Typhoon Surigae Explained

Typhoon Surigae (Bising)
Formed:April 12, 2021
Extratropical:April 25, 2021
Dissipated:May 2, 2021
Winds:120
Pressure:895
Winds:170
Pressure:882
Basin:wpac
Year:2021
Fatalities:10 total
Missing:8
Damages:10470000
Areas:Caroline Islands, Palau, Sulawesi, Philippines, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Kuril Islands, Russian Far East, Alaska
Season:2021 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Surigae, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Bising, was the strongest Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone to form before the month of May, one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record and the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2021.[1] [2] The second named storm, first typhoon and first super typhoon of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season, Surigae originated from a low-pressure area south of the Micronesian island of Woleai that organized into a tropical depression on April 12. At 18:00 UTC that day, it strengthened to a tropical storm and was named Surigae by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). The formation of an eye and increasing winds prompted the JMA to upgrade the system to a severe tropical storm on April 13. The storm continued to gradually strengthen, and late on April 15, Surigae became a typhoon. Very favorable environmental conditions then allowed Surigae to begin a bout of rapid intensification; Surigae became a super typhoon the next day, and by April 17, the storm reached its peak intensity, with 10-minute sustained winds of 220km/h, 1-minute sustained winds of 315km/h, and a minimum pressure of 895hPa. This made it the strongest pre-May typhoon on record. Afterward, the storm's weakening outflow and an eyewall replacement cycle caused Surigae to gradually weaken as its track shifted north-northwestward in the Philippine Sea. Following the eyewall replacement cycle, Surigae became an annular tropical cyclone on April 19, and restrengthened slightly. On April 22, the storm began to rapidly weaken as it accelerated northwestward into unfavorable environmental conditions, transitioning into a subtropical storm the next day. The subtropical system subsequently underwent extratropical transition, which it completed by April 24. Afterward, Surigae's extratropical remnant accelerated northeastward. On April 27, Surigae's remnant explosively intensified into a bomb cyclone near the Aleutian Islands, attaining hurricane-force winds. Afterward, the system gradually weakened as it turned eastward, slowing down in the process, before crossing the International Date Line on April 30 and fully dissipating on May 2.

Surigae is a North Korean word for the black-eared kite. Upon Surigae's naming, watches and warnings were issued for the island of Yap in the Federated States of Micronesia and the islands of Koror and Kayangel in Palau as well. The typhoon left US$4.8 million in damage in Palau after cutting off power, water, and destroying infrastructure. Later, warnings were raised for parts of the Philippines as the typhoon moved closer to the nation, with evacuations taking place in eastern regions of the Visayas. The storm killed at least 10 people and left another eight missing, in addition to causing at least ₱272.8 million (US$5.67 million) in damage in the Philippines.

Meteorological history

During mid-April 2021, an area of atmospheric convection associated with a weak area of low pressure developed roughly 1150km (720miles) south of Guam. By April 10, the disturbance had acquired nascent rainbands within an environment exhibiting low wind shear, warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) between, and a well-established outflow, which was conducive for further tropical cyclogenesis.[3] Showers and thunderstorms continued to emerge around the circulation embedded within the disturbance.[4] The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) assessed the formation of a tropical depression near ; at the time, the newly designated system was moving slowly west-northwest around the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge.[5] [6] Due to its anticipated track into Philippine waters, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also began issuing advisories on the tropical depression on April 12.[7] The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) later that day, projecting a high likelihood of a significant tropical cyclone developing. By April 13, the agency assessed the disturbance as a tropical depression.[8] [9] A strong rainband along the depression's northern semicircle became prominent and coalesced around a robust and developing central dense overcast. At 18:00 UTC on the same day, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Surigae.[10] [11] Surigae was also upgraded to a tropical storm by the JTWC in the early hours of April 14, as the system progressed westward in the Philippine Sea.[12] [13] The storm continued to move slowly, remaining nearly stationary on April 14 as it gradually intensified.[14] [15] Surigae's convective activity was initially displaced to the west of its center of circulation, though additional rainbands and thunderstorm development later covered the central vortex.[16] [17] On April 15, the JMA upgraded Surigae to a severe tropical storm as it moved closer to the island nation of Palau.[18] A formative eye became apparent on microwave satellite imagery later that day.[19]

By April 16, Surigae strengthened to a typhoon just north of Palau, making it the first typhoon of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season.[20] [21] The typhoon's convective activity had become tightly wound around its center, indicating additional strengthening.[22] On April 16 at 03:00 UTC, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) gave the storm the local name Bising as it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility.[23] The system's eye became apparent through the central overcast, preceding a period of rapid intensification as Surigae progressed west-northwestward through a conducive environment.[24] [25] [26] Surigae's central dense overcast became colder and better-organized, with a well-defined ring of very cold cloud tops encircling a diameter eye.[27] Concurrently, an approaching trough produced a gap in the subtropical ridge of high pressure to the north, causing Surigae to slowly curve northwest as it quickly strengthened.[28]

