Sulfate carbonate explained

The sulfate carbonates are a compound carbonates, or mixed anion compounds that contain sulfate and carbonate ions. Sulfate carbonate minerals are in the 7.DG and 5.BF Nickel-Strunz groupings.^[1]

They may be formed by crystallization from a water solution, or by melting a carbonate and sulfate together.

In some structures carbonate and sulfate can substitute for each other. For example a range from 1.4 to 2.2 Na₂SO₄•Na₂CO₃ is stable as a solid solution.^[2] Silvialite can substitute about half its sulfate with carbonate^[3] and the high temperature hexagonal form of sodium sulfate (I) Na₂SO₄ can substitute unlimited proportions of carbonate instead of sulfate.^[4]

Minerals

name	formula	system	space group	unit cell	volumeÅ^3	density	optical	ref
Brianyoungite	Zn12(CO3)3(SO4)(OH)16	Monoclinic	P21/m	a = 15.724 b = 6.256 c = 5.427 β = 90°	533.8	4.09	Biaxial nα = 1.635 nβ = 1.650	^[5]
Burkeite	Na6(CO3)(SO4)2	orthorhombic		a = 7.05 b = 9.21 c = 5.16	335.04	2.57	Biaxial (-) nα = 1.448 nβ = 1.489 nγ = 1.493 2V: measured: 34°, calculated: 32° Max birefringence: δ = 0.045	^[6]
Caledonite	Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6	Orthorhombic	Pmn21	a = 20.089 b = 7.146 c = 6.56	941.7	5.77	Biaxial (-) nα = 1.818(3) nβ = 1.866(3) nγ = 1.909(3) 2V: measured: 85°, calculated: 84° Max birefringence: δ = 0.091 bluish green	^[7]
Carraraite	Ca3(SO4)[Ge(OH)<sub>6</sub>](CO3) · 12H2O	hexagonal	P63/m?	a = 11.056 c = 10.629	1125.17		Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.479(1) nε = 1.509(1)Max birefringence: δ = 0.030	^[8]
Carbonatecyanotrichite	Cu4Al2(CO3,SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O	Orthorhombic					Biaxial (+) nα = 1.616 nβ = 1.630 nγ = 1.6772V: measured: 55° to 60°, calculated: 60° Max birefringence: δ = 0.061 pale blue	^[9]
Claraite	(Cu,Zn)15(AsO4)2(CO3)4(SO4)(OH)14·7H2O	triclinic	P	a = 10.3343 b = 12.8212 c = 14.7889 α = 113.196°, β = 90.811°, γ = 89.818°	1800.9			^[10]
Ferrotychite	Na6(Fe,Mn,Mg)2(CO3)4(SO4)	Isometric	Fd3	a = 13.962	2,721.7	2.79	Isotropic n = 1.550	^[11]
Hanksite	Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl	hexagonal	P 63/m	a = 10.4896 c = 21.2415	2024.1	2.562	Uniaxial (-) nω = 1.481 nε = 1.461 Max birefringence: δ = 0.020	^[12]
Hauckite	Fe^3+3(Mg,Mn^2+)24Zn18(SO4)4(CO3)2(OH)81	hexagonal	P6/mmm	a = 9.17 c = 30.21	2200	3.02	Uniaxial (+) nω = 1.630 nε = 1.638 Max birefringence: δ = 0.008	^[13]
Jouravskite	Ca3Mn^4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O	Hexagonal	P63	a = 11.0713 c = 10.6265 Z=3	1128.02		Uniaxial (-) nω = 1.556 nε = 1.540 Max birefringence: δ = 0.016	^[14]
Korkinoite	Ca4(SO4)2(CO3)2 · 9H2O	Orthorhombic	Pmmm				Biaxial (+)	^[15]
Latiumite	(Ca,K)4(Si,Al)5O11(SO4,CO3)	Monoclinic		a = 12.06 Å, b = 5.08 Å, c = 10.81 Åβ = 106°	636.6		Biaxial (+/-) nα = 1.600 - 1.603 nβ = 1.606 - 1.609 nγ = 1.614 - 1.6152V: measured: 83° to 90°, calculated: 84° to 88° Max Birefringence: δ = 0.014	^[16]
