Suppository Explained

A suppository is a dosage form used to deliver medications by insertion into a body orifice (any opening in the body), where it dissolves or melts to exert local or systemic effects. There are three types of suppositories, each to insert into a different sections: rectal suppositories into the rectum, vaginal suppositories into the vagina, and urethral suppositories into the urethra of a male.

Suppositories are ideal for infants, elderly individuals and post-operative patients, who are unable to swallow oral medications, and for individuals experiencing severe nausea and/or vomiting.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Composition

Several different ingredients can be used to form the base of a suppository: cocoa butter or a similar substitute, polyethylene glycol, hydrogels, and glycerinated gelatin. The type of material used depends on the type of suppository, the type of drug, and the conditions in which the suppository will be stored.^[4]

Rectal suppositories

In 1991, a study on suppository insertion in The Lancet found that the "torpedo" shape helps the device to travel internally, increasing its efficacy.^[5] The findings of this single study have been challenged as there is insufficient evidence on which to base clinical practice.^[6] Rectal suppositories are intended for localized or systemic action to relieve pain, constipation, irritation, inflammation, nausea and vomiting, fever, migraines, allergies, and sedation.^{[7] [8]}

Urethral suppositories

Alprostadil pellets are urethral suppositories used for the treatment of severe erectile dysfunction (impotence). They are marketed under the name Muse in the United States.^[9] Its use has diminished since the development of oral impotence medications.

See also

• Artesunate suppositories
• Enema
• Pessary

References

• Doyle, D., "Per Rectum: A History of Enemata", Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Vol.35, No.4, (December 2005), pp. 367–370.
• Payer, L., "Borderline Cases: How Medical Practice Reflects National Culture", The Sciences, Vol.30, No.4, (July–August 1990), pp. 38–42.

Notes and References

1. Jannin. Vincent. Lemagnen. Gilles. Gueroult. Pascale. Larrouture. Denis. Tuleu. Catherine. 2014-06-30. Rectal route in the 21st Century to treat children. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. Drug delivery and the paediatric population: where are we at?. en. 73. 34–49. 10.1016/j.addr.2014.05.012. 24871671. 0169-409X. free.
2. Web site: Dulcolax 5 mg Suppositories - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc). 2021-12-11. www.medicines.org.uk.
3. Lowry. Michael. 2016-02-22. Rectal drug administration in adults: how, when, why. Nursing Times. en. 2022-04-10. 112. 8, 12–14.
4. Book: Troy. David B.. Beringer. Paul. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 2006. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 884–885. 9780781746731.
5. Abd-El-Maeboud . K. H. . T. El-Naggar . E. M. M. El-Hawi . S. A. R. Mahmoud . S. Abd-El-Hay . Rectal suppository: commonsense and mode of insertion . The Lancet . 338 . 8770 . 798–800 . 28 September 1991. 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90676-G . 1681170. 23190075 .
6. Bradshaw . Ann . Lynda Price . Rectal suppository insertion: the reliability of the evidence as a basis for nursing practice . Journal of Clinical Nursing . 16 . 1 . 98–103 . 20 December 2006 . 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01519.x . 17181671. https://web.archive.org/web/20200229174541/https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/48198397/Rectal_suppository_insertion_the_reliabi20160820-21954-12vnm39.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DRectal_suppository_insertion_the_reliabi.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200229%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200229T174503Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=bba7b820f124c0dd1a70b15dd093db59f4037667e652a3d2bf0500900d2cbb6f . 2020-02-29 .
7. Hua. Susan. 2019-10-16. Physiological and Pharmaceutical Considerations for Rectal Drug Formulations. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 10. 1196. 10.3389/fphar.2019.01196. 1663-9812. 6805701. 31680970. free.
8. Web site: ANTIBIOTIC/ANESTHETIC/STEROID - RECTAL SUPPOSITORIES side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.. 2021-12-11. MedicineNet. en.
9. Web site: Muse Suppository - Facts and Comparisons. Drugs.com. 4 January 2013.