SpaceX Super Heavy explained

Super Heavy
Manufacturer:SpaceX
Country:United States
Rockets:SpaceX Starship
Status:In development
Fail:1 (IFT-1)
Other Outcome:Failed after staging: 2 (IFT-2, IFT-3)
First:April 20, 2023
Stagedata:
Technical details
Engines:33 × Raptor engines

Super Heavy is the first stage of the SpaceX Starship super heavy-lift launch vehicle, which it composes in combination with the Starship second-stage. As of 2024, Super Heavy prototypes are being flight tested. Super Heavy flew for the first time on April 20, 2023, during the first orbital launch attempt of the Starship rocket.[1]

Manufacturing

The manufacturing process starts with rolls of stainless steel, which are unrolled, cut, and welded along an edge to create a cylinder of diameter, in height, and thick,[2] and approximately kg in mass.

These rings are stacked and welded along their edges to form the outer layer of the rocket. Domes are added early on in the assembly process, before final assembly of the tank sections begins.[3]

Usually before final assembly of the vehicle, grid fins are added to the interstage, and chines are added after stacking the sections.[4] After cryogenic pressure testing, engines are installed, followed by the vented interstage.[5] [6]

Design

Super Heavy is tall, wide,[7] and is composed of four general sections: the engines, the fuel tank, the oxygen tank, and the interstage. Elon Musk stated in 2021 that the final design will have a dry mass between and, with the tanks weighing and the interstage .[8]

Tanks

The propellant tanks on Super Heavy are separated by a common bulkhead, similar to the ones used on the S-II and S-IVB stages on the Saturn V rocket.[9] [10] The oxygen tank has four chines attached, which protect the COPVs and tanks for fire suppression, as well as providing lift during descent.[11] The LOX tank also contains a header tank,[12] which is used for the landing burn. A central transfer tube through the oxygen tank supplies methane to a distribution manifold just above the engines.[12]

The booster's tanks hold of propellant,[13] consisting of of liquid oxygen and of liquid methane.

Engines

Super Heavy v1 has 33 raptor engines, which are arranged in three concentric rings,[14] with the outer ring of 20 engines lacking gimbal actuators and onboard startup hardware to save weight.[15] These engines are started using ground support equipment on the launch mount and are not reignited for subsequent burns.

Raptor uses a full-flow staged combustion cycle, which has both oxygen and methane-rich turbopumps.[16] [17] Before 2014, only two full-flow staged-combustion rocket engine designs had advanced enough to undergo testing on test stands: the Soviet RD-270 project in the 1960s and the Aerojet Rocketdyne Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator in the mid-2000s.[18]

At full power, all engines produce a collective of thrust as of 2022 (more than double that of the Saturn V first stage),[19] however, Raptor 3 may increase thrust to at sea level.[20] Boosters lack an engine skirt, and without engines, boosters are about 3 meters shorter.[21] The 33 individual closely-spaced plumes can interact to produce gigantic shock diamonds in the exhaust.[22]

Interstage

The interstage is also equipped with four electrically actuated grid fins, each with a mass of .[23] Adjacent pairs of grid fins are only spaced sixty degrees apart instead of being orthogonal (as is the case on Falcon 9) to provide more authority in the pitch axis.[24] Unlike Falcon 9, the grid fins remain extended during ascent, rather than retracted as on Falcon 9. During unpowered flight in the vacuum of space, control authority is provided by cold gas thrusters fed with residual ullage gas.[25] [26] The interstage also has protruding hardpoints, located between grid fins, allowing the booster to be lifted or caught by the launch tower.[27] After the first Starship test flight, all boosters have an additional 1.8 m tall vented interstage to enable hot staging.[28] During hot staging, Super Heavy shuts down all but 3 of its engines, while the second stage fires its engines before separating, thus the second stage "pushes off" from the first stage giving added lift.[29] The vented interstage contains a dome to shield the top of Super Heavy from the second stage's engines.[28] Elon Musk has claimed that this change might result in a 10% increase in the payload to low Earth orbit.[30]

After IFT-3, SpaceX has jettisoned the Vented Interstage after the boostback burn, in order to save mass.[31] As of June 2024, SpaceX does not plan on expending the Vented Interstage after the debut of the V2 booster.

Planned mission profile

About forty two minutes before flight, propellant load of the booster begins.[32] At the T – 19:40 mark, engine chill begins on the booster.[33] This is to protect the engine's turbopumps from thermal shock. At three seconds before a flight, the thirty-three engines startup sequence begins. After liftoff, the engines burn for 162 seconds, at which point 30 of its engines shut off, leaving only the center three engines running at 50% thrust. The ship ignites its engines while still attached to the booster and separates, while the booster rotates for the boostback burn. The boostback burn uses all 13 central engines and lasts for 54 seconds. About seven minutes after launch, the 13 engines reignite before again dropping back to the innermost three, and the booster is caught by the "chopsticks" on the launch tower.[34]

Development

List of Prototype Boosters! Name! First spotted! First static fire! Maiden flight! Decommissioned! Construction site! Status! Flights
BN1[35] data-sort-value="2020-09c" September 2020[36] [37] March 30, 2021Boca Chica, Texas[38] [39] 0
B3March 28, 2021[40] [41] July 19, 2021[42] August 14, 2021Boca Chica, Texas[43] 0
B4July 2, 2021[44] March 25, 2022 Boca Chica, Texas0
B5July 20, 2021December 2021 Boca Chica, Texas0
B7Late October/Early November 2021August 9, 2022[45] April 20, 2023April 20, 2023Boca Chica, Texas1
B8January 2022[46] January 2023Boca Chica, Texas0
B9October 21, 2021August 6, 2023November 18, 2023November 18, 2023Boca Chica, Texas1
B10July 2022December 29, 2023March 14, 2024March 14, 2024Boca Chica, Texas1
B11Late 2022April 5, 2024June 6, 2024June 6, 2024Boca Chica, Texas1
B12December 2022July 15, 2024Boca Chica, Texas0
B13December 2022Boca Chica, Texas0
B14March 2023Boca Chica, Texas0
B15October 2023Boca Chica, Texas0
B16March 2024[47] Boca Chica, Texas0
B17March 2024Boca Chica, Texas0

Ground Testing (BN1-B6)

BN1

BN1 was the first Super-Heavy Booster prototype, a pathfinder that was not intended for flight tests.[48] Sections of the ~ tall test article were manufactured throughout autumn 2020. Section stacking began in December 2020.[49] BN1 was fully stacked inside the High Bay on March 18, 2021,[50] and was scrapped on March 30, 2021.