On April 17, the JMA determined that Surigae's barometric pressure had rapidly fallen to 895 hPa (mbar; 26.43 inHg), as the storm reached its peak intensity.[29] [30] Its 10-minute maximum sustained winds reached 220abbr=onNaNabbr=on according to the JMA, while one-minute maximum sustained winds reached 315abbr=onNaNabbr=on according to the JTWC, making it equivalent to a Category 5 super typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson scale (SSHWS);[31] [32] the peak 1-minute sustained winds were also higher for the time of year than any previous typhoon on record. The JTWC also estimated a minimum central pressure of 882 hPa (mbar; 26.05 inHg) for Surigae at the time.[33] Later that day, Surigae began an eyewall replacement cycle causing its eye to become less apparent on satellite imagery and its winds to slightly diminish. The trough to Surigae's north also impeded the typhoon's outflow, resulting in a decrease in environmental favorability for further intensification.[34] [35] On April 18, Surigae finished its eyewall replacement cycle; Surigae acquired annular characteristics, bearing a symmetrical appearance and a large eye, which was largely surrounded by one large rainband, by the next day.

By April 20, the prevalence of nearby dry air and upwelling of cold waters beneath the slow-moving typhoon caused its winds to decrease further.[36] [37] Some reorganization occurred when Surigae began to move north and away from the upwelled waters, with its large eye becoming less ragged; however, additional entrainment of dry air originating from the mid-troposphere over Luzon caused Surigae's structure to degrade further on April 21.[38] Surigae turned northeast away from the Philippines later that day and weakened further, upon entering an environment with strong westerly winds in the upper troposphere.[39] [40] The once large and clear eye disappeared on April 22, leaving behind an increasingly-disheveled cluster of weakening showers and thunderstorms.[41] Soon afterward, all of Surigae's remaining convection was sheared to the east, as the storm moved over cooler waters.[42] As most of the remaining thunderstorms had dissipated, Surigae transitioned into a subtropical cyclone on April 23 due to interacting with an upper-level atmospheric trough as Surigae traversed a cold oceanic eddy.[43] Surigae began to undergo extratropical transition, a process it completed late on April 24, at which time the JTWC issued their final advisory on the system.[44] The JMA declared that Surigae had become extratropical a few hours later.[45]

As an extratropical cyclone, Surigae underwent explosive cyclogenesis on April 26, with its central pressure falling 44 hPa (mbar; 1.3 inHg) within 24 hours, while rapidly tracking northeastward.[46] While located to the east of Hokkaido, the system's ten-minute maximum sustained winds reached 130abbr=onNaNabbr=on at 18:00 UTC that day,[47] and its central pressure bottomed out at 944 hPa (mbar; 27.88 inHg) six hours later.[48] Late on April 27, Surigae's remnant started to weaken while turning eastward. The next day, the system's forward motion significantly slowed down. On April 30, Surigae underwent a center reformation, with the original center of low pressure dissipating, and a new low-pressure center forming shortly afterward, which quickly dominated the system.[49] Afterward, Surigae's remnant continued moving eastward while gradually weakening, turning northeastward on May 1. On May 2, Surigae's remnant was absorbed into another extratropical cyclone, just south of the Alaskan Panhandle.

Preparations

Due to the threat of the storm, a Tropical Storm Watch was issued for the island of Yap and Ngulu Atoll as well as for Koror and Kayangel in Palau on April 14,[50] where in the former, winds exceeded .[51] The watch was upgraded to a Tropical Storm Warning for Ngulu Atoll later that day.[52]

As Surigae entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the PAGASA began issuing weather bulletins for the nearby storm. Initial forecasts by the agency suggested that the storm was less likely to make landfall over Luzon, and expected the storm to re-curve away from the Philippines.[53] [54] On April 16, the Department of Transportation of the Philippines suspended all air and land travel to and from Visayas and Mindanao.[55] In the ensuing travel suspension, 2,507 individuals and 61 sea vessels were stranded in ports throughout the country.[56] Wave heights as high as were forecast near the eastern coasts of Visayas and Mindanao.[57] In order to avoid agricultural losses, Secretary William Dar of the Department of Agriculture encouraged farmers in the Bicol and Eastern Visayas regions to harvest their crops and for fishermen to refrain from fishing due to worsening oceanic conditions.[58] At 15:00 UTC (23:00 PHT), the PAGASA began issuing Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal (TCWS) #1 for areas in Eastern Visayas and the Caraga Region, as well as for portions of Luzon six hours later.[59] [60]

