List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States explained

The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest-ranking judicial body in the United States. Its membership, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869, consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices, any six of whom constitute a quorum.[1] [2] Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court; justices have life tenure.[3]

Background

The Supreme Court was created by Article III of the United States Constitution, which stipulates that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court,"[4] and was organized by the 1st United States Congress. Through the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created thirteen judicial districts, and fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices).[5] [6]

Since 1789, Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court, historically in response to the country's own expansion in size. An 1801 act would have decreased the Court's size to five members upon its next vacancy. However, an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred, maintaining the Court's size at six members. Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807, to nine in 1837, and to ten in 1863. An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies, and two vacancies did occur during this period. However, before a third vacancy occurred, the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened, restoring the Court's size to nine members, where it has remained ever since.[7]

While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life, many have retired or resigned. Beginning in the early 20th century, many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether. A retired justice, according to the United States Code, is no longer a member of the Supreme Court, but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court, and many retired justices have served in these capacities. Historically, the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years. However, since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years.[8]

List of justices

Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 116 people have served on the Court. The length of service on the Court for the 107 non-incumbent justices ranges from William O. Douglas's to John Rutledge's as associate justice and, separated by a period of years off the Court, his as chief justice. As of, the length of service for the nine incumbent justices ranges from Clarence Thomas's to Ketanji Brown Jackson's . Five individuals, who were confirmed for associate justice, were later appointed chief justice separately: John Rutledge, Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan F. Stone and William Rehnquist. While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are:[9] [10]

JusticeStatePositionSucceededDate confirmed
(Vote)
TenureTenure lengthNominated by
data-sort-value="Jay, John"1John Jay
(1745–1829)
NY
(Acclamation)


June 29, 1795
(Resigned)
George Washington
data-sort-value="Rutledge, Johna"2John Rutledge
(1739–1800)
SC
(Acclamation)


March 5, 1791
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="Cushing, William"3William Cushing
(1732–1810)
MA
(Acclamation)


September 13, 1810
(Died)
data-sort-value="Wilson, James"4James Wilson
(1742–1798)
PA
(Acclamation)


August 21, 1798
(Died)
data-sort-value="Blair, John Jr"5John Blair
(1732–1800)
VA
(Acclamation)


October 25, 1795
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="Iredell, James"6James Iredell
(1751–1799)
NC
(Acclamation)


October 20, 1799
(Died)
data-sort-value="Johnson, Thomas"7Thomas Johnson
(1732–1819)
MD
(Acclamation)


January 16, 1793
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="Paterson, Wiliam"8William Paterson
(1745–1806)
NJ
(Acclamation)


September 9, 1806
(Died)
data-sort-value="Rutledge, Johnb"2John Rutledge
(1739–1800)
SC
(10–14)


December 15, 1795
(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)
data-sort-value="Chase, Samuel"9Samuel Chase
(1741–1811)
MD
(Acclamation)


June 19, 1811
(Died)
data-sort-value="Ellsworth"10Oliver Ellsworth
(1745–1807)
CT
(21–1)


December 15, 1800
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="Washington, Bushrod"11Bushrod Washington
(1762–1829)
VA
(Acclamation)


November 26, 1829
(Died)
John Adams
data-sort-value="Moore, Alfred"12Alfred Moore
(1755–1810)
NC
(Acclamation)


January 26, 1804
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="Marshall, John"13John Marshall
(1755–1835)
VA
(Acclamation)


July 6, 1835
(Died)
data-sort-value="Johnson, William"14William Johnson
(1771–1834)
SC
(Acclamation)


August 4, 1834
(Died)
Thomas Jefferson
data-sort-value="Livingston, Henry B"15Henry Brockholst Livingston
(1757–1823)
NY
(Acclamation)


March 18, 1823
(Died)
data-sort-value="Todd, Thomas"16Thomas Todd
(1765–1826)
KY
(Acclamation)


February 7, 1826
(Died)
data-sort-value="Duvall, Gabriel"17Gabriel Duvall
(1752–1844)
MD
(Acclamation)


January 14, 1835
(Resigned)
James Madison
data-sort-value="Story, Joseph"18Joseph Story
(1779–1845)
MA
(Acclamation)


September 10, 1845
(Died)
data-sort-value="Thompswon, Smith"19Smith Thompson
(1768–1843)
NY
(Acclamation)