B3

Booster 3 completed stacking in the High Bay on June 29, 2021,[51] and moved to the test pad without engines.[52] A cryogenic proof test was completed on July 13, 2021.[53] [54] Three engines were subsequently added.

A static fire test was conducted on July 19, 2021. BN3/Booster 3 was partially scrapped on August 15, 2021, while the LOX tank remained welded to the Test Stand. The LOX tank was taken off the Test Stand on January 13, 2022.[55]

B4–B6

Booster 4 first became visible on July 3, 2021. Musk ordered several hundred SpaceX employees at Hawthorne to relocate to Boca Chica to accelerate the development of SN20, BN4, and the Orbital Launch Platform[56] in an attempt to put the Starship system on OLM A by August 5, 2021. BN4 was fully stacked on August 1, with a full complement of 29 engines installed on August 2, 2021.[57] Grid fins were added to support atmospheric reentry testing.

SN20 was stacked on top of Booster 4 on August 6, 2021 for a fitting test, making it the tallest rocket ever fully integrated,[58] until September 5, 2023, when S25 was stacked onto B9. Booster 4 was then returned to the High Bay for secondary wiring. On September 9, 2021, Booster 4 came again to the launch site on top of the Orbital Launch mount.[59] B4 completed its first cryogenic proof test (17 December 2021),[60] and a pneumatic proof test on December 19, 2021. It underwent another cryogenic proof test and a full-load cryogenic proof test. B4 and Ship 20 were then retired.

On March 6, 2024, B4s grid fins were removed.[61] It was moved to the Mega Bay on March 21, 2024,[62] where it was scrapped on March 22, 2024.[63]

Parts for B5 were observed as early as 19 July 2021. Stacking for BN5 completed in November, although on 8 December 2021, B5 was retired alongside SN15 and SN16. It was later scrapped.

B6 was converted into Test Tank B6.1.

Orbital Launches (B7-subsequent)

B7–B8

See also: Starship flight test 1. Parts for B7 were first spotted on September 29, 2021. B7 was placed on the orbital launch mount on March 31, 2022. After completing a cryogenic proof test on April 4, 2022, it was placed onto the new booster test stand on April 8, 2022. B7 completed another cryogenic test on April 14, 2022, but the downcomer suffered a failure and ruptured. On April 18, 2022, B7 returned to the production site for repairs. On May 5, 2022, B7 was again placed on the orbital launch mount. B7 completed two cryogenic tests on May 9 and May 11, 2022, before being moved back to Mega Bay 1 for engine and grid fin installation.[64] On July 11, 2022, B7 experienced an anomaly during an attempted 33 engine spin prime test, resulting in a detonation underneath the engines.[65] The booster then rolled back to Mega Bay 1.[66] On August 4, 2022, B7 was transported back to the orbital launch pad with 20 outer Raptor engines,[67] and completed its first single-engine static fire test on August 9, 2022. B7 completed a 20-second static fire on August 11, 2022, the longest static fire on a Starship prototype to date.[68] Following these successful tests, it returned to the production site to receive the remaining 13 engines.[69] B7 was lifted back onto the launch mount August 23, 2022.[70] This was the first lift of a booster using the chopsticks. It underwent further testing including its 13 inner engines on August 26, 2022. On August 31, 2022, B7 completed a multi-engine static fire.[71] This was followed by multiple spin prime tests,[72] [73] [74] and a seven-engine static fire on September 19, 2022. B7 again returned to the Mega Bay on September 21, 2022.[75] After receiving additional upgrades it was again lifted on the launch pad on October 8, 2022.[76] Ship 24 was stacked on top B7 on October 12, 2022,[77] and was removed after completing multiple cryogenic load tests.[78] [79] [80] B7 then completed a spin prime test of multiple engines on November 12, 2022,[81] and a 14 engine static fire test on November 14, 2022,[82] and finally an 11 engine static fire in an autogenous pressurization test on November 29, 2022.[83] On December 9, 2022, B7 rolled back to Mega Bay 1[84] for further shielding. In January 2023, Booster 7 was rolled back to the launch site where it was stacked with Ship 24 on the Orbital Launch Mount (OLM) for partial and full Wet Dress Rehearsals[85] before Ship 24 was detached and sent to the Rocket Garden for final TPS work. On February 9, 2023, Booster 7 attempted a 10-second duration 33-engine static fire where 31 of the 33 engines successfully fired for the full duration.[86] One of its engines was disabled just before testing, and one engine shutdown prematurely. On April 20, 2023, Booster 7 was launched on Integrated Flight Test 1, being destroyed before stage separation after a fire in the aft section severed connections between its engines and flight computers, resulting in a loss of attitude control and FTS activation.[87]

The first part of B8, the engine thrust puck, was spotted on October 5, 2021. Other parts for B8 were observed on February 3, 2022.[88] The booster was fully stacked on July 8, 2022.[89] It was moved to the launch site on September 19, 2022, though it was not tested there.[90] Booster 8 was scrapped in January 2023 in favor of Booster 9. Booster 8's hydraulic power units were used to replace Booster 7s, along with several other parts, including the engine shielding.[91] [92]

B9–B12

See also: Starship flight test 2.