On April 17, TCWS #2 was issued for Catanduanes and the entire island of Samar.[61] Flood advisories were also issued by the PAGASA for three regions in Visayas and Mindanao.[62] In preparation for the intense rains, the National Telecommunications Commission ordered telecommunications companies to prepare facilities in forecasted affected areas, including free calling and charging stations.[63] [64] [65] As early as April 17, preemptive evacuation began in the Bicol Region and the Samar province,[66] and by April 21, 169,072 people were evacuated in the Cagayan Valley, Bicol Region, Eastern Visayas, and Caraga. Flights in Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport and all Tacloban Airports were cancelled on April 18, and other domestic flights were also cancelled on the same day. In addition, 10 domestic flights elsewhere were also cancelled that day. Schools and work activities were suspended in the Bicol Region till April 20.[67] ₱1.5 billion (US$31.05 million) worth of standby funds were prepared for disaster response.[68]

Impact

Micronesia and Palau

Locally heavy rainfall occurred in parts of Palau and Yap for several days.[69] Surigae brought sustained winds of up to and gusts up to to Palau, causing power outages across the island.[70] [71] [72] Large swells from the developing storm brought coastal flooding to Koror and Yap. Residents in those areas were advised to avoid reef lines in the north and west, and to take caution on beaches due to rip currents and large waves.[73] Surigae was the closest typhoon to pass near the island of Palau since Typhoon Haiyan. Restaurants, sporting events and other services were closed in Palau as Surigae approached closer– yet schools remained open.[74] Schools were not suspended until power had been cut off across much of the entire country. Water and cellular services were also downed. There was criticism for the lack of news coverage on the typhoon in Palau most notably. 125 homes across the country were destroyed, while at least 1,500 sustained minor damage. The entire population of Palau, consisting of approximately 18,008 people, was impacted by the typhoon. At least US$2 million worth of infrastructure alone was damaged in Palau.[75] The total amount of damage across health, infrastructure, education, food, communication, utilities and other sectors was assessed at US$4.8 million. President of Palau Surangel Whipps Jr. issued a national state of emergency on April 18.[76] The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided US$100,000 for immediate assistance to support those affected.[77] In Guam, emergency supplies were being prepared and donated to communities in need in Palau.

Philippines

Five people in a boat were rescued off the coast of Pujada Bay due to dangerous sea conditions produced by Surigae.[78] Another boat with two fishermen aboard capsized during midnight on its way to Bantayan Island, with both of two fishermen having to swim back to shore.[79] On April 19, Surigae forced the cargo ship LCU Cebu Great Ocean, carrying twenty crew members and nickel ore, to run aground on the coast of the Province of Surigao del Norte, in the southern Philippines.[80] [81] At least six of the crew members were found dead, while seven were rescued; the search continues for another missing seven crew members.[82] [83] Heavy rain from the outer bands of Surigae battered Eastern Visayas and the Bicol Region as it passed around to the east of Catanduanes.[84] Widespread rainfall totals of up to occurred in the eastern Philippines, while of rain fell in Virac, Catanduanes and surrounding areas.[85] A funnel cloud was also briefly reported in Camarines Sur.[86] Twenty-two barangays were flooded in Eastern Visayas, and in the municipality of Jipapad, flooding reached 4m (13feet). Power interruptions were experienced in Central Visayas, Eastern Visayas and in Eastern Samar, power was interrupted for the whole province.[64] 109,815 people were displaced by flooding and landslides in the Bicol Region.[87]

Ten deaths were reported due to the typhoon. One person in Southern Leyte and another in Cebu died due to fallen coconut trees.[88] [89] Six crew members of the LCU Cebu Great Ocean were found dead after the ship ran aground in the southern Philippines; another seven crew members remain missing. Another person remains missing in Northern Samar.[90] 13 others were injured.[88] A total of 3,385 houses were damaged in the Bicol Region, Eastern Visayas and Caraga, with 158 totally destroyed. Agricultural damage in the Bicol Region and Eastern Visayas reached ₱261.9 million (US$5.43 million), while infrastructural damage totaled ₱10.87 million (US$226,000).[91] 63 cities experienced power interruptions; however, power was restored in 54 of those cities.[92]

Following the passage of Surigae, the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and local government units provided assistance worth approximately ₱6.52 million (US$135,000) to those affected in Cagayan Valley, the Bicol Region and the Eastern Visayas.[91] Schools and workplaces fully reopened by April 20.[93]

