| Hakuchō Super Hakuchō | |
| Type: | Limited express |
| Status: | Discontinued |
| Locale: | Japan |
| First: | 1960 (Semi express) 1961 (Limited express) |
| Last: | March 2016 |
| Successor: | Hokkaido Shinkansen services |
| Formeroperator: | JNR, JR East, JR Hokkaido |
| Distance: | 164.3km (102.1miles) |
| Line Used: | Tsugaru-Kaikyō Line |
| Class: | Green + standard |
| Seating: | 2+2 |
| Catering: | Trolley service |
| Stock: | 485-3000 series (Hakuchō) 789 series/785 series (Super Hakuchō) EMUs |
| El: | 20 kV AC, 50 Hz |
| Speed: | 140 km/h (87 mph) |
The and were Japanese limited express train services which operated between and via the undersea Seikan Tunnel from December 2002 until March 2016. The services were operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) respectively.
The Hakuchō services operated between and using refurbished JR East 485-3000 series six-car EMUs, extended to eight cars during busy seasons. Services operated at a maximum speed of 140round=5NaNround=5 on the ATC-controlled section of the Seikan Tunnel, with the fastest services between Shin-Aomori and Hakodate taking 2 hours 8 minutes.[1]
The Hakuchō name actually dated back to 1960, as the name of a service which ran from Osaka to Aomori until March 2001. The name was reused for the new services starting in 2002 by popular demand.
The Super Hakuchō services operated between and using JR Hokkaido 789 series six- and eight-car EMUs and a converted 785-300 series 2-car EMU set. As with the Hakuchō services, these trains operated at a maximum speed of 140round=5NaNround=5 on the ATC-controlled section of the Seikan Tunnel, with the fastest services between Shin-Aomori and Hakodate taking 2 hours 1 minute.[1]
The Hakuchō service was first introduced from 28 December 1960, as a semi express service operating between and via .[2]
From 1 October 1961, the train was upgraded to become a limited express service operating between and and via using KiHa 80 series diesel multiple units. From 1965, the Ueno services were separated to become the Hakutaka, and the Hakuchō was amended via Niigata. 485 series electric multiple units were used from October 1972. From 1988, the rolling stock was refurbished and repainted in a new livery of cream with light blue and dark blue waistline stripes.[2] Hakuchō services between Osaka and Aomori ran until 2 March 2001.
From 1 December 2002, the "Hakuchō" name was revived for services between and Hakodate, coinciding with the opening of the Tohoku Shinkansen extension from to, replacing the earlier locomotive-hauled Kaikyō rapid services which operated between Morioka and Hakodate.[3]
From the start of the revised timetable on 4 December 2010, with the opening of the Tohoku Shinkansen from Hachinohe to, the Hakuchō and Super Hakuchō trains were also shortened to run from Shin-Aomori to Hakodate via Aomori.
The Hakucho and Super Hakucho services were discontinued in March 2016 ahead of the opening of the Hokkaido Shinkansen high-speed line. The last services operated on 21 March 2016.[4]