B9 finished stacking in late 2022, and was moved to the OLS cryogenic station on December 15, 2022.[93] Two cryogenic proof tests were conducted on December 21 and December 29, both of which were successful.[93] B9 was rolled back to Mega Bay 1 on January 10, 2023 for engine installation.[93] Among several other upgrades, Booster 9 was the first to feature an electric thrust vector control (ETVC) gimbaling system of the raptor engines. This system replaced the hydraulic power units that were used until Booster 8. On July 20, 2023 Booster 9 was rolled to the launch site, and lifted onto the Orbital Launch Mount (OLM) in preparation for its testing campaign.[94] On July 23 Booster 9 performed a cryogenic proof test on the OLM.[93] This was followed by a spin prime test on August 4.[93] On August 6, Booster 9 fired 29 engines for 2.7 seconds, instead of the planned 33 engines for 5 seconds. It was then moved off of the OLM and rolled back to Mega Bay 1, where its vented interstage was added on August 16.[93] B9 was moved back onto the OLM on August 22 and underwent another spin prime test the next day.[93] On August 25, Booster 9 underwent a static fire of all 33 engines, lasting around 6 seconds. Two engines shut off early during the test.[93] On September 5, Ship 25 (S25) was lifted onto B9 for the first time.[93] On September 14, S25 was removed from B9, followed one week later by the vented interstage.[93] On September 26, the vented interstage was lifted onto B9, only to be removed on October 9.[93] It was lifted back onto B9 on October 16, along with S25.[93] S25 was removed on October 17, and then lifted back onto B9 on October 20.[93] On October 22, B9 underwent two partial cryogenic tests, while S25 was not tested.[93] On October 24, B9 and S25 completed a wet dress rehearsal (WDR).[93] On October 26, S25 was removed from B9 for flight termination system (FTS) installation.[93] This was followed by the removal of the vented interstage one day later.[93] The vented interstage was then placed back on B9 on October 28.[93] On November 9, B9's FTS was installed, followed by S25 being restacked onto B9,[93] and then destacked on November 11.[93] The vented interstage was removed the next day.[93] On November 15, the vented interstage was reattached to B9,[93] followed by the stacking of S25 for Integrated Flight Test 2.[95] Due to a failed grid fin actuator, S25 was destacked on November 16, and restacked on November 17.[93] The following day, November 18, Booster 9 and Ship 25 lifted off with all 33 engines lit at 7:02 am CST. Following the successful separation from S25, B9 was destroyed after several engine failures during the boost-back burn.[96]

See also: Starship flight test 3.

B10 was fully stacked in March 2023. B10 was moved to Massey's for cryogenic testing on July 7, undergoing a cryogenic proof test on July 18. It was moved to the rocket garden on July 21, and was then moved to Mega Bay 1 on August 17. On September 10, B10 was moved back to Massey's for additional cryogenic testing. A cryogenic test was performed on September 13, followed by a second on September 15 and a third on September 17. It was moved back to Mega Bay 1 on September 19 for engine and interstage installation. On December 4, B10 received its vented interstage, and was moved to the Rocket Garden on December 5. SpaceX confirmed that B10 would be used for IFT-3 shortly after that.[97] On December 18, B10 was moved to the orbital launch site, followed by a lift onto OLM A the next day. A static fire test was attempted on December 21; however, it was aborted for unknown reasons. On December 29, B10 conducted a 33-engine static fire test, followed by its removal from OLM A on December 30. On January 2, 2024, B10 was moved back to the Production Site. B10s vented interstage was removed on January 15 and reinstalled on January 26. On February 8, B10 was removed from Engine Installation Stand 3, before being transported to the Orbital Launch Site for a WDR. On February 9, B10 was lifted onto OLM A, and on February 10, Ship 28 (S28) was lifted onto B10. S28 was destacked on February 12, potentially due to an issue with the Vented Interstage. On February 13, S28 was restacked onto B10. On February 14, a WDR was aborted. A second WDR was attempted on February 16, and it was also aborted. On February 18, S28 was destacked, followed by B10s removal from OLM A on February 19. On February 20, B10 was moved into the Mega Bay, where it was lifted onto Engine Installation Stand 3. On February 28, B10 was moved back to the Launch Site, before being lifted onto OLM A. S28 was stacked on B10 on March 1. On March 3, B10 and S28 completed a WDR, followed by a destack for FTS arming on March 5. The FTS was armed on March 8, followed by S28 being restacked on March 10.[98] On March 14, B10 was launched with S28 on IFT-3, completing the ascent burn with zero engine failures. Six engines failed during the boostback burn.[99] During its landing burn, only three engines started up with two failing shortly thereafter.[100]

See also: Starship flight test 4. In June 2023, B11 was fully stacked.[101] On October 12, B11 was moved to Massey's test site on a Thrust Simulator Stand, where it was cryo-tested two days later.[102] It was then tested on October 18. On November 19, B11 was moved back to Mega Bay 1 for engine and interstage installation. On February 2, 2024, SpaceX released an image of B11, with multiples engines being visible.[103] It was moved to the Launch Site for static-fire testing on April 4[104] before being lifted onto OLM A. It conducted a 33-engine static-fire on April 5.[105] On April 7, it was removed from OLM A,[106] and rolled back to Mega Bay 1 for pre-flight modifications. On April 28, B11's Vented Interstage was rolled into Mega Bay 1. B11's vented interstage was installed between April 28 and May 7. On May 10, B11 was rolled out of Mega Bay 1, and rolled to the Orbital Launch Site.[107] It was lifted onto the OLM on May 11.[108] On May 15, Ship 29 (S29) was lifted onto B11 for Wet Dress Rehearsal testing,[109] with the combined vehicle completing a partial cryogenic test on May 16.[110] A full Wet Dress Rehearsal was conducted on May 20,[111] followed by S29 being destacked for tile work on May 21. S29 was restacked on May 26, followed by a second Wet Dress Rehearsal on May 28.[112] On May 29, S29 was destacked for final tile work and Flight Termination System (FTS) Installation, with FTS installation occurring on May 30. S29 was restacked on June 1, followed by a third destack on June 4. S29 was stacked onto B11 for the fourth and final time on June 5. On June 6, B11 and S29 launched on IFT-4, with a single engine failure occurring shortly after liftoff.[113] The boostback burn saw no engine failures, though a second engine failed during the landing burn.

