Sulfate chloride explained

The sulfate chlorides are double salts containing both sulfate (SO42–) and chloride (Cl–) anions. They are distinct from the chlorosulfates, which have a chlorine atom attached to the sulfur as the ClSO3− anion.

Many minerals in this family exist. Many are found associated with volcanoes and fumaroles. As minerals they are included in the Nickel-Strunz classification group 7.DG.

The book Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals groups these in subgroup 12.2.

List

nameformularatiosystemspace groupunit cellvolumedensityopticalreferences
ArzruniteCu4Pb2(SO4)(OH)4Cl6 · 2H2O (?)1:6orthorhombicBlue Biaxial[1]
ConnelliteCu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O1:4hexagonalP2ca = 15.78 c = 9.101,9623.36blue

Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.724 – 1.746 nε = 1.738 – 1.758

Birefringence: 0.026

[2]
Potassium Zinc Sulfate ChlorideK2Zn(SO4)Cl3 ?1:3
ChlorothioniteK2Cu(SO4)Cl21:2orthorhombicPnmaa = 7.73 b = 6.07 c = 16.297642.67pale blue

Biaxial (+)

[3]
SundiusitePb10(SO4)O8Cl21:2monoclinica = 24.67 b = 3.781 c = 11.881 β = 100.071091.1Biaxial (+) nα = 2.100 nγ = 2.170

Max birefringence: δ = 0.070

[4]
Sodium Potassium Iron Sulfate Chloride(Na,K)2Fe(SO4)Cl21:2
MammothitePb6Cu4AlSb5+O2(OH)16Cl4(SO4)21:2monoclinicC2a = 18.959 b = 7.3399 c = 11.363 β = 112.428(9)° Z=21461.65.21blue-green

Biaxial (+) nα = 1.868 nβ = 1.892 nγ = 1.928

2V:measured: 80°

Birefringence: 0.060

[5]
Zn Sulfate Chloride HydroxideZn3(SO4)(Cl,OH)21:2[6]
TatarskiteCa6Mg2(SO4)2(CO3)2(OH)4Cl4 · 7H2O2:4Orthorhombic2.431Biaxial (-) nα = 1.567 nβ = 1.654 nγ = 1.722

2V: 83°

[7]
Therasiaite(NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl53:5monoclinica = 18.284, b = 12.073, c = 9.535 Å, β = 108.10°, and Z = 4V = 2000.6 Å3brown[8]
Acmonidesite(NH4,K,Pb)8NaFe2+4(SO4)5Cl85:8orthorhombica = 9.841 Å, b = 19.448 Å, c = 17.847 Å Z=43,415.70 Å3[9]
'Ammonium-Kainite'NH4Mg(SO4)Cl•3H2O1:1
AnhydrokainiteKMg(SO4)Cl1:1[10]
BelousoviteKZn(SO4)Cl1:1monoclinicP21/ca = 6.8904 b = 9.6115 c = 8.2144 β = 96.582 Z = 4540.43[11]
GordaiteNaZn4(SO4)(OH)6Cl · 6H2O1:1trigonalPa=8.35 c=13.08802.67Uniaxial (-) nω = 1.561 nε = 1.538

Max birefringence: δ = 0.023

[12]
KainiteKMg(SO4)Cl · 3H2O1:1monoclinica = 19.72 b = 16.23 c = 9.53 β = 94.92°3,0392.15Biaxial (-) nα = 1.494 nβ = 1.505 nγ = 1.516

2V: measured: 90°, calculated: 88°

Max birefringence: δ = 0.022

[13]
SpangoliteCu6Al(SO4)(OH)12Cl · 3H2O1:1trigonalP31ca = 8.24 c = 14.34 Z=2843.23.14blue-green

