Sukhoi Su-27 Explained

The Sukhoi Su-27 (Russian: Сухой Су-27; NATO reporting name: Flanker) is a Soviet-origin twin-engine supersonic supermaneuverable fighter aircraft designed by Sukhoi. It was intended as a direct competitor for the large US fourth-generation jet fighters such as the Grumman F-14 Tomcat and McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, with 3530sigfig=3NaNsigfig=3 range, heavy aircraft ordnance, sophisticated avionics and high maneuverability. The Su-27 was designed for air superiority missions, and subsequent variants are able to perform almost all aerial warfare operations. It was designed with the Mikoyan MiG-29 as its complement.

The Su-27 entered service with the Soviet Air Forces in 1985. The primary role was long range air defence against American SAC Rockwell B-1B Lancer and Boeing B-52G and H Stratofortress bombers, protecting the Soviet coast from aircraft carriers and flying long range fighter escort for Soviet heavy bombers such as the Tupolev Tu-95, Tupolev Tu-22M and Tupolev Tu-160.[1]

The Su-27 was developed into a family of aircraft; these include the Su-30, a two-seat, dual-role fighter for all-weather, air-to-air and air-to-surface deep interdiction missions, and the Su-33, a naval fleet defense interceptor for use from aircraft carriers. Further versions include the side-by-side two-seat Su-34 strike/fighter-bomber variant, and the Su-35 improved air superiority and multi-role fighter. A thrust-vectoring version was created, called the Su-37. The Shenyang J-11 is a Chinese license-built version of the Su-27.

Development

In 1969, the Soviet Union learned of the U.S. Air Force's "F-X" program, which resulted in the F-15 Eagle. The Soviet leadership soon realized that the new American fighter would represent a serious technological advantage over existing Soviet fighters. "What was needed was a better-balanced fighter with both good agility and sophisticated systems." In response, the Soviet General Staff issued a requirement for a Perspektivnyy Frontovoy Istrebitel (PFI, literally "Prospective Frontline Fighter", roughly "Advanced Frontline Fighter").[2] Specifications were extremely ambitious, calling for long-range, good short-field performance (including the ability to use austere runways), excellent agility, Mach 2+ speed, and heavy armament. The aerodynamic design for the new aircraft was largely carried out by TsAGI in collaboration with the Sukhoi design bureau.

When the specification proved too challenging and costly for a single aircraft in the number needed, the PFI specification was split into two: the LPFI (Lyogkyi PFI, Lightweight PFI) and the TPFI (Tyazholyi PFI, Heavy PFI). The LPFI program resulted in the Mikoyan MiG-29, a relatively short-range tactical fighter, while the TPFI program was assigned to Sukhoi OKB, which eventually produced the Su-27 and its various derivatives.

The Sukhoi design, which was altered progressively to reflect Soviet awareness of the F-15's specifications, emerged as the T-10 (Sukhoi's 10th design), which first flew on 20 May 1977. The aircraft had a large wing, clipped, with two separate podded engines and a twin tail. The 'tunnel' between the two engines, as on the F-14 Tomcat, acts both as an additional lifting surface and hides armament from radar.

Air Force

The T-10 was spotted by Western observers and assigned the NATO reporting name 'Flanker-A'. The development of the T-10 was marked by considerable problems, leading to a fatal crash of the second prototype, the T-10-2 on 7 July 1978,[3] due to shortcomings in the fly-by-wire control system.[4] Extensive redesigns followed (T-10-3 through T-10-15) and a revised version of the T-10-7, now designated the T-10S, made its first flight on 20 April 1981. It also crashed due to control problems and was replaced by T-10-12 which became T-10S-2. This one also crashed on 23 December 1981 during a high-speed test, killing the pilot.[5] Eventually the T-10-15 demonstrator, T-10S-3, evolved into the definitive Su-27 configuration.[6]

The T-10S-3 was modified and officially designated the P-42, setting a number of world records for time-to-height,[7] beating those set in 1975 by a similarly modified F-15 called "The Streak Eagle".[8] The P-42 "Streak Flanker" was stripped of all armament, radar and operational equipment. The fin tips, tail-boom and the wingtip launch rails were also removed. The composite radome was replaced by a lighter metal version. The aircraft was stripped of paint, polished and all drag-producing gaps and joints were sealed. The engines were modified to deliver an increase in thrust of 1000kg (2,000lb), resulting in a thrust-to-weight ratio of almost 2:1 (for comparison with standard example see Specifications).[9] [10]

The production Su-27 (sometimes Su-27S, NATO designation 'Flanker-B') began to enter VVS operational service in 1985, although manufacturing difficulties kept it from appearing in strength until 1990.[11] The Su-27 served with both the V-PVO and Frontal Aviation. Operational conversion of units to the type occurred using the Su-27UB (Russian for Uchebno Boevoy - "combat trainer", NATO designation 'Flanker-C') twin-seat trainer, with the pilots seated in tandem.[12]