December 18, 1843
(Died)
data-sort-value="Monroe, James"James Monroe
data-sort-value="Trimble, Robert"20Robert Trimble
(1776–1828)
KY
(25–5)


August 25, 1828
(Died)
data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy"John Quincy Adams
data-sort-value="McLean, John"21John McLean
(1785–1861)
OH
(Acclamation)


April 4, 1861
(Died)
Andrew Jackson
data-sort-value="Baldwin, Henry"22Henry Baldwin
(1780–1844)
PA
(41–2)


April 21, 1844
(Died)
data-sort-value="Wayne, James M"23James Moore Wayne
(1790–1867)
GA
(Acclamation)


July 5, 1867
(Died)
data-sort-value="Taney, Roger B"24Roger B. Taney
(1777–1864)
MD
(29–15)


October 12, 1864
(Died)
data-sort-value="Barbour, Philip P."25Philip P. Barbour
(1783–1841)
VA
(30–11)


February 25, 1841
(Died)
data-sort-value="Catron, John"26John Catron
(1786–1865)
TN
(28–15)


May 30, 1865
(Died)
data-sort-value="McKinley, John"27John McKinley
(1780–1852)
AL
(Acclamation)


July 19, 1852
(Died)
Martin Van Buren
data-sort-value="Daniel, Peter V"28Peter Vivian Daniel
(1784–1860)
VA
(25–5)


May 31, 1860
(Died)
data-sort-value="Nelson, Samuel"29Samuel Nelson
(1792–1873)
NY
(Acclamation)


November 28, 1872
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Tyler, John"John Tyler
data-sort-value="Woodbury, Levi"30Levi Woodbury
(1789–1851)
NH
(Acclamation)


September 4, 1851
(Died)
James K. Polk
data-sort-value="Grier, Robert C"31Robert Cooper Grier
(1794–1870)
PA
(Acclamation)


January 31, 1870
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Curtis, Benjamin R"32Benjamin Robbins Curtis
(1809–1874)
MA
(Acclamation)


September 30, 1857
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard"Millard Fillmore
data-sort-value="Campbell, John A"33John Archibald Campbell
(1811–1889)
AL
(Acclamation)


April 30, 1861
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin"Franklin Pierce
data-sort-value="Clifford, Nathan"34Nathan Clifford
(1803–1881)
ME
(26–23)


July 25, 1881
(Died)
data-sort-value="Buchanan, James"James Buchanan
data-sort-value="Swayne, Noah H"35Noah Haynes Swayne
(1804–1884)
OH
(38–1)


January 24, 1881
(Retired)
Abraham Lincoln
data-sort-value="Miller, Samuel F"36Samuel Freeman Miller
(1816–1890)
IA
(Acclamation)


October 13, 1890
(Died)
data-sort-value="Davis, David"37David Davis
(1815–1886)
IL
(Acclamation)


March 4, 1877
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="Field, Stephen J"38Stephen Johnson Field
(1816–1899)
CA
(Acclamation)


December 1, 1897
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Chase, Salmon P"39Salmon P. Chase
(1808–1873)
OH
(Acclamation)


May 7, 1873
(Died)
data-sort-value="Strong, William"40William Strong
(1808–1895)
PA
(No vote recorded)


December 14, 1880
(Retired)
Ulysses S. Grant
data-sort-value="Bradley, Joseph P"41Joseph P. Bradley
(1813–1892)
NJ
(46–9)


January 22, 1892
(Died)
data-sort-value="Hunt, Ward"42Ward Hunt
(1810–1886)
NY
(Acclamation)


January 27, 1882
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Waite, Morrison"43Morrison Waite
(1816–1888)
OH
(63–0)


March 23, 1888
(Died)
data-sort-value="Harlan, John M"44John Marshall Harlan
(1833–1911)
KY
(Acclamation)


October 14, 1911
(Died)
Rutherford B. Hayes
data-sort-value="Woods, William B"45William Burnham Woods
(1824–1887)
GA
(39–8)


May 14, 1887
(Died)
data-sort-value="Matthews, Stanley"46Stanley Matthews
(1824–1889)
OH
(24–23)


March 22, 1889
(Died)
data-sort-value="Garfield, James"James A. Garfield
data-sort-value="Gray, Horace"47Horace Gray
(1828–1902)
MA
(51–5)