See also: Starship flight test 5. B12 began assembly in June 2023. On December 11, 2023, B12 was moved onto engine installation 1.[114] [115] On December 28, 2023, B12 was moved onto a thrust simulator stand before being moved to Massey's for cryogenic testing.[116] On January 10, 2024, B12 underwent its first cryogenic test,[117] and a second test on January 12, 2024.[118] B12 was moved to the rocket garden in mid-January 2024,[119] and on January 24, 2024, B12 was moved into Mega Bay 1, presumably for engine and interstage installation.[120] On February 2, 2024, SpaceX released an image showing the process of engine installation on B12 had begun. B12 rolled out to the launch site on July 9 for static fire testing,[121] followed by a lift onto OLM A the same day.[122] On July 11, B12 underwent a pressurization test.[123] On July 12, B12 conducted a 33 engine spin prime,[124] followed by a 33 engine static fire on July 15.[125] B12 was rolled back for vented interstage installation on July 16, 2024.[126] On July 29, B12s vented interstage was seen entering Mega Bay 1, presumably for integration with the booster.[127] SpaceX claimed that B12 and S30 were ready to fly on August 8.[128]

B13–B16

See also: Starship flight test 6.

B13's assembly was completed on February 3, 2024.[129] It was rolled to Massey's test site for cryogenic testing on April 25.[130] B13 completed its first cryo-test on April 26,[131] and a second cryogenic test on April 29.[132] It was then moved to Mega Bay 1 on May 3,[133] and lifted onto Engine Installation Stand 3.[134]

On May 11, SpaceX released an image showing that B14 had been assembled.[135]

On July 23, B15s aft section was spotted, featuring pressurization tanks for the LOX landing tank.[136]

Test articles

Super Heavy-based test articles

Super Heavy test articles! Name! First spotted! Decommissioned! Construction site! Cur. location! Status! Tests
BN2.1[137] June 3, 2021[138] June 25, 2021Boca Chica, Texas Production Site2
B2.1October 2021December 6, 2022Boca Chica, TexasProduction Site[139] 3
B6.1December 2021May 2023Boca Chica, Texas1
2022Boca Chica, Texas1
B7.12022Boca Chica, TexasMassey's6
July 2023October 2023Boca Chica, Texas2
B14.1March 2024Boca Chica, TexasRocket Garden3+[140]

BN2.1 was rolled out on June 3, 2021 for cryogenic tests. It conducted two tests, the first on June 8, 2021,[141] and the second on June 17, 2021.[142]

B2.1 (not BN2.1) conducted three cryogenic tests on December 1, 2021, December 2, 2021, and December 3, 2021.[143] [144]

B6.1 was originally intended to be the third flight-worthy Super Heavy, but was repurposed as a test tank. In May 2023, it was used to test the modified FTS system, after the FTS on B7 and S24 failed to destroy the vehicle.[145]

Liquid Oxygen Landing Test Tank (LOX LTT) was based on the LOX Landing tank on the Booster. It was cryo tested at Mcgregor in early 2022.[12]

B7.1 was first cryogenically proof tested on 28 June 2022,[146] and tested again on 19 July 2022.[147] During a suspected pressurize to failure test two days later, it received minor damage.[148] After repairs, it underwent a fourth cryogenic proof test on July 27, 2022, a fifth on September 1, 2022, and a sixth five days later. It then rolled back to the production site on September 16, 2022.[149] B7.1 was then moved to the Massey's test site in September 2022, and then scrapped in December 2023.[150]

Hot Stage Load Head (HSLH) was a test article designed to verify the structural integrity of the interstage of Super Heavy Boosters 9+.[151] It was transported to the Massey's test site on July 30, 2023,[152] before being loaded onto the Can Crusher testing device.[153] In mid-October 2023, it was moved back to the production site,[154] where it was disassembled.[155]

B14.1 is a test article consisting of a booster common dome and a forward section.[156] After structural testing at Masseys, it was moved to the launch site on June 21, 2024,[157] and lifted onto OLM A.[158] It was tested on June 26, followed by additional testing on June 27.[159] It was then removed from OLM A on June 28,[160] and rolled to the Rocket Garden.[161] On August 7, it was returned to the launch site for structural testing,[162] where it was lifted onto OLM A.[163] It conducted structural testing on August 15.[164] On August 17, it was returned to the production site.[165]

General test articles

General test articles! Name! First spotted! Decommissioned! Construction site! Status! Tests
January 2020[166] January 10, 2020[167] Boca Chica, Texas1
January 2020[168] January 29, 2020[169] Boca Chica, Texas2
GSE 4.1August 2021January 18, 2022Boca Chica, Texas2
EDOME2022Late October 2022Boca Chica, Texas2
EDOME 2September 2023December 2023Boca Chica, Texas1

Test Tank 1 (TT1) was a subscale test tank consisting of two forward bulkheads connected by a small barrel section. TT1 was used to test new materials and construction methods. On January 10, 2020, TT1 was tested to failure as part of an ambient temperature test, reaching a pressure of .[167] [170]

Test Tank 2 (TT2) was another subscale test tank similar to TT1. On January 27, 2020, TT2 underwent an ambient temperature pressure test where it reached a pressure of before a leak occurred.[171] Two days later, it underwent a cryogenic proof test to destruction, bursting at .[172] [169] [173]

GSE 4.1 was first spotted in August 2021 and was the first ground support equipment (GSE) test tank built, made from parts of GSE 4. It underwent a cryogenic proof test on August 2023 before it was rolled to Sanchez site.[174] It was rolled back to the launch site in November 2021, where it underwent an apparent cryogenic proof test to failure on January 18, 2022, where it burst at an unknown pressure.