When the naval Flanker trainer was being conceived the Soviet Air Force was evaluating a replacement for the Su-24 "Fencer" strike aircraft, and it became evident to Soviet planners at the time that a replacement for the Su-24 would need to be capable of surviving engagements with the new American F-15 and F-16. The Sukhoi bureau concentrated on adaptations of the standard Su-27UB tandem-seat trainer. However, the Soviet Air Force favoured the crew station (side-by-side seating) approach used in the Su-24 as it worked better for the high workload and potentially long endurance strike roles. Therefore, the conceptual naval side-by-side seated trainer was used as the basis for development of the Su-27IB (Russian for Istrebityel Bombardirovshchik - "fighter bomber") as an Su-24 replacement in 1983. The first production airframe was flown in early 1994 and renamed the Su-34 (NATO reporting name 'Fullback').[13]

Navy

Development of a version for the Soviet Navy designated Su-27K (from Korabyelny - "shipborne", NATO designation 'Flanker-D') commenced not long after the development of the main land-based type. Some of the T-10 demonstrators were modified to test features of navalized variants for carrier operations. These modified demonstrators led to specific prototypes for the Soviet Navy, designated "T-10K". The T-10Ks had canards, an arresting hook and carrier landing avionics as well as a retractable inflight refueling probe. They did not have the landing gear required for carrier landings or folding wings. The first T-10K flew in August 1987 flown by the famous Soviet test pilot Viktor Pugachev (who first demonstrated the cobra manoeuvre using an Su-27 in 1989), performing test takeoffs from a land-based ski-jump carrier deck on the Black Sea coast at Saky in the Ukrainian SSR. The aircraft was lost in an accident in 1988.

At the time the naval Flanker was being developed the Soviets were building their first generation of aircraft carriers and had no experience with steam catapults and did not want to delay the introduction of the carriers. Thus it was decided to use a takeoff method that did not require catapults by building up full thrust against a blast deflector until the aircraft sheared restraints holding it down to the deck. The fighter would then accelerate up the deck onto a ski jump and become airborne.[14]

The production Su-27K featured the required strengthened landing gear with a two-wheel nose gear assembly, folding stabilators and wings, outer ailerons that extended further with inner double slotted flaps and enlarged leading-edge slats for low-speed carrier approaches, modified Leading Edge Root eXtension (LERX) with canards, a modified ejection seat angle, upgraded fly-by-wire, upgraded hydraulics, an arresting hook and retractable inflight refuelling probe with a pair of deployable floodlights in the nose to illuminate the tanker at night. The Su-27K began carrier trials in November 1989, again with Pugachev at the controls, onboard the first Soviet aircraft carrier, called Tbilisi at the time and formal carrier operations commenced in September 1991.[15] [16]

Development of the naval trainer, called the Su-27KUB (from Korabyelny Uchebno-Boyevoy - "shipborne trainer-combat"), began in 1989. The aim was to produce an airframe with dual roles for the Navy and Air Force suitable for a range of other missions such as reconnaissance, aerial refuelling, maritime strike, and jamming. This concept then evolved into the Su-27IB (Su-34 "Fullback") for the Soviet Air Force. The naval trainer had a revised forward fuselage to accommodate a side-by-side cockpit seating arrangement with crew access via a ladder in the nose-wheel undercarriage and enlarged canards, stabilisers, fins and rudders. The wings had extra ordnance hard-points and the fold position was also moved further outboard. The inlets were fixed and did not feature foreign object damage suppression hardware. The central fuselage was strengthened to accommodate 45t maximum gross weight and internal volume was increased by 30%. This first prototype, the T-10V-1, flew in April 1990 conducting aerial refuelling trials and simulated carrier landing approaches on the Tbilisi. The second prototype, the T-10V-2 was built in 1993 and had enlarged internal fuel tanks, enlarged spine, lengthened tail and tandem dual wheel main undercarriage.[13]

Export and post-Soviet development

In 1991, the production facilities at Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant and Irkutsk developed export variants of the Su-27: the Su-27SK single seat fighter and Su-27UBK twin-seat trainer, (the K in both variants is Russian for "Kommercheskiy" - literally "Commercial")[17] which have been exported to China, Vietnam, Ethiopia and Indonesia.[18] After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Russia, the successor state, started development of advanced variants of the Su-27 including the Su-30, Su-33, Su-34, Su-35, and Su-37.

