Supercruise Explained

Supercruise is sustained supersonic flight of a supersonic aircraft without using afterburner (also known as "reheat"). Many supersonic military aircraft are not capable of supercruise and can maintain Mach 1+ flight only in short bursts with afterburners. Aircraft such as the SR-71 Blackbird are designed to cruise at supersonic speed with afterburners enabled.

Some fighter jets are capable of supercruise but only at high altitudes and in a clean configuration, so the term may imply "a significant increase in effective combat speed with a full weapons load over existing types".[1] One of the pre-eminent military examples of supercruise is the F-22 Raptor, for which supercruise was defined as "the ability to cruise at speeds of one and a half times the speed of sound or greater without the use of afterburner for extended periods in combat configuration."[2]

One of the best-known examples of an aircraft capable of supercruise, and the only notable non-military example, was the Concorde. Due to its long service as a commercial airliner, Concorde holds the record for the most time spent supersonic; more than all other western aircraft combined.[3]

History

A few early supersonic aircraft attained speeds just beyond the speed of sound without using afterburning.

On 3August 1954, a Gerfaut research aircraft powered by an SNECMA Atar 101D2A engine exceeded Mach1 in level flight without using afterburning.[4]

The first production aircraft to exceed Mach1 in level flight without afterburning was the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter after its J65 engine was replaced with a J79. The maximum speed without afterburning was Mach1.05.

The P.1 prototype of the English Electric Lightning, powered by non-afterburning Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire engines, exceeded Mach1 on 11August 1954. A week previously, on 4August, the P.1, WG760 flown by Roland Beamont on its maiden flight, had unknowingly exceeded Mach1 in a climb.[5] During development testing at English Electric it was established that the Lightning had a stabilized speed capability in level flight, without afterburning, of about Mach1.2 and for the T.4 (2-seat trainer) 1.08. Flying just above the speed of sound without using afterburning, although done by the contractor as part of some flight trials does not appear to have been relevant to the operational capability of the aircraft. Service trials established intercept profiles for subsonic and supersonic targets at different altitudes with subsonic cruising at a maximum of Mach0.95 with all supersonic speeds beyond subsonic cruise attained with afterburning.

All the Fairey Delta 2 initial supersonic test flying to Mach1.1 was done without afterburning. Selecting the afterburner, which initially only had a maximum selection with no intermediate positions, would have caused an uncontrollable rapid acceleration to potentially hazardous speeds; i.e., too far beyond previously established flutter-free speeds.

Only the supersonic transports (SST), Concorde, and the second version of the Tu-144 (the Tu-144D) spent most of their time cruising at their design speeds without needing afterburning. Afterburning was added to Concorde for take-off to cope with weight increases that came after the initial design. It was also used to accelerate through the high-drag transonic speed range, not because the extra thrust was required, but because it was available and improved the operating economics. The redesigned Tu-144D used engines with no afterburners which, together with other improvements, increased the full payload range from (Concorde's operational range was).

Military use

The United States Air Force set supercruise as a core requirement for the Advanced Tactical Fighter program,[6] which resulted in the F-22 Raptor. The F-22 Raptor's supercruise capabilities are touted as a major performance advantage over other fighters, with supercruise being demonstrated exceeding Mach1.5.[7] Supercruise capability provides advantages for stealth aircraft because an afterburner plume reflects radar signals and creates a significant infrared signature.[8] Virtually all fighters prior to the F-22 cruise at Mach0.8–0.9 while carrying a normal weapons load.

There are a few engines in production that are designed to facilitate tactically significant supercruise:

Independently, Russia is working on Izdelje 30 (after AL31F and AL41F derivatives modifications, like 117S turbofan) and RD33MKRU Morskaja Osa; an all-new AL-41 engine with a complete redesign is underway to add supercruise ability to the Sukhoi Su-57. This has yet to bear fruit, but the stop-gap 117S engine, produced by this program, may achieve the supercruise goal already. While testing a Su-35BM fighter equipped with these engines, it managed to accelerate past Mach 1 without using the afterburner, suggesting that it had supercruise capability. It has yet to be seen whether this will be possible with a combat load.[16]

Aircraft with supercruise ability

Aircraft Supercruise speedProduction Year Service status
Sukhoi Su-57[17] Mach 1.30 2020 In service
Mach 1.40[18] 1986 In service
Mach 1.50 1994 In service
Mach 1.10 2019[19] In service
General Dynamics F-16XL[20] Mach 1.10 1982 Retired (prototype)
Mach 1.801996 In service
Lockheed YF-22[21] Mach 1.58 1989 Retired (prototype)
Mach 1.72[22] 1989 Retired (prototype)
Concorde[23] Mach 2.02 1965 Retired