Elsewhere

The influence of Surigae caused gusts in North Sulawesi that reached .[94] Large waves of 13.1feet-19.8feetft (-ft) affected the coastal waters of the Sitaro Islands Regency, Sangihe Islands Regency, the Talaud Islands and the northern Molucca Sea.[95] Surigae made its closest approach to Taiwan on April 22. The typhoon's outer bands brought much-needed rainfall to central Taiwan, which was going through its worst drought in 56 years. There were also reports of hail.[96] Large waves up to tall generated by Surigae were recorded along Taiwan's east coast on April 21.[97]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Rare Super Typhoon Surigae Barrels Towards the Philippines; Intensifies at Record Pace. April 18, 2021. The Weather Channel. en-IN. 2021-04-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044524/https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2021-04-18-rare-super-typhoon-surigae-barrels-towards-the-philippines-intensifies. live.
  2. News: Samenow. Jason. Cappucci. Matthew. Surigae sweeps past Philippines, after becoming strongest April typhoon on record. en-US. Washington Post. April 18, 2021. 0190-8286. April 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210416173416/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/04/16/typhoon-surigae-philippines/. live.
  3. Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans Reissued 101330Z-110600Z April 2021. Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Pearl Harbor, Hawaii . April 10, 2021.
  4. Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans Reissued 111430Z-120600Z April 2021 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Pearl Harbor, Hawaii . April 11, 2021.
  5. Warning and Summary 120600. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Japan Meteorological Agency. Tokyo, Japan. April 12, 2021. April 14, 2021. April 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414140214/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/12/text/Severe/Severe_12.txt. live.
  6. Reasoning No. 1 for TD Located at 7.1N 139.9E. RSMC Tropical Cyclone Prognostic Reasoning. Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . April 13, 2021. https://archive.today/20210414135909/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20210413/000000/A_WTPQ30RJTD130000_C_RJTD_20210413015817_58.txt. April 14, 2021.
  7. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Advisory #1 . https://archive.today/20210413094617/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/tca/TCA%25231.pdf. April 13, 2021. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . April 13, 2021 . Manila, Philippines . April 12, 2021.
  8. Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (121121Z April 2021). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 12, 2021. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 14, 2021. April 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414140214/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/12/text/Severe/Severe_12.txt. live.
  9. Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 02W (Two) Warning NR 001. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 13, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 19, 2021. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164655/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/13/text/Severe/Severe_13.txt. live.
  10. Warning 131800. Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . April 13, 2021. https://archive.today/20210414134009/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20210413/180000/A_WTJP21RJTD131800_C_RJTD_20210413190518_48.txt. April 14, 2021.
  11. Reasoning No. 4 for TS 2102 Surigae. RSMC Tropical Cyclone Prognostic Reasoning. Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . April 13, 2021. https://archive.today/20210414032339/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20210413/180000/A_WTPQ30RJTD131800_C_RJTD_20210413200220_94.txt. April 14, 2021.
  12. April 14, 2021. warn. TD. 02W. 1. Two. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0221web.txt. live. 2021-04-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20210413135312/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0221web.txt. Alt URL
  13. April 14, 2021. prog. TS. 02W. 3. Surigae. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414043244/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0221prog.txt. live. 2021-04-14. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0221prog.txt. Alt URL
  14. TS 2102 Surigae (2102) Advisory 140600 . https://archive.today/20210415142405/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20210414/060000/A_WTPQ20RJTD140600_C_RJTD_20210414064716_23.txt. April 15, 2021. Japan Meteorological Agency . April 15, 2021 . Tokyo, Japan . TXT . RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory . April 14, 2021.
  15. TS 2102 Surigae (2102) Advisory 142100 . https://archive.today/20210415143054/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20210414/210000/A_WTPQ20RJTD142100_C_RJTD_20210414213116_19.txt . April 15, 2021 . Japan Meteorological Agency . April 15, 2021 . Tokyo, Japan . TXT . RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory . April 14, 2021.
  16. Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 003. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 14, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 19, 2021. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164643/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/14/text/Severe/Severe_14.txt. live.
  17. Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 005. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 14, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 19, 2021. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164643/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/14/text/Severe/Severe_14.txt. live.
  18. Warning 150000. Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . April 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210415144153/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20210415/000000/A_WTJP21RJTD150000_C_RJTD_20210415004118_80.txt. dead. April 15, 2021.