EDOME was a test tank created to test flatter domes, possibly used on future Starship prototypes. It was moved to the launch site in July 2022, and then back to the production site the next month, after undergoing no tests.[175] It was later moved from the production site to the Massey's test site in late September 2022, where it was damaged during a cryogenic pressure test to failure.[175] After repairs, it was tested to destruction in late October 2022.[175]

EDOME 2 was a test tank which is likely designed to continue testing a flatter dome design. As of October 4, 2023, its official designation is unknown. It was tested once, before being scrapped for unknown reasons.[176]

See also

References

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  16. Web site: 2013-10-30 . SpaceX's Mars rocket to be methane-fuelled . https://web.archive.org/web/20131030143636/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/spacexs-mars-rocket-to-be-methane-fuelled-379326/ . October 30, 2013 . 2023-11-21.
  17. Web site: 2019-07-26 . SpaceX's new test rocket briefly hovers during first free flight – The Verge . https://web.archive.org/web/20190726093928/https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/26/8897487/spacex-starship-starhopper-hover-test-deep-space . July 26, 2019 . 2023-11-21.
  18. Web site: Bergin . Chris . 2014-03-07 . SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140307215724/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/03/spacex-advances-drive-mars-rocket-raptor-power/ . March 7, 2014 . 2023-11-21 . NASASpaceFlight.com . en-US.
  19. Web site: Starship official website . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220703205314/https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/ . 3 July 2022 . 22 June 2022 . . en.
  20. 1678276840740343808 . elonmusk . Looks like we can increase Raptor thrust by ~20% to reach 9000 tons (20 million lbs) of force at sea level . Elon Musk . 10 Jul 2023.
  21. 1411805078378270721 . elonmusk . Booster engines are not shrouded by skirt extension, as with ship. Engines extend about 3m below booster . 4 July 2021.
  22. https://www.twz.com/starships-33-engines-created-the-mother-of-all-shock-diamonds Starship’s 33 Engines Created The Mother Of All ‘Shock Diamonds’
  23. Web site: Sesnic . Trevor . 2021-08-11 . Starbase Tour and Interview with Elon Musk . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230523085916/https://everydayastronaut.com/starbase-tour-and-interview-with-elon-musk/ . 2023-05-23 . 2023-11-25 . Everyday Astronaut . en-US.
  24. Web site: Jax . 9 April 2023 . Not Folding Under Pressure: Super Heavy's Grid Fins . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231121175938/https://ringwatchers.com/article/booster-grid-fins . November 21, 2023 . 2023-11-21 . Ringwatchers. An archived version of RingWatchers . 1645068410240348160 . Superheavy’s grid fins are a key part of the vehicle’s recovery hardware, but the perpetually extended state looks quite different compared to Falcon 9. Let’s take a look at how these grid fins work and why they can stay extended at all times. (1/10).
  25. Web site: Jax . 2023-11-24 . A Major Improvement: What Changed on Starship 25 & Booster 9? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240207132041/https://ringwatchers.com/article/s25-b9-updates#booster-nbsptanks-amp-pressure-control . February 7, 2024 . 2024-02-07 . Ringwatchers.
  26. Web site: Jax . 2024-01-13 . Time for Round 3: What's New on Starship 28 & Booster 10? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240207132039/https://ringwatchers.com/article/s28-b10-updates#ship-tanks-amp-pressure-control . February 7, 2024 . 2024-02-07 . Ringwatchers.
  27. Web site: Weber . Ryan . 31 October 2021 . Major elements of Starship Orbital Launch Pad in place as launch readiness draws nearer . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211205163459/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/starship-orbital-launch-pad/ . 5 December 2021 . 19 December 2021 . . en-US.
  28. Web site: Wall . Mike . 2023-08-18 . SpaceX shows off newly modified Starship Super Heavy booster (photos) . https://web.archive.org/web/20230819085708/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-super-heavy-booster-9-hot-staging-photos . 2023-08-19 . 2023-11-22 . Space.com . en.
  29. Skibba . Ramin . 2023-11-21 . Here's What's Next for SpaceX's Starship . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231125202033/https://www.wired.com/story/heres-whats-next-for-spacexs-starship/ . November 25, 2023 . 2023-11-25 . Wired . en-US . 1059-1028.
  30. 1672631387201912832 . nasaspaceflight . Elon says there's a much higher chance of getting to orbit with the second test flight due to vast amount of mods. . Chris . Bergin . Ship engines will fire up before all the Booster engines shut down. Now need vents for hot staging. Adding an extension to the booster that is all vent and more shielding to the top of the booster. It's the most thing for the next flight..
  31. Web site: June 18, 2024 . STARSHIP'S FOURTH FLIGHT TEST . June 18, 2024 . SpaceX.
  32. Web site: SpaceX . 2024-03-06 . SpaceX . en.
  33. .
  34. .
  35. Web site: Ralph . Eric . 9 November 2020 . SpaceX begins assembling first Starship Super Heavy booster in South Texas . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112194013/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-first-super-heavy-booster-assembly/ . November 12, 2020 . 15 November 2020 . Teslarati.
  36. SpaceX Boca Chica – First Super Heavy Booster Parts – SN8 Flaps Installed . 23 September 2020 . YouTube . . April 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230811082300/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JB6rNtcdd7c&t=757s . August 11, 2023 . live.
  37. 1376902791906611200 . elonmusk . BN1 is a manufacturing pathfinder, so will be scrapped. We learned a lot, but have already changed design to BN2. The goal is to get BN2 with engines on an orbital pad before the end of April. It might even be orbit-capable if we are lucky. . Elon . Musk.
  38. 1381944855333593098 . BocaChicaGal . The dismantling of BN1 has begun..
  39. Web site: 4 May 2021 . Starship SN15 to undergo flight test Tuesday . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210507001045/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/05/starship-sn15-tests-mcgregor-raptor-testing/ . May 7, 2021 . May 6, 2023 . BN1 has since been cut into sections and sent to the scrapyard.