September 15, 1902
(Died)
Chester A. Arthur
data-sort-value="Blatchford, Samuel"48Samuel Blatchford
(1820–1893)
NY
(Acclamation)


July 7, 1893
(Died)
data-sort-value="Lamar, Lucius Q C"49Lucius Quintus
Cincinnatus Lamar

(1825–1893)
MS
(32–28)


January 23, 1893
(Died)
Grover Cleveland
data-sort-value="Fuller, Melville"50Melville Fuller
(1833–1910)
IL
(41–20)


July 4, 1910
(Died)
data-sort-value="Brewer, David J"51David J. Brewer
(1837–1910)
KS
(53–11)


March 28, 1910
(Died)
Benjamin Harrison
data-sort-value="Brown, Henry B"52Henry Billings Brown
(1836–1913)
MI
(Acclamation)


May 28, 1906
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Shiras George Jr"53George Shiras Jr.
(1832–1924)
PA
(Acclamation)


February 23, 1903
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Jackson, Howell E"54Howell Edmunds Jackson
(1832–1895)
TN
(Acclamation)


August 8, 1895
(Died)
data-sort-value="White, Edward Da"55Edward Douglass White
(1845–1921)
LA
(Acclamation)


December 18, 1910
(Continued as chief justice)
Grover Cleveland
data-sort-value="Peckham, Rufus W"56Rufus W. Peckham
(1838–1909)
NY
(Acclamation)


October 24, 1909
(Died)
data-sort-value="McKenna, Joseph"57Joseph McKenna
(1843–1926)
CA
(Acclamation)


January 5, 1925
(Retired)
data-sort-value="McKinley, William"William McKinley
data-sort-value="Holmes, Oliver W"58Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
(1841–1935)
MA
(Acclamation)


January 12, 1932
(Retired)
Theodore Roosevelt
data-sort-value="Day, William R"59William R. Day
(1849–1923)
OH
(Acclamation)


November 13, 1922
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Moody, William H"60William Henry Moody
(1853–1917)
MA
(Acclamation)


November 20, 1910
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Lurton, Horace H"61Horace Harmon Lurton
(1844–1914)
TN
(Acclamation)


July 12, 1914
(Died)
William Howard Taft
data-sort-value="Hughes, Charles Ea"62Charles Evans Hughes
(1862–1948)
NY
(Acclamation)


June 10, 1916
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="White, Edward Db"55Edward Douglass White
(1845–1921)
LA
(Acclamation)


May 19, 1921
(Died)
data-sort-value="Van Devanter, Willis"63Willis Van Devanter
(1859–1941)
WY
(Acclamation)


June 2, 1937
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Lamar, Joseph R"64Joseph Rucker Lamar
(1857–1916)
GA
(Acclamation)


January 2, 1916
(Died)
data-sort-value="Pitney, Mahlon"65Mahlon Pitney
(1858–1924)
NJ
(50–26)


December 31, 1922
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="McReynolds, James C"66James Clark McReynolds
(1862–1946)
TN
(44–6)


January 31, 1941
(Retired)
Woodrow Wilson
data-sort-value="Brandeis, Louis"67Louis Brandeis
(1856–1941)
MA
(47–22)


February 13, 1939
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Clarke, John H"68John Hessin Clarke
(1857–1945)
OH
(Acclamation)


September 18, 1922
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Taft, William H"69William Howard Taft
(1857–1930)
CT
(Acclamation)


February 3, 1930
(Retired)
Warren G. Harding
data-sort-value="Sutherland, George"70George Sutherland
(1862–1942)
UT
(Acclamation)


January 17, 1938
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Butler, Pierce"71Pierce Butler
(1866–1939)
MN
(61–8)


November 16, 1939
(Died)
data-sort-value="Sanford, Edward T"72Edward Terry Sanford
(1865–1930)
TN
(Acclamation)


March 8, 1930
(Died)
data-sort-value="Stone, Harlan Fa"73Harlan F. Stone
(1872–1946)
NY
(71–6)


July 2, 1941
(Continued as chief justice)
data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin"Calvin Coolidge
data-sort-value="Hughes, Charles Eb"62Charles Evans Hughes
(1862–1948)
NY
(52–26)