Since 1998 the export Su-27SK has been produced as the Shenyang J-11 in China under licence. The first licensed-production plane, assembled in Shenyang from Russian supplied kits, was flight tested on 16 December 1998. These licence-built versions, which numbered 100, were designated J-11A. The next model, the J-11B made extensive use of Chinese developed systems within the Su-27SK airframe.[19]

Starting in 2004, the Russian Air Force began a major update of the original Soviet Su-27 ('Flanker-B') fleet. The upgraded variants were designated Su-27SM (Russian for "Seriyniy Modernizovanniy" - literally "Serial Modernized"). This included upgrades in air-to-air capability with the R-77 missile with an active radar homing head. The modernized Su-27SM fighters belong to the 4+ generation. The strike capability was enhanced with the addition of the Kh-29T/TE/L and Kh-31P/Kh-31A ASM and KAB-500KR/KAB-1500KR smart bombs. The avionics were also upgraded.[20] The Russian Air Force is currently receiving aircraft modernized to the SM3 standard. The aircraft’s efficiency to hit air and ground targets has increased 2 and 3 times than in the basic Su-27 variant. Su-27SM3 has two additional stations under the wing and a much stronger airframe. The aircraft is equipped with new onboard radio-electronic systems and a wider range of applicable air weapons. The aircraft’s cockpit has multifunctional displays.[21]

The Su-30 is a two-seat multi-role version developed from the Su-27UBK and was designed for export and evolved into two main variants. The export variant for China, the SU-30MKK ('Flanker-G') which first flew in 1999. The other variant developed as the export version for India, the Su-30MKI ('Flanker-H') was delivered in 2002 and has at least five other configurations.

The Su-33 is the Russian Navy version of the Soviet Su-27K which was redesignated by the Sukhoi Design Bureau after 1991. Both have the NATO designation 'Flanker-D'.

The Su-34 is the Russian derivative of the Soviet-era Su-27IB, which evolved from the Soviet Navy Su-27KUB operational conversion trainer. It was previously referred to as the Su-32MF.

The newest and most advanced version of the Su-27 is the Su-35S ("Serial"). The Su-35 was previously referred to as the Su-27M, Su-27SM2, and Su-35BM.[22]

The Su-37 is an advanced technology demonstrator derived from Su-35 prototypes, featuring thrust vectoring nozzles made of titanium rather than steel and an updated airframe containing a high proportion of carbon-fibre and Al-Li alloy.[23] Only two examples were built and in 2002 one crashed, effectively ending the program. The Su-37 improvements did however make it into new Flanker variants such as the Su-35S and the Su-30MKI.[24]

Design

The Su-27's basic design is aerodynamically similar to the MiG-29, but it is substantially larger. The wings are attached to the center of the fuselage at the leading edge extensions, featuring a semi-delta design, with the tips cropped for missile rails or ECM pods. The fighter is also an example of a tailed delta wing configuration, retaining conventional horizontal tailplanes.[25]

The Su-27 had the Soviet Union's first operational fly-by-wire control system, based on the Sukhoi OKB's experience with the T-4 bomber project. Combined with relatively low wing loading and powerful basic flight controls, it makes for an exceptionally agile aircraft, controllable even at very low speeds and high angle of attack. In airshows the aircraft has demonstrated its maneuverability with a Cobra (Pugachev’s Cobra) or dynamic deceleration – briefly sustained level flight at a 120° angle of attack.

The naval version of the 'Flanker', the Su-27K (or Su-33), incorporates canards for additional lift, reducing takeoff distances. These canards have also been incorporated in some Su-30s, the Su-35, and the Su-37.

The Su-27 is equipped with a Phazotron N001 Myech coherent Pulse-Doppler radar with track while scan and look-down/shoot-down capability. The fighter also has an OLS-27 infrared search and track (IRST) system in the nose just forward of the cockpit with an 80– range.[26]

The Su-27 is armed with a single 30sigfig=3NaNsigfig=3 Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1 cannon in the starboard wingroot, and has up to 10 hardpoints for missiles and other weapons. Its standard missile armament for air-to-air combat is a mixture of R-73 (AA-11 Archer) and R-27 (AA-10 'Alamo') missiles, the latter including extended range and infrared homing models.

Operational history

Soviet Union and Russia

The Soviet Air Force began receiving Su-27s in June 1985.[11] The first frontline unit to receive the Su-27 was the 831st Fighter Aviation Regiment at Myrhorod Air Base, Ukrainian SSR, in November 1985.[27] It officially entered service in August 1990.[11]

On 13 September 1987, a fully armed Soviet Su-27, Red 36, intercepted a Norwegian Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft flying over the Barents Sea. The Soviet fighter performed different close passes, colliding with the reconnaissance aircraft on the third pass. The Su-27 disengaged and both aircraft landed safely at their bases.[28]

These aircraft were used by the Russian Air Force during the 1992–1993 war in Abkhazia against Georgian forces. One fighter, piloted by Major Vatslav Aleksandrovich Shipko (Вацлав Александрович Шипко) was reported shot down in friendly fire by an S-75M Dvina on 19 March 1993 while intercepting Georgian Su-25s performing close air support. The pilot was killed.[29] [30]

In the 2008 South Ossetia War, Russia used Su-27s to gain airspace control over Tskhinvali, the capital city of South Ossetia.[31] [32]

