the United Kingdom and the European Union - the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA).[9]

Early life and education

Subedi was born in the village of Khudi in Nepal, in the foothills of the Himalayas, within the Annapurna mountain range. The medium of instruction in his primary school and lower secondary school was mostly Sanskrit, with some Nepali language instruction. His father, Pandit Hom Nath, was a teacher and his granduncle, Pandit Badri Nath, was the headmaster.[10]

He began his higher education at Tribhuvan University,[11] completing his LLB degree in 1981 and an MA in 1984.[12] [1]

In 1986, as a recipient of the British Council Scholarship (now known as the Chevening Scholarship),[13] he moved to the United Kingdom to study for an LLM (awarded with Distinction in 1988) at the University of Hull. He received the Josephine Onoh Memorial Prize[14] from the University of Hull as best LLM student of the year.[1] Afterwards, Subedi continued his studies at the University of Oxford for a doctorate in law, which he received in 1993.[12] His doctoral thesis won the Dasturzada Pavry Memorial Prize from the University of Oxford.[15]

Career

Law practice in Nepal

Subedi began his career in law as a public prosecutor in the Office of the Attorney-General of Nepal and, after promotion, proceeded to work for the Royal Commission on Judicial Reform and as Under-Secretary in the International Law Office of the Ministry of Law and Justice.[12] He later served as advisor on international legal matters to King Birendra of Nepal and to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[1] For his work, King Birendra decorated Subedi with the Suprabal Gorkhadaxinbahu in 1998.[16]

British Academia

Subedi began his academic career as a Lecturer in Law in 1993 at the University of Hull. After promotion, he became a Professor of Law in 1999 at Hull. He moved to the University of Leeds to become Professor of International Law.

Subedi was a co-founder and the founding chairperson of the Britain-Nepal Academic Council in 2000, serving in that capacity for ten years.[17]

He was involved in the establishment of the Asian Society of International Law with its head office at the Faculty of Law of the National University of Singapore, and is Chairman of the Board of Editors of the flagship publication of the Society – the Asian Journal of International Law – published by Cambridge University Press.[18] Prior to this, he was chief editor of the Asian Yearbook of International Law between 1999 and 2006 published by Martinus Nijhoff in The Hague.[19] In addition, he is editor of a series of monographs on 'human rights and international law' published by Routledge (London/New York).[20]

Subedi was elected to the Institut de Droit International in 2011 and made a Membre Titulaire[21] in 2015.[1] He was a member of the Executive Council of the International Law Association (ILA) between 2014 and 2017.

From 2015 to 2017, Subedi was a member of the Task Force on Investment Policy of the World Economic Forum in Davos and the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development[22] in Geneva.[11] As a result of his work on the Task Force, a report was published in 2016,[23] which was then developed in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and led to the conclusion of negotiations on the text of an Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement[24] in July 2023.[25]

In 2020, Subedi was appointed as a member of the Expert Group on India-Nepal boundary issues.[26] [27] In early 2022, Subedi provided an opinion to the Government of Nepal concerning the U.S. Government’s proposed Millennium Challenge Corporation’s Nepal Compact.[28] He also drafted an interpretive declaration which was used by the Government to ease the process of ratification.

He has taught and published in international human rights law, international investment law, WTO law, the law of the sea and international environmental law. His publications include:[29]