Uniaxial (-) nω = 1.694 nε = 1.641

Max birefringence: δ = 0.053

[14]
ThérèsemagnaniteNaCo4(SO4)(OH)6Cl · 6H2O1:1trigonalPa = 8.349 c = 13.031786.62.52Uniaxial (-) ω=1.792 nε=1.786

Max birefringence: δ = 0.006

[15] [16]
VendidaiteAl2(SO4)(OH)3Cl·6H2O1:1monoclinicC2/ca = 11.925 b = 16.134 c = 7.4573 β = 125.815°1163.41.97Biaxial (+) nα = 1.522 nβ = 1.524 nγ = 1.527

2V: calculated: 79°

Max birefringence: δ = 0.005

[17]
XitieshaniteFe3+(SO4)Cl · 6H2O1:1monoclinicP21/aa = 14.102 b = 6.908 c = 10.673 β = 111.26° Z=4968.971.99Biaxial (+) nα = 1.536 nβ = 1.570 nγ = 1.628

2V: measured: 77°, calculated: 78°

Max birefringence: δ = 0.092

[18]
Zn Sulfate-Hydroxide-Chloride-HydrateZn9(SO4)2(OH)12Cl2 · 6H2O2:2trigonalRa = 8.275 c = 32.000 Z=31,897.6[19]
Gordaite-related Ca-Zn Sulfate Chloride HydrateCa[Zn<sub>8</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>12</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>](H2O)92:2trigonalRca = 8.3797 Å, c = 68.123 Z=64142.7[20]
UM1987-14-SO:ClHZnZn12(SO4)3Cl3(OH)15•5H2O3:3
AubertiteCuAl(SO4)2Cl · 14H2O2:1triclinicPa=6.28 b=13.23 c=6.28 α=91.17°, β=94.67°, γ=82.45°515.501.815blue

Biaxial (-) nα = 1.462 nβ = 1.482 nγ = 1.495

2V: measured: 71°, calculated: 76°

Max birefringence: δ = 0.033

[21]
Magnesioaubertite(Mg,Cu)Al(SO4)2Cl · 14H2O2:1triclinicPa = 6.31 b = 13.20 c = 6.29 α = 91.74°, β = 94.55°, γ = 82.62°517.8Biaxial (-) nα = 1.466 nβ = 1.481 nγ = 1.488

2V: measured: 112° to 114°, calculated: 66°

Max birefringence: δ = 0.022

[22]
KamchatkiteKCu3(SO4)2OCl2:1orthorhombicPnmaa = 9.755 b = 7.015 c = 12.866881.83.48greenish-yellow

Biaxial (+) nα = 1.695 nβ = 1.718 nγ = 1.759

2V: measured: 75°, calculated: 76°

Max birefringence: δ = 0.064

[23]
AiolositeNa4Bi(SO4)3Cl3:1hexagonalP63/ma = 9.626 c = 6.880552.13.589Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.590 nε = 1.600

Max birefringence: δ = 0.010

[24]
CaracoliteNa3Pb2(SO4)3Cl3:1monoclinicP63/ma = 19.62 b = 7.14 c = 9.81 β = 120°11905.1Biaxial (-) nα = 1.743 nβ = 1.754 nγ = 1.764

Max Birefringence: δ = 0.021

[25]
D'AnsiteNa21Mg(SO4)10Cl310:3isometricI3da = 15.913 Z = 44,029.552.59isotropic n=1.488[26]
D'Ansite-(Fe)Na21Fe2+(SO4)10Cl310:3isometricI3da = 15.882 Z=4
4,006.042.62Isotropic n = 1.51[27]
D'Ansite-(Mn)Na21Mn2+(SO4)10Cl310:3isometricI3da = 15.929 Z=44,041.792.610Isotropic n = 1.50[28]
Adranosite(NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)24:1tetragonalI41/acda = 18.118, c = 11.3203,715.9[29]
Adranosite-(Fe)(NH4)4NaFe3+2(SO4)4Cl(OH)24:1tetragonalI41/acda = 18.261, c = 11.562 Z=83855.5Uniaxial (-) nω = 1.580 nε = 1.570 Birefringence: δ = 0.010[30]
BluelizarditeNa7(UO2)(SO4)4Cl(H2O)24:1monoclinicC2/ca = 21.1507 b = 5.3469 c = 34.6711 β = 104.913° Z=83788.913.116yellow