On 7 February 2013, two Su-27s briefly entered Japanese airspace off Rishiri Island near Hokkaido, flying south over the Sea of Japan before turning back to the north. Four Mitsubishi F-2 fighters were scrambled to visually confirm the Russian planes,[33] warning them by radio to leave their airspace.[34] A photo taken by a JASDF pilot of one of the two Su-27s was released by the Japan Ministry of Defense.[35] Russia denied the incursion, saying the jets were making routine flights near the disputed Kuril Islands.[36]

Russia plans to replace the Su-27 and the Mikoyan MiG-29 eventually with the Sukhoi Su-57 fifth-generation multi-role twin-engine fighter.[37]

A squadron of Su-27SM3s was deployed to Syria in November 2015 as part of the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War.[38] [39]

A Russian Su-27 crashed over the Black Sea on 25 March 2020, in mysterious circumstances. The pilot was not found,[40] after a large-scale rescue effort hampered by inclement weather involving four helicopters, 11 civilian and military vessels, and several drones. The plane's last location was some 50 kilometers from the city of Feodosia.[41]

China

China was the first foreign operator of Su-27 and the only country to acquire the fighter before the fall of the Soviet Union. The deal, known as the '906 Project' in China, marked a leap in Chinese aviation capability in the 1990s. Discussion of the aircraft purchase began in 1988 when the Soviet Union offered China fourth-generation fighters like MiG-29. However, the Chinese negotiator insisted on purchasing the Su-27, the most sophisticated fighter Soviets had at the time. The sales were approved in December 1990, with three fighters delivered to China before the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991.[42] Russia completed the contract and allowed China to manufacture the Su-27 domestically, where the aircraft is designated as J-11.

The earliest batch of Su-27s was stationed at the Wuhu Air Base in the early 1990s.[43] In the next two decades, 78 Flankers were delivered under three separate contracts by the Russian KnAAPO and IAPO plants. Delivery of the aircraft began in February 1991 and finished by September 2009. The first contract was for 20 Su-27SK and 4 Su-27UBK aircraft. In February 1991, a Su-27 performed a flight demonstration at Beijing's Nanyuan Airport. Chinese Su-27 pilots described its performance as "outstanding" in all aspects and flight envelopes. The official induction to service with the PLAAF occurred shortly thereafter. China found some of the aircraft delivered were Su-27UBs that had been built in 1989 for the Soviet Union but never delivered. Russia delivered 2 more Su-27UBKs to China as a compensation.[44]

Differences in the payment method delayed the signing of the second, identical contract. For the first batch, 70% of the payment had been made in barter transactions with light industrial goods and food. The Russian Federation argued that future transactions should be made in US dollars. In May 1995, Chinese Central Military Commission Vice Chairman Liu Huaqing visited Russia and agreed to the demand, on the condition that the production line of the Su-27 be imported. The contract was signed the same year. Delivery of the final aircraft from the second batch, which consisted of 16 Su-27SKs and 8 Su-27UBKs, occurred in July 1996. In preparation for the expanding Su-27 fleet, the PLAAF sought to augment its trainer fleet.

On 3 December 1999, a third contract was signed, this time for 28 Su-27UBKs. All 76 of the aircraft featured strengthened airframe and landing gear – the result of the PLAAF demands air-ground capability. As a result, the aircraft is capable of employing most of the conventional air-to-ground ordnance produced by Russia. Maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) increased to 33000kg (73,000lb). As is common for Russian export fighters, the active jamming device was downgraded; Su-27's L005 ECM pod was replaced with the L203/L204 pod. Furthermore, there were slight avionics differences between the batches. The first batch had N001E radar, while the later aircraft had N001P radar, capable of engaging two targets at the same time. Additionally, ground radar and navigational systems were upgraded. The aircraft are not capable of deploying the R-77 "Adder" missile due to a downgraded fire control system,[45] except for the last batch of 28 Su-27UBKs.[44]

At the 2009 Farnborough Airshow, Alexander Fomin- Deputy Director of Russia's Federal Service for Military-Technical Co-operation confirmed the existence of an all-encompassing contract and ongoing licensed production of Su-27 variants by China. The aircraft was being produced as the Shenyang J-11.[46]

Ethiopia

Ethiopian Su-27s shot down two Eritrean MiG-29s and damaged another one during the Eritrean-Ethiopian War[47] [48] in February 1999 and destroyed another two in May 2000.[49] The Su-27s were also used in combat air patrol (CAP) missions, suppression of air defense, and providing escort for fighters on bombing and reconnaissance missions.[50] The Ethiopian Air Force (ETAF) used their Su-27s to deadly effect in Somalia during late 2000s and 2010s, bombing Islamist garrisons and patrolling the airspace. The Su-27 has replaced the aging Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, which was the main air superiority fighter of the ETAF between 1977 and 1999.[51] Ethiopian government used its Su-27s for bombing targets during the Tigray War. Ethiopian Su-27s were depicted armed with OFAB-250 unguided bombs and over the skies of Mekelle.[52] On 25 August 2022, Ethiopian authorities claimed an An-26 was intercepted and then shot down by an ETAF Su-27, scrambled to investigate the airspace violation incoming from Sudan.[53]