  1. 'The Workings of Human Rights, Law, and Justice: A Journey from Nepal to Nobel Nominee' (Routledge, London/New York, 2022). Drawing on the personal experience of a leading international jurist, this book offers insights into the powers bearing on international law and policymaking, the dynamics of human rights negotiations with governments, and the effects of their outcomes on the lives of their citizens.[10]
  2. ‘Human Rights in Eastern Civilisations: Some Reflections of a Former UN Special Rapporteur for Human Rights’ (Edward Elgar Publishing, England, 2021). It analyses the values of Eastern civilisations and their contribution to the development of the UN human rights agenda.[30]
  3. ‘Unilateral Sanctions in International Law’ (Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2021). It explores whether there are any rules in international law applicable to unilateral sanctions and if so, what these rules are.[31]
  4. ‘The Effectiveness of the UN Human Rights System: Reform and the Judicialisation of Human Rights’ (Routledge, London/New York, 2017). It "creates a modern vision of the United Nations that could function better in a multipolar world to help secure a better mode of living for more people around the world".[32]
  5. ‘International Investment Law: Reconciling Policy and Principle’ (Hart Publishing, Oxford). First published in 2008, as of 2024, it was in its 5th edition. It includes a critical overview of the law of foreign investment and deals with the tension between the law of foreign investment and other competing principles of international law, including human rights and environmental protection.[33]
  6. 'Land and Maritime Zones of Peace in International Law' (1996), Oxford Monographs in International Series, Clarendon: Oxford University Press, Oxford. This book provides a comprehensive and scholarly treatment of the attempts made during the Cold War period both inside and outside of the UN to create ‘zones of peace’ in various parts of the world. It examines the creation and status of zones of peace in the light of state practice and the relevant principles of international law. Based on this examination, the book identifies, through an analysis of certain already extant and emerging rules of international law, situations under which both land and maritime zone of peace could be created.[34]
  7. 'International Watercourses Law for the 21st Century: The Case of the River Ganges Basin' (Ashgate Publishing, UK, 2005). It presents a comprehensive and comparative view of the law of international watercourses with special reference to the issues facing the Ganges River basin. It provides an analysis of the development of international watercourses law and outlines the essentials of the UN Convention on non-navigational uses of international watercourses. Focusing on relations between three riparian states of the Ganges River and the potential for cooperation among these states, this volume also examines the domestic legal regimes of the area and the political dimension to the issues of sharing, managing, and conserving the waters of the river.[35]

International law practice

Subedi is a barrister practicing out of Three Stone Chambers[11] in London. He is a member of Middle Temple,[3] one of the Inns of Court in London. He has appeared before the Crown Court and the Court of Appeal in England. Subedi has been a member of the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) since 2014.[11] In April 2021, the flagship magazine of the Bar Council of England published a feature article on Subedi.[36]

Subedi has advised governments in different countries on international legal matters and acted as a counsel in several cases before international courts and tribunals, including the International Court of Justice and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Cases in which Subedi acted as a counsel include:

He was appointed in 2004 by the WTO to the Roster of Panelists[41] of its Dispute Settlement System. In 2012, he was designated to serve on the Panels of Conciliators and of Arbitrators of ICSID.[42] [43]

United Nations Special Rapporteur

The United Nations Human Rights Council voted unanimously for Subedi to be the UN Special Rapporteur for human rights in Cambodia at the 10th Session of the Council in 2009.[5] On his appointment, Subedi said: "The main task would be to cast an impartial expert eye on the overall human rights situation in Cambodia and offer constructive advice to the Government to address the problems that exist with regard to the overall situation in the country".[44] When he commenced his human rights work in the county, the Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, asked publicly Subedi to go back to his own country and sort out the political issues in the country rather than lecturing the Government of Cambodia on how to improve the situation of human rights. The Prime Minister had been irked by the reports of Subedi stating that the judiciary and electoral commission were not independent in the country. Subedi was on the verge of being declared a persona non-grata in Cambodia by the Government.[45] However, Subedi received support for his UN work from the international community, including the US President Barack Obama[46] and the European Parliament.

Subedi continued to argue that the Government of Cambodia should carry out political reforms in the country, stating that as long as Cambodia was a member of the UN it had an obligation to promote and protect human rights.[47] Eventually, Prime Minister Hun Sen was persuaded to come around to working with Subedi.[48] Subedi pointed out related violations of human rights.[49] During his six years of service for the UN, he produced a number of reports on judicial, parliamentary, electoral and land reform in Cambodia.[50] A number of his recommendations, including those relating to judicial and electoral reform, have been implemented by the Government of Cambodia.[51]