Biaxial (-) nα = 1.515(1) nβ = 1.540(1) nγ = 1.545(1)

2V: measured: 48°, calculated: 47.6°

Max birefringence: δ = 0.030

[31]
PiypiteK4Cu4O2(SO4)4 · (Na,Cu)Cl4:1Tetragonala = 13.6 c = 4.95 Z=2915.63.1green

Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.583 nε = 1.695

Max Birefringence:δ = 0.112

[32]
AtlasoviteK(BiO)Cu6Fe3+(SO4)5O3Cl5:1tetragonalP4/ncca = 9.86, c = 20.582,0014.2Uniaxial (-) nω = 1.783 nε = 1.776 Birefringence: δ = 0.007[33]
Three or more anions
Marinellite(Na,K)42Ca6(Al6Si6O24)6(SO4)8Cl2 · 3H2O2:8TrigonalP31ca = 12.88 c = 31.76145632.405Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.495 nε = 1.497

Max birefringence: δ = 0.002

[34]
PhilolithitePb12O6Mn7(SO4)(CO3)4Cl4(OH)121:4Tetragonala = 12.627 c = 12.595 Z=22008.2green

Biaxial (+) nα = 1.920 nβ = 1.940 nγ = 1.950

Max birefringence: δ = 0.030

[35]
SymesitePb10(SO4)O7Cl4 · H2O1:4triclinicPa = 8.821 b = 10.776 c = 13.134 α = 68.96°, β = 86.52°, γ = 75.65° Z=21128.47.3pinkBiaxial nα = 2.120 nγ = 2.160

Max birefringence: δ = 0.040

[36]
BobmeyeritePb4(Al3Cu)(Si4O12)(S0.5Si0.5O4)(OH)7Cl(H2O)31:2OrthorhombicPnnma = 13.969 b = 14.24 c = 5.893 Z=21173.64.381Biaxial (-) nα = 1.756(4) nβ = 1.759(2) nγ = 1.759(2)

Max birefringence: δ = 0.003

[37]
MicrosommiteNa4K2Ca2(Al6Si6O24)(SO4)Cl21:2Hexagonala = 22.08 c = 5.332,250Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.521 nε = 1.529Max birefringence: δ = 0.008[38]
MattheddleitePb5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5(Cl,OH)3:2HexagonalP63/ma = 10.0056, c = 7.496 Z=2649.96.96Uniaxial (-) nω = 2.017 nε = 1.999 Birefringence: δ = 0.018[39]
Afghanite(Na,K)22Ca10[Si<sub>24</sub>Al<sub>24</sub>O<sub>96</sub>](SO4)6Cl66:6Trigonala = 12.796, c = 21.409 Z = 13,015.162.54Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.523 nε = 1.529 δ = 0.006[40]
Alloriite(Na,Ca,K)26Ca4(Al6Si6O24)4(SO4)6Cl66:6trigonalP31ca = 12.892 c = 21.340 Z=43,071.612.35Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.497(2) nε = 1.499(2)Max birefringence: δ = 0.002[41]
EztlitePb2+2Fe3+3(Te4+ O3)3(SO4)O2Cl1:1monoclinicCma = 11.466 b = 19.775 c = 20.52 β = 20.52° Z=22322.64.5redBiaxial nα = 2.140 nγ = 2.150

Max birefringence: δ = 0.010

[42]
VlodavetsiteAlCa2(SO4)2F2Cl · 4H2O1:1TetragonalI4/ma = 6.870, c = 13.342 Z=2629.70Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.509 nε = 1.526