  40. 1376298670509936645 . NASASpaceflight . As Starship SN11 awaits launch, the Forward Dome Section for Super Heavy Prototype BN3 has been spotted at the Production Site. . Chris . Bergin.
  41. Super Heavy BN3 section spotted SpaceX Boca Chica . 28 March 2021 . NASASpaceflight . 22 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210429223313/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUZWR6pkK7A . 29 April 2021 . live . YouTube.
  42. Web site: 19 July 2021 . SpaceX test fires massive Super Heavy booster for Starship for 1st time . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210803210509/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-super-heavy-rocket-booster-engine-test . August 3, 2021 . April 26, 2023 . Space.com.
  43. Booster 3 Scrapped . 15 August 2021 . YouTube.
  44. Super Heavy Booster 3 Prepared for Testing on Pad A SpaceX Boca Chica . 2 July 2021 . NASASpaceflight . 22 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210711161810/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTq31_zQu70 . 11 July 2021 . live . YouTube.
  45. 1557147770586144768 . SpaceX . Team at Starbase completed a single Raptor engine static fire test of Super Heavy Booster 7 on the orbital launch pad . 2022-08-11 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20230323000926/https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1557147770586144768 . March 23, 2023 . live.
  46. 1445546547047895041 . NicAnsuini . 33 engine boosters anyone? A 13-engine thrust puck was spotted for a future booster which will have the full 33-engine complement. . 2022-08-11 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411223139/https://twitter.com/NicAnsuini/status/1445546547047895041 . April 11, 2023 . live.
  47. Web site: Stacking Diagrams - #16 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240318040436/https://ringwatchers.com/diagrams/stacking-diagrams/16 . March 18, 2024 . 2024-03-18 . Ringwatchers.
  48. 1372695421487824903 . elonmusk . Yes, Booster 1 is a production pathfinder, figuring out how to build & transport 69-meter-tall stage. Booster 2 will fly. . Elon . Musk.
  49. News: Bergin . Chris . 28 December 2020 . Starship SN9's time to shine – test series targets a New Year's resolution . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230417040101/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/starship-sn9s-test-series-targets-new-years/ . April 17, 2023 . 29 December 2020 . NASASpaceflight.
  50. 1372673302699913216 . BocaChicaGal . Wow.....Booster BN1 is fully stacked in the high bay. . Mary.
  51. Super Heavy Booster 3 Stacked SpaceX Boca Chica . 29 June 2021 . NASASpaceflight . 22 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210711081650/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFw_PoIQB9Q . 11 July 2021 . live . YouTube.
  52. Web site: SpaceX Transports A Super Heavy Booster Prototype To The Launch Pad . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415215315/https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/super-heavy-launchpad . April 15, 2023 . 1 July 2021 . Tesmanian.com.
  53. 1410327121432657929 . elonmusk . First one to fly will [have grid fins], so Booster 4. Booster 3 will be used for ground tests. We’re changing much of the design from 3 to 4. Booster 3 was very hard to build. Expect rapid evolution in the first ~10 boosters & first ~30 ships. . 30 June 2021.
  54. 1408245758869086209 . elonmusk . We’re almost done with first prototype booster. This will go to test stand A. The next one will fly to orbit. The team has been crushing it many days & nights in a row! . 25 June 2021.
  55. .
  56. News: Bergin . Chris . 4 August 2021 . Starbase Surge sees SpaceX speed ahead with Booster 4 and Ship 20 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210802194841/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/08/starbase-surge-booster-4-ship-20/ . August 2, 2021 . May 6, 2023 . NASASpaceflight.
  57. 1414284648641925124 . elonmusk . Final decision made earlier this week on booster engine count. Will be 33 at ~230 (half million lbs) sea-level thrust . 11 July 2021.
  58. Web site: Cao . Sissi . 2021-08-06 . Starship Completes Stacking Giant Starship Stages For Orbital Flight . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408040208/https://observer.com/2021/08/starship-complete-stacking-upper-stage-sn20-super-heavy-booster-orbital-test/ . April 8, 2023 . 2021-11-19 . Observer.
  59. Web site: 2021-09-08 . Super Heavy Booster 4 Lifted to Orbital Launch Mount . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230430170704/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IS9MTbrelHM . April 30, 2023 . 2021-11-19 . YouTube.
  60. 1471947288255897605 . NASASpaceflight . And there's some impressive depress venting on Booster 4! A possible conclusion to a good cryogenic pressure test!….
  61. 1765444729255194706 . GroundTruthPics . Booster 4 is having it's[sic] grid fins removed . John . Cargile . Mar 6, 2024.
  62. .
  63. 1771222266564468997 . nasaspaceflight . Booster 4 is being cut in half inside the Mega Bay. . Chris . Bergin . Mar 22, 2024.
  64. How SpaceX is Rapidly Iterating Starship . 2022-03-31 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-05-31 . YouTube.
  65. .
  66. .
  67. .
  68. 1557839580979535872 . spacex . Full duration 20-second static fire of Super Heavy Booster 7 . 2022-08-11 . en.
  69. 1558303186326265857 . elonmusk . Adding the 13 inner engines . 2022-08-13 . en.
  70. .
  71. 1563089115066691584 . thejackbeyer . Booster 7 and Ship 24 both underwent Raptor engine spin prime testing. Also, F-22 Raptor Fighter Jets were spotted flying over Starbase in preparation for an airshow later in the week. . 2022-08-28 . en-GB.
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  85. Web site: Foust . Jeff . 2023-01-24 . SpaceX completes Starship wet dress rehearsal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415032641/https://spacenews.com/spacex-completes-starship-wet-dress-rehearsal/ . April 15, 2023 . 2023-01-28 . SpaceNews . en-US.
  86. News: Chang . Kenneth . 2023-02-09 . SpaceX Test Fires 31 Engines on the Most Powerful Rocket Ever . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230417183647/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/09/science/spacex-starship-static-fire.html . April 17, 2023 . 2023-02-09 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  87. Web site: SpaceX - Updates . 2024-05-10 . SpaceX . en.