Restoration of democracy in Nepal

In Nepal, Subedi served time in prison during the struggle for democracy and human rights. He later assisted the Prime Minister of Nepal and other political leaders in resolving a 10-year Maoist conflict and in writing a new democratic constitution.[52] In March 2024, at a ceremony in Kathmandu, the Prime Minister of Nepal, Pushpa Kamal Dahal, acknowledged Subedi's contribution to the writing of the new Constitution of Nepal, as well as his assistance to the country on other international legal matters, including the Millennium Challenge Corporation's Nepal Compact.[53] [54]

Honours

QC

Subedi was appointed a Queen's Counsel (QC) (Hon) in 2017 in recognition of his contribution to the development of international law and to the advancement of human rights. Appointments as Queen's (or King's) Counsel honoris causa are made by royal prerogative. Traditionally, honorary Silk[55] has been awarded to legal academics and to some lawyers in public service for achievements beyond their normal responsibilities.[56] Subedi was the first Nepali made Queen's Counsel. A press release of the British Government of January 2017 stated that Subedi had made "an exceptional contribution over a sustained period at the international level to develop international law and to advance human rights".[57]

OBE

Prior to this, he was given an OBE in 2004 for his services to international law. He was the first Nepali to be awarded an OBE.[58] Speaking at the OBE investiture on 19 October 2004 in London, the British Foreign Secretary stated that Subedi had "made a highly distinguished contribution to our understanding of international law, and to its evolution" and his work in international law had "spanned almost every aspect of it – with a special focus on issues ... which make a real difference to people's lives".[59]

Academic honours

Subedi was awarded the degree of Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) by the University of Oxford in 2019.[15] [60] The fundamental purpose of this higher doctorate of the University of Oxford is to recognize excellence in academic scholarship.[61] The University of Hull awarded him the Doctor of Laws (LLD) honoris causa in 2020.[62] He was elected an Honorary Member of Nepal Academy in 2021.[63] The President of Nepal, Bidya Devi Bhandari, awarded Subedi the honour of Prasidhha Prabal Janasewa Shree in 2022.[64] He was elected an Honorary Fellow of Exeter College of Oxford University in 2023.[65]

Prizes named for Subedi

The Royal Asiatic Society launched an annual prize named after Subedi in 2022. The 'Surya P. Subedi Prize' is to be awarded to a book or an article on Nepal in English published anywhere in the world in any one calendar year.[66]

Both of his British alma maters - the University of Oxford and the University of Hull - have established prizes in his name. The Subedi Prize for the best doctoral thesis (DPhil) of the year in law was established at the University of Oxford in 2020.[67] Likewise, the Wilberforce Institute for the Study of Slavery and Emancipation at the University of Hull established a global essay prize on modern slavery or the protection of human dignity in his name in 2022.[68]

Public service

In his youth, Subedi led the students' union at Tribhuvan University in Nepal, a pro-human rights and democracy activity which earned him a three-month prison stay.[52] Later in life, when living in the UK, he was involved in the establishment of the Non-Resident Nepali Association (NRNA) in 2003, to unite the Nepali diaspora.[69]

Subedi served as a Governor of Beverley Grammar School, in Beverley, East Yorkshire from 1998 to 2001.

Starting in 2007, Subedi was progressively Trustee, Deputy Chair and Joint Co-Chair[70] of the Britain Nepal Medical Trust[71] and one of its Patrons starting in 2019.[72]

He was appointed as the Crown Representative by Elizabeth II on the Governing Board of SOAS University of London,[73] 2007-2012.

In 2024, he was elected a Council member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. [74]

Personal life

Subedi is married, with a son and a daughter.