Birefringence: δ = 0.017

[43]
Liottite(Na,K)16Ca8(Al6Si6O24)3(SO4)5Cl45:4Hexagonala = 12.84 c = 16.092,297Uniaxial (-) nω = 1.530 nε = 1.528Max birefringence: δ = 0.002[44]
ChlorellestaditeCa10(SiO4)3(SO4)3Cl23:2HexagonalP63/ma = 9.6002 c = 6.8692 Z=2548.273.091Uniaxial (-) nω = 1.664 nε = 1.659Max birefringence δ = 0.005[45]
HeidorniteNa2Ca3B5O8(SO4)2Cl(OH)22:1monoclinica = 10.19 b = 7.76 c = 18.81 β = 93.33° Z=41,484.882.753Biaxial (+) nα = 1.579 nβ = 1.588 nγ = 1.6042V: measured: 63° to 77°, calculated: 76°

Max birefringence: δ = 0.025

[46]
Mineevite-(Y)Na25Ba(Y,Gd,Dy)2(CO3)11(HCO3)4(SO4)2F2Cl2:1hexagonalP63/ma = 8.811 c = 37.032,489.62.85Pale greenUniaxial (-) nω = 1.536 nε = 1.510

Max birefringence: δ = 0.026

[47]
SulphohaliteNa6(SO4)2FCl2:1IsometricFmma = 10.065, Z = 41,019.6isotropic n=1.455[48] [49]
Tounkite(Na,Ca,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4)2Cl · H2O2:1hexagonala = 12.84 c = 32.234,602Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.528 nε = 1.543

Max birefringence: δ = 0.015

[50]
AlloriiteNa19K6Ca5[Al<sub>22</sub>Si<sub>26</sub>O<sub>96</sub>](SO4)5Cl(CO3)x(H2O)5:1trigonalP31ca = 12.892 c = 21.340[51]
GaleiteNa15(SO4)5F4Cl5:1trigonala = 12.17 c = 13.941788Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.447 nε = 1.449Max birefringence: δ = 0.002
NabokoiteKCu7(SO4)5(Te4+O3)OCl5:1Tetragonala = 9.84 Å, c = 20.521,986.86nω = 1.778 nε = 1.773 uniaxial (-)[52]
SchaireriteNa21(SO4)7ClF67:1Trigonala = 12.17 c = 19.292,4742.612Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.440 nε = 1.445Max birefringence: δ = 0.005[53]
HanksiteNa22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl9:1HexagonalP 63/ma = 10.4896 c = 21.24152024.1[54]
Sacrofanite(Na61K19Ca32)(Si84Al84O336)(SO4)26Cl2F6•2H2O26:2hexagonalP2ca = 12.86 c = 72.24 Z=1410,3462.423Uniaxial (-) nω = 1.505 nε = 1.486

Max birefringence:δ = 0.019

[55]