  88. .
  89. 1545501140141359106 . RGVaerialphotos . Booster 8 is fully stacked! . 2022-08-11 . en.
  90. .
  91. .
  92. .
  93. Web site: Jax . 2023-11-18 . Preparing for Flight 2: The Chronological History of S25 & B9 . 2024-06-20 . Ringwatchers.
  94. .
  95. .
  96. .
  97. .
  98. Web site: memereview . 2024-03-13 . Onward to Flight 3: The Complete History of S28 & B10 . 2024-03-18 . Ringwatchers.
  99. Web site: May 24, 2024 . SpaceX - Updates . May 24, 2023.
  100. .
  101. .
  102. Web site: memereview . 2024-06-06 . Speeding on to Flight 4: The Chronology of S29 & B11 . 2024-06-20 . Ringwatchers.
  103. 1753492142201475570 . SpaceX . Super Heavy boosters for the next three flights . February 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203026/https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1753492142201475570 . February 2, 2024 . live.
  104. SpaceX Rolls Out Booster 11 for Testing . en . 2024-04-04 . www.youtube.com.
  105. SpaceX Static Fires Booster 11 . en . 2024-04-05 . www.youtube.com.
  106. Preparing for Flight 4 Full Stack SpaceX Boca Chica . en . 2024-04-10 . www.youtube.com.
  107. SpaceX Rolls Out Booster 11 for Fourth Starship Flight Test Campaign . en . 2024-05-11 . www.youtube.com.
  108. Starbase Weekly, Ep.115: NEW Static Fire Stand Testing - Ship 26 At Massey's! . en . 2024-05-11 . www.youtube.com.
  109. Fullstack: SpaceX Stacks Ship 29 on Booster 11 . 2024-05-12 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-05-15 . YouTube.
  110. SpaceX Tests the Full Stack of the Fourth Starship Flight Test . 2024-05-16 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-05-16 . YouTube.
  111. SpaceX Performs Wet Dress Rehearsal of Fourth Starship Flight Stack . 2024-05-20 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-05-20 . YouTube.
  112. SpaceX Performs Second Wet Dress Rehearsal of Fourth Starship Flight Stack . 2024-05-28 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-05-28 . YouTube.
  113. Web site: Starship Flight 4 . 2024-06-06 . SpaceX . en.
  114. 1734230032946462914 . labpadre . Booster 12, which has long been lurking in the front left corner of Mega Bay, has now been moved to the new stand in the back left corner, previously occupied by B10. @CosmicalChief . 2023-12-11 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211164729/https://twitter.com/labpadre/status/1734230032946462914 . December 11, 2023 . live.
  115. .
  116. 1740624590823424301 . spmttracker . Booster 12 has been lifted onto the thrust simulator stand . Zach . Golden . December 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231229123555/https://twitter.com/spmttracker/status/1740624590823424301 . December 29, 2023 . live.
  117. 1745280847798747440 . nasaspaceflight . Shuffle continues, with Ship 30 on the move. . Chris . Bergin . Jan 10, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240111121545/https://twitter.com/nasaspaceflight/status/1745280847798747440 . January 11, 2024 . live.
  118. 1746011790448722036 . nasaspaceflight . Booster 12, Starship Flight 5 . Chris . Bergin . Jan 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113135139/https://twitter.com/nasaspaceflight/status/1746011790448722036 . January 13, 2024 . live.
  119. .
  120. .
  121. SpaceX Rolls out Potential First Catch Booster - B12 . 2024-07-09 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-07-09 . YouTube.
  122. Booster 12 Placed on the Orbital Launch Mount for Testing SpaceX Boca Chica . 2024-07-10 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-07-10 . YouTube.
  123. 1811453987285291156 . nasaspaceflight . Well this is an interesting test on Booster 12. . Chris . Bergin . July 11, 2024.
  124. SpaceX Tests Starship Super Heavy Booster 12 - Engine Testing . 2024-07-12 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-07-12 . YouTube.
  125. SpaceX Booster 12 Static Fire - SOUND ON . 2024-07-15 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-07-16 . YouTube.
  126. SpaceX Rolls Back Booster 12 after Static Fire Test . 2024-07-16 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-07-16 . YouTube.
  127. Work Starts on Orbital Pad B's Flame Trench! Starbase Flyover Update 52 . 2024-08-01 . RGV Aerial Photography . 2024-08-01 . YouTube.
  128. Web site: Weber . Ryan . 2024-08-09 . Flight 5 and 6 Preparations Underway as SpaceX reveals Raptor 3 . 2024-08-09 . NASASpaceFlight.com . en-US.
  129. 1753761819179536498 . VickiCocks15 . Big news this morning!! . Feb 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240203134936/https://twitter.com/VickiCocks15/status/1753761819179536498 . February 3, 2024 . live.
  130. 1783420102337085667 . seankd_photos . Booster 13 off to Cyro Testing. . Sean . Doherty . Apr 25, 2024.
  131. Coming Soon: Starship Propellant Transfer Demos SpaceX Starbase Update . en . 2024-04-29 . www.youtube.com.
  132. Web site: SpaceX Starship Booster 13 LOX fill test looks successful . 2024-04-30 . www.youtube.com.
  133. Web site: May 3, 2024 . Temporary and Intermittent Road Delay of a Portion of State Hwy 4 for Friday, May 3, 2024, between 12:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. . May 3, 2024 . cameroncountytx.gov.
  134. Web site: Weber . Ryan . 2024-05-05 . Ship 30 set to Static Fire next week as Flight 4 Preparations Continue . 2024-05-10 . NASASpaceFlight.com . en-US.
  135. 1789399483198935209 . SpaceX . Super Heavy booster for Flight 4 moving to the pad at Starbase . May 11, 2024.
  136. Web site: Golden . Zack . July 23, 2024 . First upgraded aft section spotted for Booster 15! Internal COPVs for the landing tank are a very interesting upgrade. . July 24, 2024 . X (formerly Twitter).
  137. Web site: 30 May 2021 . Laying the groundwork for Super Heavy amid Raptor Ramp Up . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210530204718/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/05/groundwork-super-heavy-raptor-ramp-up/ . May 30, 2021 . May 6, 2023 . NasaSpaceflight.com . "BN2 and BN2.1 sections were classed as test sections and were never set to become more than test tanks".
  138. 1400527171530145793 . BocaChicaGal . This afternoon the BN2.1 test tank is ready to roll to the pad at SpaceX Starbase. .