Angola

The Su-27 entered Angolan service in mid-2000 during the Angolan Civil War. It is reported that one Su-27 in the process of landing, was shot down by 9K34 Strela-3 MANPADs fired by UNITA forces on 19 November 2000.[54]

Indonesia

Four Indonesian Flanker-type fighters including Su-27s participated for the first time in the biennial Exercise Pitch Black exercise in Australia on 27 July 2012. Arriving at Darwin, Australia, the two Su-27s and two Sukhoi Su-30s were escorted by two Australian F/A-18 Hornets of No. 77 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force.[55] Exercise Pitch Black 12 was conducted from 27 July through 17 August 2012, and involved 2,200 personnel and up to 94 aircraft from Australia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, New Zealand and the United States.[56]

Ukraine

The Ukrainian Air Force inherited about 66-70 Su-27 aircraft after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Lack of funds in addition to the Su-27's high maintenance requirements led to a shortage of spare parts and inadequate servicing with approximately 34 in service as of 2019.[57] [58] [59] Years of underfunding meant that the air force has not received a new Su-27 since 1991. Between 2007 and 2017, as many as 65 combat jets were sold abroad, including nine Su-27s. In 2009, amid declining relations with Russia, the Ukrainian Air Force began to have difficulty obtaining spare parts from Sukhoi.[60] Only 19 Su-27s were serviceable at the time of the Russian annexation of Crimea and subsequent War in Donbas in 2014.[60] Following the Russian invasion, Ukraine increased its military budget, allowing stored Su-27s to be returned to service.

The in Zaporizhzhia began modernizing the Su-27 to NATO standards in 2012, which involved a minor overhaul of the radar, navigation and communication equipment. Aircraft with this modification are designated Su-27P1M and Su-27UB1M. The Ministry of Defence accepted the project on 5 August 2014,[61] and the first two aircraft were officially handed over to the 831st Tactical Aviation Brigade in October 2015.[62]

In 2014 during the Annexation of Crimea, a Ukrainian Air Force Su-27 was scrambled to intercept Russian fighter jets over Ukraine's airspace over the Black Sea on 3 March.[63] With no aerial opposition and other aircraft available for ground attack duties, Ukrainian Su-27s played only a small role in the war in Donbas until 24 February 2022. Ukrainian Su-27s were recorded performing low fly passes and were reported flying top cover, combat air patrols and eventual escort or intercept of civil aviation traffic over Eastern Ukraine.[64] [65] Videos taken of low-flying Su-27s involved in the operation revealed they were armed with R-27 and R-73 air-to-air missiles.[66]

There were two fatal crashes involving Ukrainian Su-27s in 2018.[59] On 16 October, a Ukrainian Su-27UB1M flown by Colonel Ivan Petrenko crashed during the Ukraine-USAF exercise "Clear Sky 2018" based at Starokostiantyniv Air Base. The second seat was occupied by Lieutenant Colonel Seth Nehring, a pilot of the 144th Fighter Wing of the California Air National Guard. Both pilots died in the crash, that happened about 5:00 p.m. local time in the Khmelnytskyi province of western Ukraine.[67] [68] On 15 December, an Su-27 crashed on final approach about 2sigfig=1NaNsigfig=1 from Ozerne Air Base in Zhytomyr Oblast, after performing a training flight. Major Fomenko Alexander Vasilyevich was killed.[69]

On 29 May 2020, Ukrainian Su-27s took part in the Bomber Task Force in Europe with B-1B bombers for the first time in the Black Sea region.[70] On 4 September 2020, three B-52 bombers from the 5th Bomb Wing, Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota, conducted vital integration training with Ukrainian MiG-29s and Su-27s inside Ukraine’s airspace.[71]

Russo-Ukrainian War

Russian invasion of Ukraine

The Su-27 was used by both sides in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[72] On 24 February 2022, a Ukrainian Su-27 and a refueling vehicle were burned out by fire after a Russian attack on Ozerne Air Base in Zhytomyr District during the first day of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[73] The next day, another Su-27 was shot down in Kyiv by a Russian S-400 system[74] and was recorded by residents on their cell phones and published on Twitter;[75] its pilot, Colonel Oleksandr Oksanchenko, was killed.[76] A third Su-27 was reported lost by Ukrainian officials over Kropyvnytskyi, in central Ukraine; its pilot was killed.[77]

On 7 May 2022, a pair of Ukrainian Su-27s conducted a high-speed, low-level bombing run on Russian-occupied Snake Island; the attack was captured on film by a Bayraktar TB2 drone.[78]