June 30, 1941
(Retired)
Herbert Hoover
data-sort-value="Roberts, Owen J"74Owen Roberts
(1875–1955)
PA
(Acclamation)


July 31, 1945
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="Cardozo, Benjamin N"75Benjamin N. Cardozo
(1870–1938)
NY
(Acclamation)


July 9, 1938
(Died)
data-sort-value="Black, Hugo"76Hugo Black
(1886–1971)
AL
(63–16)


September 17, 1971
(Retired)
Franklin D. Roosevelt
data-sort-value="Reed, Stanley F"77Stanley Forman Reed
(1884–1980)
KY
(Acclamation)


February 25, 1957
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Frankfurter, Felix"78Felix Frankfurter
(1882–1965)
MA
(Acclamation)


August 28, 1962
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Douglas, William O"79William O. Douglas
(1898–1980)
CT
(62–4)


November 12, 1975
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Murphy, Frank"80Frank Murphy
(1890–1949)
MI
(Acclamation)


July 19, 1949
(Died)
data-sort-value="Stone, Harlan Fb"73Harlan F. Stone
(1872–1946)
NY
(Acclamation)


April 22, 1946
(Died)
data-sort-value="Byrnes, James F"81James F. Byrnes
(1882–1972)
SC
(Acclamation)


October 3, 1942
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="Jackson, Robert H"82Robert H. Jackson
(1892–1954)
NY
(Acclamation)


October 9, 1954
(Died)
data-sort-value="Rutledge, Wiley"83Wiley Blount Rutledge
(1894–1949)
IA
(Acclamation)


September 10, 1949
(Died)
data-sort-value="Burton, Harold"84Harold Hitz Burton
(1888–1964)
OH
(Acclamation)


October 13, 1958
(Retired)
Harry S. Truman
data-sort-value="Vinson, Fred M"85Fred M. Vinson
(1890–1953)
KY
(Acclamation)


September 8, 1953
(Died)
data-sort-value="Clark, Tom C"86Tom C. Clark
(1899–1977)
TX
(73–8)


June 12, 1967
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Minton, Sherman"87Sherman Minton
(1890–1965)
IN
(48–16)


October 15, 1956
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Warren, Earl"88Earl Warren
(1891–1974)
CA
(Acclamation)


June 23, 1969
(Retired)
Dwight D. Eisenhower
data-sort-value="Harlan, John M second"89John Marshall Harlan II
(1899–1971)
NY
(71–11)


September 23, 1971
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Brennan, William J"90William J. Brennan Jr.
(1906–1997)
NJ
(Acclamation)


July 20, 1990
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Whittaker, Charles"91Charles Evans Whittaker
(1901–1973)
MO
(Acclamation)


March 31, 1962
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Stewert, Potter"92Potter Stewart
(1915–1985)
OH
(70–17)


July 3, 1981
(Retired)
data-sort-value="White, Byron"93Byron White
(1917–2002)
CO
(Acclamation)


June 28, 1993
(Retired)
John F. Kennedy
data-sort-value="Goldberg, Arthur"94Arthur Goldberg
(1908–1990)
IL
(Acclamation)


July 25, 1965
(Resigned)
data-sort-value="Fortas, Abe"95Abe Fortas
(1910–1982)
TN
(Acclamation)


May 14, 1969
(Resigned)
Lyndon B. Johnson
data-sort-value="Marshall, Thurgood"96Thurgood Marshall
(1908–1993)
NY
(69–11)


October 1, 1991
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Burger, Warren E"97Warren E. Burger
(1907–1995)
VA
(74–3)


September 26, 1986
(Retired)
Richard Nixon
data-sort-value="Blackmun, Harry"98Harry Blackmun
(1908–1999)
MN
(94–0)


August 3, 1994
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Powell, Lewis F"99Lewis F. Powell Jr.
(1907–1998)
VA
(89–1)


June 26, 1987
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Rehnquist, Williama"100William Rehnquist
(1924–2005)
AZ
(68–26)


September 26, 1986
(Continued as chief justice)
data-sort-value="Stevens, John P."101John Paul Stevens
(1920–2019)
IL
(98–0)


June 29, 2010
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald"Gerald Ford
data-sort-value="O'Connor, Sandra D"102Sandra Day O'Connor
(1930–2023)
AZ
(99–0)