  19. Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 009. Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Pearl Harbor, Hawaii . April 15, 2021 . TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 15, 2021.
  20. Warning 160000. Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . April 13, 2021. https://archive.today/20210416142638/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20210416/000000/A_WTJP21RJTD160000_C_RJTD_20210416004816_16.txt. April 16, 2021.
  21. Web site: Erdman . Jonathan . Typhoon Surigae Rapidly Intensifies, Potential Philippines Danger Beginning This Weekend . TWC Product and Technology . April 16, 2021 . April 16, 2021 . April 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210416211742/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2021-04-16-typhoon-surigae-philippines-forecast . live .
  22. Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 011. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 16, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 19, 2021. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164644/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/16/text/Severe/Severe_16.txt. live.
  23. Web site: April 16, 2021. Severe Weather Bulleting #1 for Typhoon "Bising" (Surigae). live. https://archive.today/20210416044248/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/SWB%25231_bising.pdf. April 16, 2021. April 16, 2021. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration.
  24. Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 013. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 16, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 19, 2021. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164644/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/16/text/Severe/Severe_16.txt. live.
  25. Web site: April 16, 2021. Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 013. live. April 16, 2021. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. https://archive.today/20210416082115/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0221web.txt. April 16, 2021.
  26. Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 014. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 16, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 16, 2021. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164644/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/16/text/Severe/Severe_16.txt. live.
  27. Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 17, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 19, 2021. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164643/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/17/text/Severe/Severe_17.txt. live.
  28. Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 015. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 17, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 19, 2021. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164643/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/17/text/Severe/Severe_17.txt. live.
  29. Web site: Masters . Jeff . Category 5 Super Typhoon Surigae brushes Philippines . Eye on the Storm . Yale Climate Connections . April 18, 2021 . April 17, 2021 . April 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210418165826/https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/04/category-5-super-typhoon-surigae-brushes-philippines/ . live .
  30. Web site: Surigae Stirs Up the Pacific . Earth Observatory . NASA . April 22, 2021 . April 19, 2021 . April 22, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165239/https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148208/surigae-stirs-up-the-pacific . live .
  31. News: Cappucci . Matthew . Samenow . Jason . Super Typhoon Surigae to pass near Philippines at Category 5 strength Sunday . April 17, 2021 . The Washington Post . April 17, 2021 . Washington, D.C. . April 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210416173416/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/04/16/typhoon-surigae-philippines/ . live.
  32. Reasoning No. 20 for TY 2102 Surigae. RSMC Tropical Cyclone Prognostic Reasoning. Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . April 17, 2021. https://archive.today/20210418165300/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20210417/180000/A_WTPQ30RJTD171800_C_RJTD_20210417194544_4.txt. April 18, 2021.
  33. News: Typhoon Surigae intensified with surprising speed, bearing the fingerprint of climate change. Cappucci. Matthew. The Washington Post. April 19, 2021. April 20, 2020. May 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210509213728/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/04/19/typhoon-surigae-record-intensity-climate/. live.
  34. Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 019. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 18, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 19, 2021. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164655/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/18/text/Severe/Severe_18.txt. live.
  35. Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 020. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 18, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 19, 2021. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164655/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/18/text/Severe/Severe_18.txt. live.
  36. Reasoning No. 29 for TY 2102 Surigae. RSMC Tropical Cyclone Prognostic Reasoning. Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . April 20, 2021. https://archive.today/20210422163307/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20210420/000000/A_WTPQ30RJTD200000_C_RJTD_20210420015217_48.txt. April 22, 2021.
  37. Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 029. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 20, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 22, 2021. April 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165248/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/20/text/Severe/Severe_20.txt. live.