On 7 June 2022, a Ukrainian Su-27, bort number 38 blue, was shot down while flying at low altitude near Orikhiv in Zaporizhzhia Oblast. The aircraft was reportedly destroyed either by an enemy air-to-air missile or due to friendly fire.[79] [80]

On 21 August 2022, a Ukrainian Su-27 was reported lost in combat. The pilot died.[81] [82]

In September 2022, a Ukrainian Su-27 was spotted with American-made AGM-88 HARM anti-radiation missiles.[83]

On 13 October 2022, one Ukrainian Su-27 from the was lost during a combat mission in Poltava Oblast, the pilot died.[84] [85]

On 10 March 2023, a Russian Su-27 was damaged in a partisan attack on Uglovoye airfield in Primorsky Krai, Russia. The video of a burning airplane was posted by the Freedom of Russia Legion.[86]

On 14 March 2023, a Russian Su-27 intercepted an American MQ-9 Reaper drone and performed several passes, dumping fuel onto it before colliding with it, causing the drone to crash into the Black Sea.[87]

In August 2023, it was revealed that Ukrainian Su-27s had started carrying JDAM-ER guided bombs.[88]

Variants

Soviet era

T-10 ("Flanker-A"):[89] Initial prototype configuration.
  • T-10S ("Flanker-A"):[89] Improved prototype configuration, more similar to production spec.
  • P-42: Special version built to beat climb time records. The aircraft had all armament, radar and paint removed, which reduced weight to 14100kg (31,100lb). It also had improved engines. Similar to the US F-15 Streak Eagle project. Between 1986 and 1988, it established and took several climb records from the Streak Eagle. Several of these records (such as time to climb to 3000 m, 6000 m, 9000 m, and 12000 m) still stands current as of 2019.[90] [91]
  • Su-27 ("Flanker-A"):[89] Pre-production series built in small numbers with AL-31 engine.
  • Su-27S (Su-27 / "Flanker-B"):[89] [92] Initial production single-seater with improved AL-31F engine. The "T-10P".
  • Su-27P (Su-27 / "Flanker-B"):[89] [92] Standard version but without air-to-ground weapons control system and wiring and assigned to Soviet Air Defence Forces units. Often designated Su-27 without -P.[93]
  • Su-27UB ("Flanker-C"):[89] [92] Initial production two-seat operational conversion trainer.
  • Su-27K (Su-33 / "Flanker-D"):[89] [92] Carrier-based single-seater with folding wings, high-lift devices, and arresting gear, built in small numbers. They followed the "T-10K" prototypes and demonstrators.
  • Su-27KUB (Su-33UB): Two-seat training-and-combat version based on the Su-27K and Su-27KU, with a side-by-side seating same as Su-34. One prototype built.
  • Su-27KM A projected carrier–based fighter from the base Su-27 fighter that featured reverse-swept wings that was later implicated into the similar Su-47.[94]
  • Su-27M (Su-35/Su-37 / "Flanker-E/F"):[95] [96] Improved demonstrators for an advanced single-seat multi-role Su-27S derivative. These also included a two-seat "Su-35UB" demonstrator.
  • Su-27PU (Su-30 / "Flanker-C"):[89] [92] Two-seat version of the Su-27P interceptor, designed to support other single-seat Su-27P, MiG-31 and other interceptor aircraft in PVO service, with tactical data. The model was later renamed to Su-30, and modified into a multi-role fighter mainly for export market, moving away from the original purpose of the aircraft.
  • Su-32 (Su-27IB): Two-seat dedicated long-range strike variant with side-by-side seating in "platypus" nose. Prototype of Su-32FN and Su-34.
  • Post-Soviet era