January 31, 2006
(Retired)
Ronald Reagan
data-sort-value="Rehnquist, Williamb"100William Rehnquist
(1924–2005)
VA
(65–33)


September 3, 2005
(Died)
data-sort-value="Scalia, Antonin"103Antonin Scalia
(1936–2016)
VA
(98–0)


February 13, 2016
(Died)
data-sort-value="Kennedy, Anthony"104Anthony Kennedy
(born 1936)
CA
(97–0)


July 31, 2018
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Souter, David"105David Souter
(born 1939)
NH
(90–9)


June 29, 2009
(Retired)
George H. W. Bush
data-sort-value="Thomas, Clarence"106Clarence Thomas
(born 1948)
GA
(52–48)


Incumbent
data-sort-value="Ginsberg, Ruth B"107Ruth Bader Ginsburg
(1933–2020)
NY
(96–3)


September 18, 2020
(Died)
Bill Clinton
data-sort-value="Breyer, Stephen"108Stephen Breyer
(born 1938)
MA
(87–9)


June 30, 2022
(Retired)
data-sort-value="Roberts, John"109John Roberts
(born 1955)
MD
(78–22)


Incumbent
George W. Bush
data-sort-value="Alito, Samuel"110Samuel Alito
(born 1950)
NJ
(58–42)


Incumbent
data-sort-value="Sotomayor, Sonia"111Sonia Sotomayor
(born 1954)
NY
(68–31)


Incumbent
Barack Obama
data-sort-value="Kagan, Elena"112Elena Kagan
(born 1960)
MA
(63–37)


Incumbent
data-sort-value="Gorsuch, Neil"113Neil Gorsuch
(born 1967)
CO
(54–45)


Incumbent
Donald Trump
data-sort-value="Kavanaugh, Brett"114Brett Kavanaugh
(born 1965)
MD
(50–48)


Incumbent
data-sort-value="Barrett, Amy C."115Amy Coney Barrett
(born 1972)
IN
(52–48)


Incumbent
data-sort-value="Jackson, Ketanji B."116Ketanji Brown Jackson
(born 1970)
DC
(53–47)


Incumbent
Joe Biden
JusticeStatePositionReplacingDate confirmed
(Vote)
TenureTenure lengthNominated by

Notes

Timeline of justices

This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the U.S. Supreme Court.[9] [10] Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors, and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court, can be gleaned (and comparisons between justices drawn) from it. There are no formal names or numbers for the individual seats of the associate justices, which are listed in the table below simply by number. Additionally, the progression of U.S. presidents is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Stathis, Stephen W.. Landmark Legislation 1774–2012: Major U.S. Acts and Treaties. CQ Press. 2014. 978-1452292298. 122.
  2. Book: Hall, Kermit L.. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press. 2005. 978-0195176612. Hall. Kermit L.. 548. Judiciary Act of 1869. Ely. James W.. Grossman. Joel B.. https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3er3ilgjcC&pg=PA548.
  3. Web site: McMillion. Barry J.. Rutkus. Denis Steven. July 6, 2018. Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President. Congressional Research Service. Washington, D.C.. October 4, 2018. September 19, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190919022101/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33225.pdf. live.
  4. Web site: Article III. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Ithaca, New York. October 4, 2018. September 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180927234814/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleiii. live.
  5. Web site: About The Supreme Court . February 17, 2010 . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100412000234/http://www.uscourts.gov/outreach/topics/scstudentimpact.html . April 12, 2010 .
  6. Web site: Supreme Court Research Guide . July 5, 2024 . Georgetown Law Library . March 15, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120315164037/http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/guides/supreme_court.cfm . live .
  7. News: Smith. Jean Edward. July 26, 2007. Stacking the Court. The New York Times. live. February 17, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120509171512/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/26/opinion/26smith.html. May 9, 2012.
  8. News: Rosen. Jeffrey. February 26, 2008. Dems' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim. CBS News. dead. February 17, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110201124829/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/26/opinion/main3878005.shtml. February 1, 2011.
  9. Web site: Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present). United States Senate. washington, D.C.. February 14, 2022. October 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201016160426/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/SupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm. live.
  10. Web site: Justices 1789 to Present. Supreme Court of the United States. Washington, D.C.. February 14, 2022. April 15, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100415034624/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx. live.