  38. Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 032. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 21, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 22, 2021. April 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165249/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/21/text/Severe/Severe_21.txt. live.
  39. Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 034. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 21, 2021. TXT. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 22, 2021. April 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165249/https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2021/04/21/text/Severe/Severe_21.txt. live.
  40. Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 035. Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Pearl Harbor, Hawaii . April 22, 2021.
  41. Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 02W (Surigae) Warning NR 037. Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Pearl Harbor, Hawaii . April 22, 2021.
  42. Web site: PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TROPICAL STORM 02W (SURIGAE) WARNING NR 041. https://archive.today/20210423184610/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0221prog.txt. April 23, 2021. live. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. April 23, 2021. April 23, 2021.
  43. Web site: April 23, 2021. Prognostic Reasoning for Subtropical Storm 02W (Surigae) No 42. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417143108/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0221prog.txt. April 17, 2021. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  44. Web site: SUBTROPICAL STORM 02W (SURIGAE) WARNING NR 046. https://archive.today/20210425172142/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0221web.txt. April 25, 2021. live.
  45. Web site: WTPQ50 RJTD 250000 . Japan Meteorological Agency . April 27, 2021 . https://archive.today/20210425062043/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20210425/000000/A_WTPQ50RJTD250000_C_RJTD_20210425004517_39.txt . April 25, 2021 . April 25, 2021.
  46. Web site: WWJP27 RJTD 260000 . Japan Meteorological Agency . April 27, 2021 . https://archive.today/20210427074746/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Warnings_and_weather_summary/20210426/000000/A_WWJP27RJTD260000_C_RJTD_20210426022817_39.txt . April 27, 2021 . April 26, 2021.
  47. Web site: WWJP27 RJTD 261800 . Japan Meteorological Agency . April 27, 2021 . https://archive.today/20210427074807/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Warnings_and_weather_summary/20210426/180000/A_WWJP27RJTD261800_C_RJTD_20210426201817_85.txt . April 27, 2021 . April 26, 2021.
  48. Web site: WWJP27 RJTD 270000 . Japan Meteorological Agency . April 27, 2021 . https://archive.today/20210427075128/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ww/wwjp27.rjtd..txt . April 27, 2021 . April 26, 2021.
  49. Web site: April 30, 2021. WWJP27 RJTD 301200. live. https://archive.today/20210501153615/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Warnings_and_weather_summary/20210430/120000/A_WWJP27RJTD301200_C_RJTD_20210430142417_65.txt. May 1, 2021. April 30, 2021. Japan Meteorological Agency..
  50. Web site: April 14, 2021. Tropical storm watch in effect for Yap and Ngulu in Yap State. April 14, 2021. KUAM News. April 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414083501/https://www.kuam.com/story/43663671/tropical-storm-watch-in-effect-for-yap-and-ngulu-in-yap-state. live.
  51. News: Matthew Cappucci. April 14, 2021. Tropical Storm Surigae to intensify into powerful Pacific typhoon, brush past Philippines. April 14, 2021. The Washington Post. December 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211222054408/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/04/14/typhoon-philippines-pacific-surigae/. live.
  52. Web site: April 15, 2021. Tropical Depression Surigae (02W) Advisory Number 2. https://archive.today/20210415125404/https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=GUM&issuedby=PQ1&product=TCP&format=CI&version=30&glossary=0. April 15, 2021. April 15, 2021. National Weather Service Office in Tiyan, Guam.
  53. Web site: De Vera-Ruiz. Ellalyn. April 16, 2021. 'Bising' now a typhoon, Signal No. 1 seen over parts of Northern, Eastern Samar as early as Friday evening  - PAGASA. April 16, 2021. Manila Bulletin. en-US. April 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210416040146/https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/16/bising-now-a-typhoon-signal-no-1-seen-over-parts-of-northern-eastern-samar-as-early-as-friday-evening-pagasa/. live.
  54. Web site: Unite. Betheena. April 16, 2021. Better safe than sorry: DA urges farmers to prepare for 'Bising'. April 16, 2021. Manila Bulletin. en-US. April 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210416113955/https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/16/better-safe-than-sorry-da-urges-farmers-to-prepare-for-bising/. live.
  55. Web site: April 16, 2021. Land, sea travel to Visayas and Mindanao suspended due 'Typhoon Bising'. April 16, 2021. pia.gov.ph. en. April 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210416141615/https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1072468. live.
  56. Web site: April 21, 2021. SitRep no. 06 re Preparedness Measures and Effects for Typhoon Bising. April 21, 2021. ndrrmc.gov.ph. April 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421031526/https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4150/SitRep_No_6_TC_Bising_2021_Update.pdf. live.
  57. Web site: Villamor-Ilano. Marites. April 16, 2021. Typhoon Bising threatens Northern Samar, Eastern Samar. April 16, 2021. Sunstar. English. April 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210416144035/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1891839/Manila/Local-News/New-typhoon-threatens-Northern-Eastern-Samar. live.