See also

References

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Supercruise . Defence Aviation . 11 May 2021.
  2. Web site: F-22 demonstrates 'supercruise' for first time . Air Force News . Federation of American Scientists . 6 March 2022 . 21 July 1999.
  3. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20010307070744/http://www.janes.com/transport/news/jae/jae000725_1_n.shtml . 7 March 2001 . Defence & Security Intelligence & Analysis - IHS Jane's 360 . janes.com. 6 March 2022.
  4. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104604/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%200414.html . 2 April 2015 . 1956 - 0414 - Flight Archive . flightglobal.com . 6 March 2022 . Despite the greater frontal area the Gerfaut remains a level-supersonic aeroplane without afterburning, although the engine is now so equipped. .
  5. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160306095334/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1957/1957%20-%200541.html . 6 March 2016 . English Electric - Armstrong Siddeley - Rolls-Royce Avon - 1957 - 0541 - Flight Archive. flightglobal.com. 6 March 2022.
  6. Web site: Mark A. Lorell . Hugh P. Levaux . The Cutting Edge: A Half Century of US Fighter Aircraft R&D . RAND Corporation . 6 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220128210048/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/1998/MR939.pdf . 28 January 2022 . 141 . live.
  7. Web site: F-22 Raptor. U.S. Air Force.
  8. Web site: Stealth design of airplanes / stealth aircraft . fighter-planes.com. 2015-09-04.
  9. Spick 1985, pp. 289-90.
  10. Web site: Boeing "Super Phantom". https://web.archive.org/web/20080725082826/http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/f4_34.html. dead. July 25, 2008. July 25, 2008.
  11. http://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/135233/general-jumper-qualifies-in-fa-22-raptor/ General Jumper qualifies in F/A-22 Raptor
  12. Web site: Majumdar . Dave . Lockheed begins test flights of final Raptor . Flightglobal . Reed Business Information . 30 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150710032407/http://www.flightglobal.com/features/Lockheed-Martin-F-22-Raptor-Special/the-last-f22/ . 10 July 2015 . The aircraft is capable of cruising at around Mach 1.8 without afterburners and has a top speed of around Mach 2.2. . usurped.
  13. Web site: EuroFighter Typhoon. fighter-planes.com. 2015-09-04.
  14. Web site: press release . Gripen Supercruises . https://web.archive.org/web/20091023061926/http://www.gripen.com/en/MediaRelations/News/2009/090121_gripen_supercruises.htm . 23 October 2009 . unfit . 19 March 2022.
  15. Web site: Hoyle . Craig . Saab's Demo aircraft to highlight Gripen NG capabilities . https://web.archive.org/web/20210615220931/https://www.flightglobal.com/saabs-demo-aircraft-to-highlight-gripen-ng-capabilities/80008.article . 15 June 2021 . FlightGlobal . 19 March 2022 . 25 April 2008.
  16. Web site: О ходе испытаний нового российского истребителя Су-35БМ: Наука и техника: Lenta.ru. lenta.ru. 2015-09-04.
  17. —Adresses the display of the SU57 production model fitted with new Saturn AL-41F1 (117) engines allowing Supercruise ability at Mach 1.3.
  18. Web site: Fiche Rafale le-Bourget 2011 . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240408171600/https://rafalefan.e-monsite.com/medias/files/fiche-rafale-le-bourget-2011.jpg . 8 April 2024 . 20 June 2011.
  19. Web site: Gripen e enters serial production as Saab targets sales .

  20. "F-16XL-2 was also able to demonstrate limited supercruise performance by maintaining Mach 1.1 at an altitude of 20,000 feet in full military power without resorting to the use of afterburner."

  21. Web site: Air Force Chooses Lockheed's Design for Fighter Plane. Richard W.. Stevenson. April 24, 1991. NYTimes.com.
  22. Paul Metz, Jim Sandberg . YF-23 DEM/VAL Presentation by Test Pilots Paul Metz and Jim Sandberg . 27 August 2015 . Peninsula Seniors Production . Western Museum of Flight .
  23. —describes full cycle of Concorde's engine from takeoff to touchdown, including the turning off of reheat to begin supercruise at Mach 1.7.

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