Leadhillite	Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2	Monoclinic	P21/b	a = 9.11 b = 20.82 c = 11.59 β = 90.46°	2198	6.55	Biaxial (-) nα = 1.870 nβ = 2.009 nγ = 2.010 2V: 10° Max birefringence: δ = 0.140	^[17]
Macphersonite	Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2	Orthorhombic		a = 10.38 b = 23.05 c = 9.242	2211.8		Biaxial (-) nα = 1.870 nβ = 2.000 nγ = 2.010 2V: measured: 35° calculated: 28° Max birefringence: δ = 0.140	^[18]
Manganotychite	Na6(Mn,Fe,Mg)2(SO4)(CO3)4	Isometric	Fd3	a = 13.9951	2,741.12	2.7	n = 1.544 pink	^[19]
Mineevite-Y	Na25BaY2(SO4)11(HCO3)4(CO3)2F2Cl^[20]	Hexagonal	P63/m	a = 8.811 c = 37.03 Z=2	2489.6		Uniaxial (-) nω = 1.536 nε = 1.510 Max birefringence: δ = 0.026 pale green	^[21]
Nakauriite	Cu8(SO4)4(CO3)(OH)6•48H2O	orthorhombic		a = 14.58 b = 11.47 c = 16.22	2,712.5	2.39	blue Biaxial (-) nα = 1.585 nβ = 1.604 nγ = 1.612 2V: measured: 65°, calculated: 64° Max birefringence: δ = 0.027	^[22]
Nasledovite	PbMn3Al4(CO3)4(SO4)O5 · 5H2O					3.069	Biaxial	^[23]
Paraotwayite	Ni(OH)2-x(SO4,CO3)0.5x	monoclinic		a = 7.89 b = 2.96 c = 13.63 β = 91.1°	318	3.30	Biaxial nα = 1.655 nγ = 1.705Max birefringence: δ = 0.050 emerald-green	^[24]
Philolithite	Pb12Mn^2+(Mg,Mn^2+)2(Mn^2+,Mg)4(CO3)4(SO4)O6(OH)12Cl4	Tetragonal		a = 12.627 c = 12.595	2008.2		Biaxial (+) nα = 1.920 nβ = 1.940 nγ = 1.950 Max birefringence: δ = 0.030 apple green	^[25]
Putnisite	SrCa4Cr8^3+(CO3)8(SO4)(OH)16·25 H2O	Orthorhombic	Pnma	a = 15.351 b = 20.421 c = 18.270 Z = 4	5727.3		Biaxial(-); α = 1.552 nβ = 1.583 nγ = 1.599Max birefringence: δ =0.047 violet	^[26]
Pyroaurite	Mg6Fe2(SO4,CO3)(OH)16·4H2O	Trigonal	R3_m	a = 3.1094 c = 23.4117	196.03	2.1	Uniaxial (-) nω = 1.564 nε = 1.543Max birefringence: δ = 0.021	^[27]
		Hexagonal	P63/mmc	a = 3.113 c = 15.61	131.01
Rapidcreekite	Ca2(SO4)(CO3)•4H2O	orthorhombic		a = 15.49 b = 19.18 c = 6.15	1827.15		Biaxial (+) nα = 1.516 nβ = 1.518 nγ = 1.531 2V: measured: 45°, calculated: 44° Max birefringence: δ = 0.015	^[28]
Schröckingerite	NaCa3(UO2)(SO4)(CO3)3F•10(H2O)	triclinic	P	a = 9.634 b = 9.635 c = 14.391 α = 91.41(1)°, β = 92.33(1)°, γ = 120.26(1)°			Biaxial (-) nα = 1.495 nβ = 1.543 nγ = 1.544 Max birefringence: δ = 0.049	^[29]
Susannite	Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2	trigonal	P3	a = 9.07 Å, c = 11.57 Å Z=3	824.62	6.52	clear	^[30]
Tatarskite	Ca6Mg2(SO4)2(CO3)2(OH)4Cl4•7H2O^[31]	Orthorhombic				2.341	nα = 1.567(2) nβ = 1.654(2) nγ = 1.722 biaxial(-) 2V=83	^[32]
Thaumasite	Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)<sub>6</sub>](CO3) · 12H2O	hexagonal	P63	a = 11.030 c = 10.396	1095.3		Uniaxial (-) nω = 1.507 nε = 1.468Max birefringence: δ = 0.039	^[33]
Tychite	Na6Mg2(SO4)(CO3)4	Isometric	Fd3	a = 13.9038 Z=8	2687.82	2.456	isotropic	^[34]
Alloriite	Na19K6Ca5[Al<sub>22</sub>Si<sub>26</sub>O<sub>96</sub>](SO4)5Cl(CO3)x(H2O)	trigonal	P31c	a = 12.892 c = 21.340				^[35]
Potassium-Schröckingerite	KCa3(UO2)(CO3)3(SO4)F•10H2O	triclinic						^[36]