  58. Web site: Cudis. Christine. Farmers, fisherfolk in 'Bising' path warned to guard livelihood. April 16, 2021. www.pna.gov.ph. en. April 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210416144035/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1137073. live.
  59. April 16, 2021. Bising. Surigae. swb. 2. TY. https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/SWB%232_bising.pdf. Alt URL
  60. April 16, 2021. Bising. Surigae. swb. 3. TY. https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/SWB%233_bising.pdf. Alt URL
  61. April 17, 2021. Bising. Surigae. swb. 5. TY. https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/SWB%235_bising.pdf. Alt URL
  62. Alt URL
  63. Web site: Quevedo. Richbon G.. April 17, 2021. NTC to telcos: Provide sufficient service during typhoon Bising. April 17, 2021. INQUIRER.net. en. April 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417041558/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1420247/ntc-to-telcos-provide-sufficient-service-during-typhoon-bising. live.
  64. Web site: April 19, 2021. SitRep no. 04 re Preparedness Measures and Effects for Typhoon BISING. April 19, 2021. ndrrmc.gov.ph. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419042205/https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4150/SitRep_No_4_TC_BISING_2021_Update.pdf. live.
  65. Web site: Arguelles. Mar S.. April 17, 2021. 340 persons evacuated in Camarines Sur as Typhoon Bising draws nearer. April 17, 2021. INQUIRER.net. en. April 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417145827/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1420392/340-persons-evacuated-in-camarines-sur-as-typhoon-bising-draws-nearer. live.
  66. Web site: Bordey. Hana. Pre-emptive evacuation on-going in Bicol, Samar as Bising intensifies. April 17, 2021. GMA News Online. en. April 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417103045/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/784134/pre-emptive-evacuation-on-going-in-bicol-samar-as-bising-intensifies/story/. live.
  67. Web site: Connie Calipay. Mar Serrano. Classes, work suspended in Bicol due to 'Bising'. April 20, 2021. www.pna.gov.ph. Philippine News Agency. en. April 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420021324/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1137224. live.
  68. Web site: Christine Cudis. DSWD emergency fund, food boxes on standby for 'Bising' victims. April 20, 2021. www.pna.gov.ph. Philippine News agency. en. April 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420021321/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1137306. live.
  69. Web site: NWS monitoring tropical storm near Yap, Palau. The Guam Daily Post. April 14, 2021. April 14, 2021. April 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414181515/https://www.postguam.com/news/local/nws-monitoring-tropical-storm-near-yap-palau/article_7baf3d18-9cff-11eb-9013-17a75683811a.html. live.
  70. Web site: METEO. La tempesta Surigae si avvicina alle Filippine. Imminente il passaggio a ciclone tropicale. Italian. Lorenzo Badellino. 3Bmeteo. April 15, 2021. April 16, 2021. April 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210416043813/https://www.3bmeteo.com/giornale-meteo/meteo--la-tempesta-tropicale-surigae-si-avvicina-alle-filippine--imminente-il-passaggio-a-ciclone-463570. live.
  71. RobertSpetaWX. Robert Speta. April 15, 2021. April 16, 2021. Kauai Okada just shared these photos from Palau. She says the island is without power right now with downed trees across the island. Winds have also been reported gusting over 50kts or 90kph on the island.. 1382726434872033280.
  72. Web site: April 26, 2021. Republic of Palau: Typhoon Surigae - Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA), DREF Operation n° 1 MDRPW001. April 27, 2021. ReliefWeb. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC/ICRC). April 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210428024320/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRPW001do.pdf. live.
  73. Web site: Coastal Flood Warnings/Watches/Statements. Chan. National Weather Service Tiyan, Guam. April 14, 2021. April 14, 2021. April 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414132158/https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?issuedby=PQ2&product=CFW&site=nws&format=txt. live.
  74. Web site: April 23, 2021. The typhoon that hit my island didn't make the news. This is what the climate crisis looks like. April 24, 2021. the Guardian. en. April 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210423124134/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/23/the-typhoon-that-hit-my-island-didnt-make-the-news-this-is-what-the-climate-crisis-looks-like. live.
  75. Web site: Palau assesses Typhoon Surigae aftermath, estimates $2 million in damage. April 24, 2021. Marianas Variety News & Views. en. April 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210424171038/https://mvariety.com/news/palau-assesses-typhoon-surigae-aftermath-estimates-2-million-in-damage/article_7ed08516-a2ad-11eb-b192-af29d95395a4.html. live.
  76. Web site: Coast Guard Cutter delivers emergency supplies to Palau following Typhoon Surigae. April 27, 2021. DVIDS. en. April 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210429155838/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/394826/coast-guard-cutter-delivers-emergency-supplies-palau-following-typhoon-surigae. live.
  77. Web site: April 21, 2021. United States Providing Humanitarian Assistance in Response to Damaging Typhoon Surigae in Palau Press Release U.S. Agency for International Development. April 24, 2021. www.usaid.gov. en. April 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210424172857/https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/apr-20-2021-united-states-providing-humanitarian-assistance-response-typhoon-palau. live.