Subedi is an avid hill walker and rambler. He participated in a 100 kilometer walk to raise funds in the aftermath of the April 2015 earthquake in Nepal.[75] He has walked all of the Hadrian's Wall Path, from the east coast to the west coast.[76]

Publications

Books

Journal articles

Chapters in books

Published reports

Other online publications

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Professor Surya P. Subedi, OBE, KC, DCL & DPhil (Oxford), Barrister. University of Leeds School of Law . 2023-08-18.
  2. Web site: Surya P. Subedi, QC. idi-iil.org. 2023-08-17.
  3. Web site: Barrister Details - Professor Surya Prasad Subedi KC . Bar Standards Board . 18 August 2023.
  4. Web site: MSc in International Human Rights Law . Faculty of Law, University of Oxford . August 20, 2022.
  5. Web site: Office of the Human Rights Commissioner, Cambodia Country Office . The Special Rapporteur . 2015-07-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120120005552/http://cambodia.ohchr.org/EN/PagesFiles/SpecialRapporteurIndex.htm . 20 January 2012 . The Special Rapporteur is an independent expert appointed by the United Nations Human Rights Council [..] The current Special Rapporteur is Mr. Surya Prasad Subedi (Nepal), who was appointed in March 2009..
  6. Web site: Advisory Group on Human Rights . 17 August 2023.
  7. Web site: Professor Subedi appointed Advisor to the IUCN . essl.leeds.ac.uk . 6 September 2021 . Leeds University . 2 November 2021 . en . Professor Subedi was appointed to advise them [the IUCN] on legal and procedural matters during their World Congress [..in..] Marseille between 3 – 11 September 2021.
  8. Web site: The international human rights jurist: Surya Subedi QC . Counsel . 4 November 2021.
  9. Web site: Professor Subedi KC appointed to the list of arbitrators under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement .
  10. Book: Subedi . Surya P. . The Workings of Human Rights, Law, and Justice: A Journey from Nepal to Nobel Nominee. . 2022 . Routledge . London/New York . 10.4324/9781003271543 . 247103280 . 9781032221960 . en . 3–4 . 21 August 2023.
  11. Web site: Professor Surya P. Subedi OBE, KC, DCL . Three Stone Chamber . 18 August 2023.
  12. Web site: Professor Surya Subedi, OBE QC (Hon) on Hull, Human Rights and an Honorary Queen's Counsel. Alumni. Hull. 2017-01-26. University of Hull Alumni Association. 2019-06-28.
  13. Web site: Author Q&A: Professor Surya P. Subedi – Routledge. Routledge.com. 2019-06-28.
  14. Book: Contemporary Issues in International Law: A Collection of the Josephine Onoh Memorial Lectures . . 2002 . Brill Publishers . Brill Nijhoff . 978-90-474-0301-2 . August 23, 2023.
  15. Web site: Professor Subedi awarded a higher doctorate degree by the University of Oxford . . 17 September 2019 . Faculty of Law, University of Oxford . August 24, 2023.
  16. Web site: The Surya P. Subedi Prize . Royal Asiatic Society.
  17. Web site: Britain-Nepal Academic Council - About Us . Britain-Nepal Academic Council . 2023 . Britain-Nepal Academic Council . August 19, 2023.
  18. Web site: Governing Bodies . Asian Society of International Law . 29 June 2020.
  19. Web site: Asian Yearbook of International Law . Brill . 29 June 2020 . en.
  20. Web site: Editorial board . Cambridge Core . 29 June 2020 . en.
  21. Web site: Membres titulaires . . 2023 . August 23, 2023 . Institut de Droit International.
  22. Web site: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) . United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification . 18 August 2023.
  23. Web site: The Evolving International Investment Law and Policy Regime: Ways Forward . Karl P. Sauvant . January 28, 2016 . August 22, 2023 . SSRN. 2721465 .
  24. Web site: Investment facilitation for development in the WTO . . July 6, 2023 . August 22, 2023 . World Trade Organization.
  25. Web site: Investment facilitation negotiators announce deal on Agreement's text . . July 6, 2023 . August 22, 2023 . World Trade Organization.