Artificial

name	formula	formula weight	crystal system	space group	unit cell	volume	density	refractive index	comment	CAS	reference
	Na4CO3SO4		Hexagonal	Pm1	a=5.2284 c=6.8808 Z=1		2.538	uniaxial (-) n=~1.45			^[37] ^[38]
	Mg4(OH)2(CO3)2SO4·6H2O										^[39]
LDH-SO4-CO3	Mg6Al2SO4CO3(OH)14·4H2O			Pm	a=3.070 c=22.3				layered		^[40]
	Co6Al2SO4CO3(OH)14·4H2O
	Cu6Al2SO4CO3(OH)14·4H2O
Complexes
Tetrammine carbonatocobalt(III) sulfate trihydrate	[Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>]2SO4·3H2O		Monoclinic	P21/c	a=7.455 b=10.609 c=23.627 β =98.346 Z=4	1849	1.88		dark red		^[41]
μ-Carbonato-bis(pentaamminecobalt(III)) sulfate tetrahydrate	[Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>]2CO3SO4·4H2O								dark red	49731-04-6	^[42]
μ-Carbonato-μ-dihydroxo-bis(triamminecobalt(III)) sulfate pentahydrate	[(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Co(μ-OH)<sub>2</sub>(μ-CO<sub>3</sub>)Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]SO4 . 5H2O	500.21	Triclinic		a= 6.6914 b= 11.2847 c= 11.825, α = 92.766 β= 99.096 γ= 101.496	861.1	1.929		dark red	75476-69-6	^[43]