  78. Web site: Llemit. Ralph Lawrence G.. April 18, 2021. 5 rescued from sinking boat. April 18, 2021. Sunstar. English. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419052037/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1892069/Davao/Local-News/5-rescued-from-sinking-boat. live.
  79. Web site: Palaubsanon. Mitchelle L.. More Cebu LGUs placed under Signal No. 1 Sunday. April 18, 2021. Philstar.com. April 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418231620/https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/04/19/2092217/more-cebu-lgus-placed-under-signal-no-1-sunday. live.
  80. Web site: Two ships fell victim to typhoon rage, 20 crew missing, Philippines. Mikhail Voytenko. FleetMon. April 20, 2021. April 21, 2021.
  81. Web site: Cargo ship runs aground as storm strikes near Philippines. Reuters. April 20, 2021. April 21, 2021. April 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421092959/https://www.reuters.com/article/asia-storm-philippines/cargo-ship-runs-aground-as-storm-strikes-near-philippines-idUSL4N2MD2AQ. live.
  82. Web site: PCG: 2 more crewmen of ill-fated cargo ship found dead, 7 still missing. April 25, 2021. April 25, 2021. Manila Bulletin. en-US. April 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210425035008/https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/25/pcg-2-more-crewmen-of-ill-fated-cargo-ship-found-dead-7-still-missing/. live.
  83. Web site: Four crew dead, 9 missing after cargo ship runs aground in Philippines. Karen Lema. Yahoo! News. April 21, 2021. April 21, 2021. April 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421093000/https://ca.news.yahoo.com/four-crew-dead-9-missing-075152482.html. live.
  84. Web site: Rain from Typhoon Bising hits Eastern Visayas, Bicol. April 18, 2021. Rappler. 18 April 2021. en. April 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043601/https://www.rappler.com/nation/weather/typhoon-bising-pagasa-forecast-april-18-2021-11am. live.
  85. Web site: Deadly Typhoon Surigae leaves flooding, damage behind in the Philippines. April 24, 2021. news.yahoo.com. en-US. April 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210424232001/https://news.yahoo.com/deadly-typhoon-surigae-leaves-flooding-133718479.html. live.
  86. Web site: April 18, 2021. Funnel cloud leaves Bicolanos in awe, others in fear. April 18, 2021. Manila Bulletin. en-US. April 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418071610/https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/18/funnel-cloud-leaves-bicolanos-in-awe-others-in-fear/. live.
  87. Web site: Landslides, flooding from Bising displace over 109,000 in Bicol. April 20, 2021. Rappler. 19 April 2021. en. April 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420021321/https://www.rappler.com/nation/typhoon-bising-bicol-updates-april-19-2021. live.
  88. Web site: April 24, 2021. SitRep no. 09 re Preparedness Measures and Effects for Typhoon BISING. April 24, 2021. ndrrmc.gov.ph. April 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210424063522/https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4150/SitRep_No_9_TC_Bising_2021_Update_.pdf. live.
  89. Web site: Two dead, over 18,000 families evacuated due to Typhoon Bising. April 19, 2021. cnn. en. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419025903/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/4/19/One-dead-in-Southern-Leyte-due-to-Typhoon-Bising-0.html. dead.
  90. Web site: April 19, 2021. One dead, one missing as 'Bising' batters Eastern Visayas. April 19, 2021. Manila Bulletin. en-US. April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419023659/https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/19/one-dead-one-missing-as-bising-batters-eastern-visayas/. live.
  91. Web site: SitRep no. 16 re Preparedness Measures and Effects for Typhoon Bising. ndrrmc.gov.ph. May 12, 2021. May 26, 2021. en-US. May 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210526024320/https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4150/SitRep_No_16_TC_Bising_2021_Update.pdf. live.
  92. Web site: SitRep no. 07 re Preparedness Measures and Effects for Typhoon Bising. ndrrmc.gov.ph. April 22, 2021. April 22, 2021. en-US. April 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210422123257/https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4150/SitRep_No_7_TC_Bising_2021_Update.pdf. live.
  93. Web site: SitRep no. 13 re Preparedness Measures and Effects for Typhoon Bising. ndrrmc.gov.ph. May 1, 2021. May 1, 2021. en-US. May 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210501072038/https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4150/SitRep_No_13_TC_Bising_2021_Update.pdf. live.
  94. Web site: BMKG: Awas Siklon Tropis Surigae Bisa Berkembang Jadi Badai Topan. Ellyvon Pranita. Kompas. April 14, 2021. April 14, 2021. Indonesian. April 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152709/https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2021/04/14/150200823/bmkg--awas-siklon-tropis-surigae-bisa-berkembang-jadi-badai-topan?page=all. live.
  95. Web site: BMKG Peringatkan Ancaman Siklon Tropis Surigae. Koran Jakarta. April 14, 2021. April 14, 2021. Indonesian. April 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414205544/https://koran-jakarta.com/bmkg-peringatkan-ancaman-siklon-tropis-surigae. live.
  96. News: Everington . Keoni . Video shows heavy rainfall in parched central Taiwan . April 25, 2021 . Taiwan News . April 23, 2021 . April 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210424234416/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4184830 . live .
  97. News: Chang Hsiung-feng . Chiang Yi-ching . Taiwan can expect rain, high waves as typhoon nears: CWB . April 25, 2021 . Focus Taiwan . April 21, 2021 . April 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210425073018/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202104210023 . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Typhoon Surigae".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.