  26. Web site: Expert Team To Collect Evidence On Nepal-India Borders Formed . June 12, 2020 . August 22, 2023 . Himalayan Tribune.
  27. Web site: Government move of forming a team to collect evidence on Nepal's boundary runs into controversy . Anil Giri . June 13, 2020 . August 22, 2023 . Kathmandu Post.
  28. Web site: यो गोप्य पत्र, जसले प्रचण्डलाई एमसीसी पास गर्ने निर्णयतर्फ मोड्यो (The secret letter, which turned Prachanda towards the decision to pass MCC) . February 20, 2022 . Nepal Khabar . ne . August 24, 2023.
  29. Web site: Professor Surya P. Subedi, QC, OBE, awarded prestigious Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) by the University of Oxford . essl.leeds.ac.uk . 4 July 2019 . Leeds University . 15 June 2020 . en.
  30. Book: Subedi . Surya P. . Human Rights in Eastern Civilisations: some reflections of a former UN special rapporteur. . 2021 . Edward Elgar Publishing . [S.l.] . 9781800883611 . 320 . 19 March 2021.
  31. Book: Subedi . Surya P. . Unilateral sanctions in international law . 2021 . Hart Publishing . Oxford, UK . 9781509948406 . 432 . 19 March 2021.
  32. Book: Subedi . Surya P . The Effectiveness of the UN Human Rights System: Reform and the Judicialisation of Human Rights . April 16, 2019 . Routledge . 9780367224240 . en . 29 June 2020.
  33. Book: Surya Subedi . International investment law : reconciling policy and principle . 2020 . Hart Publishing . 9781849462457 . 368 . Fourth . 15 June 2020.
  34. Web site: Land and Maritime Zones of Peace in International Law (by S. Subedi) Oxford University Press, 1996 . papers.ssrn.com . 1896598 .
  35. Web site: International Watercourses Law for the 21st Century The Case of the River Ganges Basin . researchgate.net .
  36. Web site: The international human rights jurist: Surya Subedi QC . Counsel . General Council of the Bar . 18 August 2023 . en.
  37. Web site: Foley Hoag Helps Secure Nepal's Victory in Its First Investment Arbitration Case . Foley Hoag . 19 August 2023.
  38. Web site: Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates). August 19, 2023. International Court of Justice.
  39. Web site: Appeal relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council under Article 84 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates v. Qatar). August 19, 2023. International Court of Justice.
  40. Web site: Appeal relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council under Article II, Section 2, of the 1944 International Air Services Transit Agreement (Bahrain, Egypt and United Arab Emirates v. Qatar). August 19, 2023. International Court of Justice.
  41. Web site: Dispute Settlement Body - Indicative list of governmental and non-governmental panelists - Revision 61 . World Trade Organization . 31 March 2023 . World Trade Organization . August 19, 2023 . en.
  42. Web site: New Designations to the ICSID Panels . August 20, 2023 . International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes . World Bank Group.
  43. See also, Subedi, Professor Surya P., "WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism as a New Technique for Settling Disputes in International Law (2010). International Law and dispute Settlement: New Problems and Techniques", pp.173–190, Duncan French, Matthew Saul, Nigel D. White, eds., Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2010
  44. Web site: International Law Association 2009 Newsletter . ila-hq.org .
  45. Web site: The United Nations Special Procedures System Brill . www.brill.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161113182510/http://www.brill.com/products/book/united-nations-special-procedures-system . 2016-11-13.
  46. Web site: Obama: you must listen to this man. 2013-02-07. Times Higher Education (THE). 2019-07-25.
  47. Web site: Mutual respect can bridge differences of opinion Phnom Penh Post. Subedi. Surya. www.phnompenhpost.com. 2019-06-28.
  48. Web site: Hun Sen Asks UN Envoy to Help End Cambodia's Political Crisis. Radio Free Asia. 2019-06-28.
  49. News: UN envoy rebukes Cambodia over shooting of protesters. BBC News . 10 May 2012 . 2023-08-18.