Artificial

nameformularatioSO4:Clsystemspace groupunit cellvolumedensityopticalreferences
'Ammonium-zinc-Kainite'NH4Zn(SO4)Cl•3H2O1:1
nonasodium tetrakis(sulfate) chloride diperhydrateNa9[SO<sub>4</sub>]4Cl·2H2O24:1tetragonalP 4/nMW=694.63 a=29.6829 b=29.6829 c=8.4018 Z=167402.62.493colourless[56]
'zinc-Kainite'KZn(SO4)Cl•3H2O1:1n=1.24[57]
Li2RbSO4Cl1:1orthorhombicP212121a=4.8465 b=8.323 c=14.004 Z=4564.02.714[58]
indium sulfate chlorideIn2(SO4)3•InCl3•(17±1)H2O3:3[59]
Na3Ca2(SO4)3Cl3:1hexagonalP63/m[60]
Na3Ca2(SO4)3Cl3:1orthorhombic >897K[61]
Na3Cd2(SO4)3Cl3:1hexagonalP63/m
Na3Cd2(SO4)3Cl3:1monoclinic >494K
K3Ca2(SO4)3Cl3:1[62]
K3Pb2(SO4)3Cl3:1[63]
K4Sb(SO4)3Cl3:1noncentrosymmetricnon-linear optic high birefringence.[64]
Calcium chlorosulfatosilicateCa10(SiO4)3(SO4)3Cl23:2hexagonala=9.688 c=6.849monoaxial,(-), No = 1.665, Ne' = 1.659[65]
[Fe<sub>2</sub>Al<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>11</sub>](SO4)3Cl3:1
Lithium gordaiteLiZn4(OH)6(SO4)Cl·6H2O1:1?c=17.84[66]
K3Sn2(SO4)3Cl3:1stable to 440 °C[67]
Rb3Sn2(SO4)2Cl32:3monoclinicC2/ma=21.153 b=5.1751 c= 6.9327 β =95.844 Z=2754.973.485stable to 350 °C
(NH4)SbCl2(SO4)1:2orthorhombicP212121a=6.3616 b=7.3110 c=15.827 Z=2736.132.768colourless SHG 1.7×KDP[68]
(NH4)2SbCl(SO4)22:1orthorhombicPnmaa=8.6044 b=16.5821 c=7.1007 Z=21013.12.527colourless
RbSbSO4Cl21:2orthorhombicP212121a=6.3469 b=7.4001 c=15.7798 Z=2741.143.353SHG 2.7×KDP[69]
Cs3Sn2(SO4)2Cl32:3monoclinicC2/ma=22.222 b=5.1992 c= 7.2661 β =97.030 Z=2833.173.725stable to 190 °C
gadolinium chloride sulfateGdClSO41:1monoclinicP21/ca = 9.437 6.5759 6.8005 β = 104.87 Z=4[70]
KBiCl2SO41:2orthorhombicP212121a= 7.2890 b=6.3673 c=15.3306 Z=4711.513.875band gap 3.95 eV[71]
RbBiCl2SO41:2orthorhombicP212121a= 6.3352 b=7.4450 c=15.5302 Z=4732.494.184colourless NLO SHG[72]
NH4BiCl2SO41:2orthorhombicP212121a=7.3845 b=6.3593 c=15.5636 Z=4730.873.581colourless NLO SHG
bismuth guanidinium dichloride sulfate[C(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]BiCl2SO41:2triclinicPa=6.4179 b=12.8984 c=12.9703 α=61.965° β=88.400° γ=76.935° Z=2919.333.150birefringence 0.143@546 nm[73]
Tripotassium dibismuth pentachloride dioxide disulfateK3Bi2Cl5O2(SO4)22:5triclinicPa=6.513 b=7.2500 c=10.7916 al=82.500 be=83.742 ga=82.100485.89band gap 3.62 eV[74]
K4[(NpO<sub>2</sub>)(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]Cl2:1monoclinicP2/na=10.0873 b=4.5354 c=14.3518 β=103.383 Z=2638.763.395light green[75]
Rb4[(NpO<sub>2</sub>)(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]Cl2:1monoclinicP2/na=10.5375 b=4.6151 c=16.068 β=103.184 Z=2599.333.982light green
complexes
[Pt<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>Cl(H<sub>2</sub>O)]3-4:1[76]
Hf(SO4)2Cl−2:1[77]

Some "chloride sulfates" are sold as solutions in water and used for water treatment. these include ferric chloride sulfate and polyaluminium sulfate chloride. The solutions may also be called "chlorosulfates" even though they do not contain a chlorosulfate group.

