Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans explained

Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans is a species of bacteria of the genus Sulfobacillus. It is an acidophilic, mixotrophic, moderately thermophilic, Gram-positive, sporulating facultative anaerobe. As its name suggests, it is capable of oxidizing sulfur.[1] [2] [3]

Taxonomy

S. thermosulfidooxidans, as well as the genus Sulfobacillus, were first described in 1978 based on isolates from Kazakhstan.[4] [5] S. thermosulfidooxidans is the type species of the genus. The genus is of uncertain taxonomic position, likely related to the genus Thermaerobacter and possibly representing either a deep branch of the Bacillota or a separate phylum.[6]

Distribution and ecology

S. thermosulfidooxidans is widely distributed in both natural and artificial acidic environments, including hot springs and acid mine drainage. Strains have been isolated from a variety of locations including China,[7] Chile, Kazakhstan, California, and Zambia. Compared to other bacteria often found in similar environments, Sulfobacillus species are typically present at relatively low abundance.

Growth and metabolism

S. thermosulfidooxidans is acidophilic and moderately thermophilic; while different strains have slightly different pH and temperature growth optima, all prefer environments around pH 2.0 with optimal growth temperatures ranging from 45C to 55C.[8] S. thermosulfidooxidans is iron- and sulfur-oxidizing, capable of oxidation of elemental sulfur, tetrathionate, and sulfides.

Genome

The genomes of several S. thermosulfidooxidans strains have been sequenced, demonstrating a genome size of 3.2-3.9 megabases, with a GC content of 48-49% and a number of bioinformatically defined protein-coding genes ranging from a low of about 3200 to a high of about 3900. All of the sequenced genomes contain large numbers of genes associated with sulfur oxidation; for example, genes encoding sulfur oxygenase reductase (SOR) and heterodisulfide reductase-like enzymes. The genetic basis of the species' iron oxidation capacity is less clear but likely involves a sulfocyanin protein. The genome also contains large numbers of transport proteins, including those specialized for metal ion efflux, and several CRISPR/Cas systems. There is evidence of horizontal gene transfer as a significant contributor to S. thermosulfidooxidans evolution, including an unexpected relationship between a SOR gene and similar genes found only in archaea.

Notes and References

  1. Justice . Nicholas B . Norman . Anders . Brown . Christopher T . Singh . Andrea . Thomas . Brian C . Banfield . Jillian F . Comparison of environmental and isolate Sulfobacillus genomes reveals diverse carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrogen metabolisms . BMC Genomics . 2014 . 15 . 1 . 1107 . 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1107. 25511286 . 4378227 . free .
  2. Guo . Xue . Yin . Huaqun . Liang . Yili . Hu . Qi . Zhou . Xishu . Xiao . Yunhua . Ma . Liyuan . Zhang . Xian . Qiu . Guanzhou . Liu . Xueduan . Mormile . Melanie R. . Comparative Genome Analysis Reveals Metabolic Versatility and Environmental Adaptations of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans Strain ST . PLOS ONE . 18 June 2014 . 9 . 6 . e99417 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0099417. 24940621 . 4062416 . free .
  3. Travisany . D. . Di Genova . A. . Sepulveda . A. . Bobadilla-Fazzini . R. A. . Parada . P. . Maass . A. . Draft Genome Sequence of the Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans Cutipay Strain, an Indigenous Bacterium Isolated from a Naturally Extreme Mining Environment in Northern Chile . Journal of Bacteriology . 26 October 2012 . 194 . 22 . 6327–6328 . 10.1128/JB.01622-12. 23105067 . 3486405 .
  4. Golovacheva . RS . Karavaĭko . GI . [Sulfobacillus, a new genus of thermophilic sporulating bacteria]. . Mikrobiologiia . 1978 . 47 . 5 . 815–22 . 101742.
  5. Web site: Genus Sulfobacillus . List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature . 18 November 2018.
  6. Book: Ludwig . Wolfgang . Schleifer . Karl-Heinz . Whitman . William B. . Vos . Paul . Garrity . George . Jones . Dorothy . Krieg . Noel R. . Ludwig . Wolfgang . Rainey . Fred A. . Schleifer . Karl-Heinz . Whitman . William B. . Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 3: The Firmicutes . Springer . 978-0-387-95041-9 . 2nd . Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes. 2001 .
  7. Zhang . Xian . Liu . Xueduan . Liang . Yili . Guo . Xue . Xiao . Yunhua . Ma . Liyuan . Miao . Bo . Liu . Hongwei . Peng . Deliang . Huang . Wenkun . Zhang . Yuguang . Yin . Huaqun . Drake . Harold L. . Adaptive Evolution of Extreme Acidophile Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans Potentially Driven by Horizontal Gene Transfer and Gene Loss . Applied and Environmental Microbiology . 1 April 2017 . 83 . 7 . 10.1128/AEM.03098-16. 28115381 . 5359484 .
  8. Bogdanova . T. I. . Sulfobacillus thermotolerans sp. nov., a thermotolerant, chemolithotrophic bacterium . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 1 May 2006 . 56 . 5 . 1039–1042 . 10.1099/ijs.0.64106-0. 16627651 .

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