  50. Web site: UN Special Rapporteur Surya P. Subedi launches his final fact-finding mission to Cambodia. www.ohchr.org. 2019-06-28.
  51. 'The UN Human Rights Special Rapporteurs and the Impact of their Work: Some Reflections of the UN Special Rapporteur for Cambodia', 6 (1) Asian Journal of International Law (Cambridge University Press, January 2016), pp.1–14.
  52. Web site: From remote Himalayas to Nobel Prize Nominee, meet Leeds academic who is one of world's leading experts on human rights . 2022-09-04. 19 April 2022 . subscription.
  53. Web site: PM Prachanda commends Prof. Subedi's achievements at book launch event . The Rising Nepal . March 17, 2024 . April 16, 2024.
  54. Web site: School of Law's Professor Surya Subedi is commended by the Prime Minister of Nepal . University of Leeds School of Law . March 22, 2024 . April 16, 2024.
  55. Oxford English Dictionary, v. Silk.
  56. Web site: Honorary King's Counsel nominations: deadline Monday 29 August 2022 . Ministry of Justice . 27 June 2022 . gov.uk . August 19, 2023.
  57. Web site: Lord Chancellor welcomes historic promotion of talent for new silks. Government of the United Kingdom. 2019-06-28.
  58. Web site: Nepali Doctor is Awarded OBE . Deepak Adhikari . 29 April 2007 . Deepak's Diary . August 19, 2023.
  59. International Law Association Newsletter, Accessed at http://www.ila-hq.org/download.cfm/docid/CC7E232B-14F9-4E2E-9674C951EC79F28A
  60. Web site: Professor Surya Subedi awarded Doctor of Civil Law by the University of Oxford . 10 July 2019.
  61. Web site: Higher Doctorates . University of Oxford . 2023 . August 19, 2023.
  62. Web site: Doctor of Laws Awarded to Professor Subedi by Hull University . 6 April 2020 . . University of Leeds School of Law . August 23, 2023.
  63. Web site: मानार्थ सदस्य (Honorary member) . Nepal Academy . ne . . August 24, 2023.
  64. Web site: Prof. Dr. Surya Subedi awarded with 'Prasidhha Prabal Janasewa Shree' . 2023-08-19. 20 September 2022 .
  65. Web site: Alumnus, Professor Subedi, elected an Honorary Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford . 3 July 2023 . . University of Oxford Faculty of Law . August 23, 2023.
  66. Web site: The Surya P. Subedi Prize . Royal Asiatic Society .
  67. Web site: Human Rights Law and DPhil in Law Prizes endowed . 2022-05-17. 11 March 2020 .
  68. Web site: Prestigious global essay prize set to raise awareness of modern slavery . 2022-05-17.
  69. Web site: About the Non-Resident Nepali Association (NRNA) . Non-Resident Nepali Association . 2023 . Non-Resident Nepali Association . August 19, 2023.
  70. Web site: Prof Dr Surya Prasad Subedi and the Team of BNMT Nepal visited Bhaktapur Municipality . BNMT Nepal . November 30, 2015 . BNMT Nepal . August 19, 2023.
  71. Web site: Britain Nepal Medical Trust . Britain Nepal Medical Trust . 2023 . Britain Nepal Medical Trust . August 19, 2023.
  72. Web site: Organisation . Britain Nepal Medical Trust . 2023 . Britain Nepal Medical Trust . August 19, 2023.
  73. Web site: Mr. Surya P. Subedi . United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law . 2023 . legal.un.org/avl/faculty/Subedi.html . August 19, 2023.
  74. Web site: Governance . Royal Asiatic Society . 2024 . Royal Asiatic Society. June 6, 2024.
  75. Web site: Fundraising Trek . July 13, 2015 . Britain Nepal Medical Trust . August 20, 2023.
  76. Web site: Charity Hike (Walk) . 2017 . Britain Nepal Medical Trust . .
  77. https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/drd/drd.html, pp. 1-9
  78. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/08/28/nepal-britain-treaty-of-friendship-1923-an-international-legal-perspective/
  79. https://mofa.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Prof-Subedis-Lecture-revised-versin-of-the-lecture-final-version-8-June-2022.pdf
  80. https://www.lse.ac.uk/south-asia-centre/assets/documents/LSE-Public-Lecture-Human-Rights-and-Constitutionalism-in-Nepal-13-Feb-2019.pdf

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