Notes and References

1. Web site: Susannite: Mineral information, data and localities. . www.mindat.org . 10 May 2020.
2. Green . Stanley J. . Frattali . Francis J. . The System Sodium Carbonate-Sodium Sulfate-Sodium Hydroxide-Water at 100° . Journal of the American Chemical Society . September 1946 . 68 . 9 . 1789–1794 . 10.1021/ja01213a033.
3. Teertstra. D. K.. Schindler. M.. Sherriff. B. L.. Hawthorne. F. C.. June 1999. Silvialite, a new sulfate-dominant member of the scapolite group with an Al-Si composition near the 14/ m – P 4 2 / n phase transition. Mineralogical Magazine. en. 63. 3. 321–329. 10.1180/002646199548547. 1999MinM...63..321T. 129588463. 0026-461X.
4. Eysel. W.. Höfer. H. H.. Keester. K. L.. Hahn. Th.. 1985-02-01. Crystal chemistry and structure of Na 2 SO 4 (I) and its solid solutions. Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science. 41. 1. 5–11. 10.1107/S0108768185001501. 1985AcCrB..41....5E . 0108-7681.
5. Web site: Brianyoungite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
6. Web site: Burkeite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
7. Web site: Caledonite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
8. Web site: Carraraite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
9. Web site: Carbonatecyanotrichite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
10. Biagioni. Cristian. Orlandi. Paolo. 2017-12-01. Claraite, (Cu,Zn)15(AsO4)2(CO3)4(SO4)(OH)14·7H2O: redefinition and crystal structure. European Journal of Mineralogy. en. 29. 6. 1031–1044. 10.1127/ejm/2017/0029-2669. 2017EJMin..29.1031B. 11568/895507. 0935-1221. free.
11. Web site: Ferrotychite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
12. Callegari. Athos Maria. Boiocchi. Massimo. Zema. Michele. Tarantino. Serena Chiara. 2018-08-01. The crystal structure of hanksite, Na 22 K(CO 3) 2 (SO 4) 9 Cl, refined from high-resolution X-ray diffraction data. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen . en. 195. 2. 115–122. 10.1127/njma/2018/0113. 134964473. 0077-7757.
13. Web site: Hauckite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
14. Web site: Jouravskite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
15. Web site: Korkinoite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
16. Web site: Latiumite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-10. www.mindat.org.
17. Web site: Leadhillite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
18. Web site: Macphersonite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
19. Web site: Manganotychite: Mineral information, data and localities.. www.mindat.org. 2020-05-18.
20. Book: Jones . G. C. . Jackson . B. . Infrared Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals . 2012 . Springer Science & Business Media . 978-94-011-2120-0 . 18 . en.
21. Web site: Mineevite-(Y): Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
22. Web site: Nakauriite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
23. Web site: Nasledovite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
24. Web site: Paraotwayite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
25. Web site: Philolithite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
26. Web site: Mineralienatlas - Fossilienatlas. 2020-06-11. www.mineralienatlas.de. de.
27. Web site: Pyroaurite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-10. www.mindat.org.
28. Web site: Rapidcreekite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
29. Web site: Schröckingerite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
30. Web site: Susannite: Mineral information, data and localities.. www.mindat.org. 2020-05-18.
31. Web site: Tatarskite: Mineral information, data and localities. . www.mindat.org . 10 May 2020.
32. Web site: Tatarskite: Mineral information, data and localities.. www.mindat.org. 2020-05-18.
33. Web site: Thaumasite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
34. Web site: Tychite: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
35. Kaneva. Ekaterina. 2015-09-01. Investigation of the sulfur speciation in cancrinite group minerals using Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis [in Russian]].
36. Web site: UM1997-27-CO:CaHKSU: Mineral information, data and localities.. 2020-06-09. www.mindat.org.
37. Web site: Swanson. Howard E.. McMurdie. Howard F.. Morris. Marlene C.. Evans. Eloise H.. Paretzkin. Boris. February 1974. Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 11. Data for 70 Substances. 2020-06-09. UNT Digital Library. 51. en.
38. Wang. Jinsheng. Wu. Yinghai. Anthony. Edward J.. July 2007. Reactions of solid CaSO4 and Na2CO3 and formation of sodium carbonate sulfate double salts. Thermochimica Acta. 459. 1–2. 121–124. 10.1016/j.tca.2007.04.014.
39. Livingstone. A.. September 1987. A basic magnesium carbonate, a possible dimorph of artinite, from Unst, Shetland. Mineralogical Magazine. en. 51. 361. 459–462. 10.1180/minmag.1987.051.361.13. 1987MinM...51..459L. 10869061 . 0026-461X.
40. Wu. Jiansong. Yang. Yifeng. October 2019. Synthesis and Structural Analysis of LDH-SO4-CO3 Whisker. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed.. en. 34. 5. 1085–1088. 10.1007/s11595-019-2163-2. 203852725. 1000-2413.
41. Macikenas. Dainius. Hazell. R. G.. Christensen. A. Nørlund. Balashev. Konstantin P.. Songstad. Jon. Mo. Frode. Bartfai. Tamas. Langel. Ülo. 1995. X-Ray Crystallographic Study of Tetrammine-Carbonatocobalt(III) Sulfate Trihydrate, [Co(NH3)4CO3]2SO4.3H2O.. Acta Chemica Scandinavica. en. 49. 636–639. 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.49-0636. 0904-213X. free.
42. Kremer. Eduardo. Piriz Mac-Coll. Carlos R.. October 1971. .mu.-Carbonato-bis(pentaamminecobalt(III)) salts. Inorganic Chemistry. en. 10. 10. 2182–2186. 10.1021/ic50104a018. 0020-1669.
43. Churchill. Melvyn Rowen.. Lashewycz. Romana A.. Koshy. Kanayuthu.. Dasgupta. Tara P.. February 1981. Synthesis, properties, and crystallographic characterization of a dinuclear .mu.-carbonato complex of cobalt(III): [(NH3)3Co(.mu.-OH)2(.mu.-CO3)Co(NH3)3]SO4.5H2O. Inorganic Chemistry. en. 20. 2. 376–381. 10.1021/ic50216a012. 0020-1669.