    Su-27PD ("Flanker-B"): Single-seat demonstrator with improvements such as inflight refuelling probe.
  • Su-30M/MK ("Flanker-H"): Next-generation multi-role two–seat fighter. A few Su-30Ms were built for Russian evaluation in the mid-1990s, though little came of the effort. The Su-30MK export variant was embodied as a series of two demonstrators of different levels of capability. Versions include Su-30MKA for Algeria, Su-30MKI for India, Su-30MKK for the People's Republic of China, and Su-30MKM for Malaysia.[97] [98]
  • Su-27SK ("Flanker-B"):[89] [92] Export version of the Su-27S, with a reinforced landing gear allowing for a 33 tonnes maximum takeoff weight, and a N001M radar with additional air-to-ground modes. Exported to China in 1992-1996 and developed into the Shenyang J-11.[99] It was also sold to Indonesia in 2003. Indonesian Su-27SKs are equipped with an inflight refuelling probe.
  • Su-27KI / Su-30KI: Single-seat demonstrator built in anticipation of an Indonesian order in 1997, based on a Su-27SK. It included an in-flight refuelling probe, and a N001M radar with additional functions allowing for the use of the R-77 missile. That order never came however, due to an embargo caused by the Indonesian occupation of East Timor. Later converted to Su-27SKM in 2002.[100]
  • Shenyang J-11
  • Chinese derivative of the Su-27SK.
    Su-27UBK ("Flanker-C"):[89] [92] Export Su-27UB two-seater.
  • Su-27SKM: Single-seat multi-role fighter for export. It is a derivative of the Su-27SK but includes upgrades such as advanced cockpit, more sophisticated self-defense electronic countermeasures (ECM) and an in-flight refuelling system.[101]
  • Su-27UBM: Comparable upgraded Su-27UB two-seater.
  • Su-27SM ("Flanker-E"): Mid-life upgrade for the Russian Su-27 fleet. It includes new multi-function displays replacing analog flight instruments, improvements to the navigation system, a new fire-control system with slightly improved radar and electro-optical sighting system, and a more advanced mission computer. This allows for use of the radar in synthetic-aperture terrain mapping mode, as well as detection of maritime targets. Contrary to the basic Su-27 variants, the Su-27SM can use guided air-to-ground ordnance, including Kh-29 and Kh-31 missiles, and laser-guided bombs, as well as the R-77 air-to-air missile. The SPO-15 Beryoza is replaced by the Pastel radar warning receiver, and the Sorbtsiya wingtip jamming pods are replaced by the more modern Khibiny. 24 Su-27SMs also received slightly uprated engines.
  • Su-27SM2 ("Flanker-J"): 4+ gen block upgrade for Russian Su-27, featuring some technology of the Su-35BM; it includes Irbis-E radar, and uprated engines and avionics.
  • Su-27SM3 ("Flanker-J Mod"):[102] Increased maximum takeoff weight (+3 tonnes), AL-31F-M1 engines, fully glass cockpit.[103]
  • Su-27UB1M: Ukrainian modernized version of the Su-27UB.[104]
  • Su-27S1M: Ukrainian modernized version of the Su-27S.
  • Su-27P1M: Ukrainian modernized version of the Su-27P.
  • Su-35BM/Su-35S ("Flanker-M"):[95] [96] Also named the "Last Flanker", it is the latest development from the Sukhoi Flanker family. It features improved thrust vectoring AL-41F1S engines, new avionics, N035 Irbis-E radar and reduced radar cross-section.

    Operators

    Current operators

    People's Air and Air Defence Force of Angola – Seven Su-27s in service as of January 2013.[105] Three were bought from Belarus in 1998. Received a total of eight.[106] One was reportedly shot down on 19 November 2000 by a 9K34 Strela-3 MANPADS during the Angolan Civil War.[107]
  • People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) – 78 Su-27 delivered between 1990 and 2010. 32 Su-27UBK are in service as of 2022.[108]
  • Eritrean Air Force[109] ordered 2 during the Ethiopian-Eritrean War.
  • Ethiopian Air Force – up to 17 Su-27S, Su-27P, Su-27UB sourced second–hand from Russia in two different batches: 9 starting from 1998 and 8 starting from 2002.[110] Some crashed over the years.[111]
  • Indonesian Air Force (TNI - AU or Tentara Nasional Indonesia - Angkatan Udara) – initially two Su-27SK and three Su-27SKM fighters were ordered. In 2017 Indonesia upgraded its 2 Su-27SK to SKM standard, five Su-27SKM in service.[112] [113]
  • Kazakh Air Defense Forces – 20 Su-27/Su-27BM2, 3 Su-27UB/UBM2
  • Russian Aerospace Forces – 101 Su-27s in service as of 2021. 359 Su-27 aircraft, including 225 Su-27s, 70 Su-27SMs, 12 Su-27SM3s, and 52 Su-27UBs were in service as of January 2014.[114] Less than 403 Su-27s are in service as of 2024 according to World Air Forces.[115] A modernization program began in 2004.[116] [117] [118] Half of the Su-27 fleet had reportedly been modernized in 2012.[119] The Russian Aerospace Forces were receiving aircraft modernized to the SM3 standard as of 2018.[120] [121] [122] [123]
  • Russian Navy – 53 Su-27s in use as of January 2014

    Ukrainian Air Force – 70 Su-27s in inventory.[124] It had 34 Su-27s in service as of March 2019.[125]
  • Two Su-27s were delivered to the U.S. in 1995 from Belarus.[126] Two more were bought from Ukraine in 2009 by a private company, Pride Aircraft to be used for aggressor training for U.S. pilots. They have been spotted operating over Area 51 for evaluation and training purposes.[127]
  • Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces – 34 Su-27s in use as of January 2013
  • Vietnam People's Air Force – 9 Su-27SKs and 3 Su-27UBKs in use as of January 2013
  • Former operators

  • Belarusian Air Force inherited 23-28 Su-27s from the former 61st Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Soviet Union. They had 22 in service as of December 2010.[128] Nine Su-27s were sold to Angola in 1998. Belarus had operated 17 Su-27P and 4 Su-27UBM1 aircraft before their retirement in December 2012.[129] [130]
    Soviet Air Force and . Passed to different successor nations in 1991.