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Arzrunite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  2. Web site: Connellite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  3. Web site: Chlorothionite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  4. Web site: Sundiusite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  5. Web site: Mammothite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  6. Web site: Unnamed (Zn Sulfate Chloride Hydroxide): Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  7. Web site: Tatarskite: Mineral information, data and localities.. www.mindat.org. 2020-05-15.
  8. Demartin. F.. Castellano. C.. Campostrini. I.. February 2014. Therasiaite, (NH 4) 3 KNa 2 Fe 2+ Fe 3+ (SO 4) 3 Cl 5, a new sulfate chloride from La Fossa Crater, Vulcano, Aeolian islands, Italy. Mineralogical Magazine. en. 78. 1. 203–213. 10.1180/minmag.2014.078.1.14. 2014MinM...78..203D. 101488742. 0026-461X. subscription.
  9. Web site: Acmonidesite: Mineral information, data and localities.. www.mindat.org. 2020-04-20.
  10. Web site: Anhydrokainite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  11. Siidra. Oleg I.. Nazarchuk. Evgeny V.. Lukina. Evgeniya A.. Zaitsev. Anatoly N.. Shilovskikh. Vladimir V.. October 2018. Belousovite, KZn(SO 4)Cl, a new sulfate mineral from the Tolbachik volcano with apophyllite sheet-topology.. Mineralogical Magazine. en. 82. 5. 1079–1088. 10.1180/minmag.2017.081.084. 2018MinM...82.1079S. 133993574. 0026-461X. subscription.
  12. Nasdala. Lutz. Witzke. Thomas. Ullrich. Bernd. Brett. Robin. 1998-10-01. Gordaite [Zn 4 Na(OH) 6 (SO 4)Cl.6H 2 O]
    second occurrence in the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and new data]
    . American Mineralogist. en. 83. 9–10. 1111–1116. 10.2138/am-1998-9-1020. 1998AmMin..83.1111N. 101267874. 0003-004X. subscription.
  13. Web site: Kainite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  14. Web site: Spangolite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  15. Kasatkin. Anatoly V.. Plášil. Jakub. Škoda. Radek. Belakovskiy. Dmitriy I.. Marty. Joe. Meisser. Nicolas. Pekov. Igor V.. February 2018. Redefinition of thérèsemagnanite, NaCo 4 (SO 4)(OH) 6 Cl·6H 2 O: new data and relationship to 'cobaltogordaite'. Mineralogical Magazine. en. 82. 1. 159–170. 10.1180/minmag.2017.081.030. 2018MinM...82..159K. 197550217. 0026-461X. subscription.
  16. Web site: Mineralienatlas – Fossilienatlas. 2020-06-19. www.mineralatlas.eu. de.
  17. Web site: Vendidaite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  18. Web site: Xitieshanite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  19. Web site: Unnamed (Zn Sulphate-Hydroxide-Chloride-Hydrate): Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  20. Web site: Unnamed (Gordaite-related Ca-Zn Sulphate Chloride Hydrate): Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  21. Web site: Aubertite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  22. Web site: Magnesioaubertite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  23. Web site: Kamchatkite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  24. Web site: Aiolosite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  25. Web site: Caracolite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  26. Web site: DAnsite Mineral Data. 2020-06-19. webmineral.com.
  27. Web site: D'Ansite-(Fe): Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  28. Web site: D'Ansite-(Mn): Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  29. Web site: Adranosite: Mineral information, data and localities.. www.mindat.org. 2020-04-20.
  30. Web site: Adranosite-(Fe): Mineral information, data and localities.. www.mindat.org. 2020-04-20.
  31. Web site: Bluelizardite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  32. Web site: Piypite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  33. Web site: Atlasovite: Mineral information, data and localities.. www.mindat.org. 2020-05-23.
  34. Web site: Marinellite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  35. Web site: Philolithite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  36. Web site: Symesite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  37. Web site: Bobmeyerite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  38. Web site: Microsommite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-19. www.mindat.org.
  39. Web site: Mattheddleite: Mineral information, data and localities.. www.mindat.org. 2020-05-22.
  40. Web site: Afghanite Mineral Data. www.webmineral.com. 2020-05-22.
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