  139. Web site: BN2.1 . 2024-04-27 . nextspaceflight.com . en.
  140. SpaceX Tests Chopstick System for Catch Using B14.1 . 2024-06-25 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-06-26 . YouTube.
  141. Super Heavy Test Tank Cryogenic Proof Test . 8 June 2021 . NASASpaceflight . 22 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210628014634/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIsuVDK81V4 . 28 June 2021 . live . YouTube.
  142. Super Heavy Test Tank Cryogenic Proof Test #2 . 17 June 2021 . NASASpaceflight . 22 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224815/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzOkMm93XYU . 27 June 2021 . live . YouTube.
  143. 1466156803016830984 . NASASpaceflight . Test Tank B2.1 has decided it's time to get frosty. . 1 December 2021.
  144. 1466792121130754049 . NASASpaceflight . Test Tank B2.1 is undergoing more testing today, supplied by the Orbital Launch Site's Tank Farm on what is a very foggy morning . Chris . 3 December 2021 . en . Bergin.
  145. .
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  147. .
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  149. 1570774091304665090 . NASASpaceflight . Booster 7 preparing for a potential Static Fire test and Test Tank B7.1 rolling away from the launch site down Highway 4. . Chris . Bergin . 2023-12-01 . en.
  150. .
  151. 1686050766434205696 . Ringwatchers . The test article at the Massey’s testing site is labelled the “Hot Stage Load Head”, and will be used to qualify the interstage against the aerodynamic forces it will experience during flight. There are 3 main components to this. . 2023-12-13 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213180303/https://twitter.com/Ringwatchers/status/1686050766434205696 . December 13, 2023 . live.
  152. 1685787655542378496 . StarshipGazer . New Hot Staging test section rolled out today. Label on it says "Hot Stage Load Head". . 2023-12-13 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213180303/https://twitter.com/StarshipGazer/status/1685787655542378496?s=20 . December 13, 2023 . live.
  153. 1689072703561482240 . cnunezimages . Image Taken: August 7, 2023 . 2023-12-13 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213180303/https://twitter.com/cnunezimages/status/1689072703561482240 . December 13, 2023 . live.
  154. .
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  156. Starbase Tower 2 Foundations Flyover Update Episode 43 . 2024-05-29 . RGV Aerial Photography . 2024-05-30 . YouTube.
  157. New Ablative Material Spotted on Ship 30 SpaceX Boca Chica . 2024-06-22 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-06-22 . YouTube.
  158. Starbase Live: 24/7 Starship & Super Heavy Development From SpaceX's Boca Chica Facility . 2021-07-12 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-06-22 . YouTube.
  159. 1806334483899068641 . alexphysics13 . Shortly after this SpaceX performed another slap but this time higher than the slaps from yesterday. They've done that now two times, this is video of that second time. The chopsticks have gone down since and they may be slapping lower like yesterday. . Alejandro . Romera . June 27, 2024.
  160. SpaceX's Ultimate Starship Dare: Could This Really Work!? . 2024-06-29 . Marcus House . 2024-06-29 . YouTube.
  161. Starbase Weekly, Ep.122: Starbase Orbital Tank Farm Changes and Upgrades! . 2024-06-30 . RGV Aerial Photography . 2024-06-30 . YouTube.
  162. Ship 30 Completes Testing, B14.1 Ready for More Slaps SpaceX Boca Chica . 2024-08-10 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-08-10 . YouTube.
  163. Web site: Bergin . Chris . August 7, 2024 . B14.1 is being lifted atop the OLM . August 7, 2024 . X (formerly Twitter).
  164. Web site: Anderson . Niall . August 15, 2024 . SpaceX have been spending the last couple hours squeezing B14.1 . August 16, 2024 . X (formerly Twitter).
  165. Unusual Starship V2 Hardware Spotted SpaceX Boca Chica . 2024-08-18 . NASASpaceflight . 2024-08-18 . YouTube.
  166. SpaceX Boca Chica – Starship Test Tank mated – Jan 7, 2020 . 2020-01-07 . YouTube . . 2023-05-13 . 2023-04-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230417033217/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjsJQ6d8wEw . live .
  167. Web site: Aravelo . Evelyn . 2020-01-10 . SpaceX conducted a pressure test on a Starship dome tank at Boca Chica today . 2021-02-01 . Tesmaian . en-US . 2020-01-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200111165516/https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/spacex-conducted-a-pressure-test-on-a-starship-tank-at-boca-chica . live.
  168. SpaceX Boca Chica – Starship Bulkhead/Dome Test Tank 2 Mated . 2020-01-25 . YouTube . . 2023-05-13 . 2023-04-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230427001458/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=527LTTFsXSk . live .
  169. SpaceX Boca Chica – Starship Test Tank 2 Destructive Cryo Test . 2020-01-29 . YouTube . NASASpaceflight . 2021-08-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210218055327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TDaMCMEc8Q . 2021-02-18 . live.
  170. Web site: Ralph . Eric . January 12, 2020 . SpaceX just blew up a Starship tank on purpose and Elon Musk says the results are in . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415215328/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-blew-up-starship-tank-on-purpose-elon-musk/ . April 15, 2023 . May 6, 2023.
  171. 1221938474233868288 . elonmusk . Starship 9m test tank made 7.5 bar at room temp! Small leak at a weld double. Will be repaired & retested at cryo. https://t.co/Bz3lrwkYRU . Elon . Musk . Elon Musk . 2020-01-27 . 2021-08-22 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20210603022254/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1221938474233868288 . 2021-06-03 . live.
  172. Chris Bergin – NSF . NASASpaceflight . 1222367293197488129 . 28 January 2020 . Farewell Test Tank 2, and we thank you. https://t.co/Je69rLmr28 https://t.co/AUpIb7kv24 . en . 22 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210123064620/https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/1222367293197488129 . 23 January 2021 . live.
  173. 1222367193293213696 . elonmusk . 8.5 bar . Elon . Musk . https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1222367193293213696.
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