    Private ownership

    According to the U.S. FAA there are two privately owned Su-27s in the U.S.[131] Two Su-27s from the Ukrainian Air Force were demilitarised and sold to Pride Aircraft of Rockford, Illinois. Pride Aircraft modified some of the aircraft to their own desires by remarking all cockpit controls in English and replacing much of the Russian avionics suite with Garmin, Bendix/King, and Collins avionics. The aircraft were both sold to private owners for approximately $5 million each.[132]

    On 30 August 2010, the Financial Times claimed that a Western private training support company ECA Program placed a US$1.5 billion order with Belarusian state arms dealer BelTechExport for 15 unarmed Su-27s (with an option on 18 more) to organize a dissimilar air combat training school in the former NATO airbase in Keflavik, Iceland, with deliveries due by the end of 2012.[133] [134] A September 2010 media report by RIA Novosti, the state-owned news agency, questioned the existence of the agreement.[135] No further developments on such a plan have been reported by 2014, while a plan for upgrading and putting the retired Belarusian Air Force Su-27 fleet back to service was reported in February 2014.[136]

    Notable accidents

    Aircraft on display

    References

    References
    Bibliography

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Kopp . Dr. Carlo . Fulcrum and Flanker: The New Look in Soviet Air Superiority . . May 1990 . 1990 . May . 5 March 2015 . Air Power Australia . https://web.archive.org/web/20150118072844/http://www.ausairpower.net/Profile-Fulcrum-Flanker.html . 18 January 2015 . live.
    2. Book: Spick . Mike . 2000 . Great Book of Modern Warplanes . The Flanker . Osceola, WI . MBI Publishing . 0-7603-0893-4.
    3. Web site: Aircraft - Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker Historical Events & Key Dates . Niels . Hillebrand . Milavia . 8 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110809212601/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/su-27/su-27_history.htm . 9 August 2011 . live.
    4. Web site: Prototype of Su-27 and whole Flanker family – T-10 Flanker A . SU-27 Flanker.com . 6 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150817041202/http://su-27flanker.com/versions/t-10-flanker-a/ . 17 August 2015 . dead.
    5. Web site: Prototype of Su-27 and whole Flanker family – T-10 Flanker A . Su-27 Flanker.com . 5 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150314230408/http://su-27flanker.com/versions/t-10-flanker-a/ . 14 March 2015 . dead.
    6. Kopp . Dr. Carlo . Sukhoi Flankers: The Shifting Balance of Regional Air Power (Technical Report APA-TR-2007-0101) . Air Power Australia . 7 January 2007 . 1 . 5 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071226195336/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Flanker.html . 26 December 2007 . live.
    7. Web site: The fastest climb in aviation history. Climbing time record of the Su-27 to an altitude of 12 km . 5 July 2020 . YouTube . 8 December 2020 . 9 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210709201016/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07tEk-9j69I . live .
    8. Web site: 40 Years Ago, 'Streak Eagle' Smashed Records for 'Time to Climb' . United Technologies Corp. . 6 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122156/http://www.utc.com/News/PW/Pages/40-Years-Ago-Streak-Eagle-Smashed-Records-for-Time-to-Climb.aspx . 2 April 2015 . dead.
    9. Web site: P-42 Record Flanker . ProPro Group . 6 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150312181931/http://propro.ru/flankers/eng/Su-27.htm#p42 . 12 March 2015 . dead.
    10. Book: Winchester . Jim . Jet fighters : inside & out . 2012 . Rosen Pub. . New York . 978-1-4488-5982-5 . 130 . 6 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402201416/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=3shgcJXesN0C&pg=PA130 . 2 April 2015 . live.
    11. Web site: Airplanes - Military Aircraft - Su-27SÊ - Historical background . Sukhoi Company (JSC) . 4 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150214080912/http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su27sk/history/ . 14 February 2015 . dead.
    12. Web site: Zettlemoyer . Ryan . Sukhoi SU-27UB “FLANKER-C” TRAINER . www.nationalmuseum.af.mil . www.nationalmuseum.af.mil . 6 July 2024 . National Museum Of The United States Air Force.
    13. Kopp . Dr. Carlo . Sukhoi Su-34 Fullback: Russia's New Heavy Strike Fighter (Technical Report APA-TR-2007-0108) . Air Power Australia . April 2012 . 1 . 19 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150317021534/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Fullback.html . 17 March 2015 . live.
    14. Web site: Goebel . Greg . [1.0] First-Generation Su-27s - [1.5] Naval Su-27K (Su-33) ]. AirVectors.net . 8 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032144/http://www.airvectors.net/avsu27_1.html#m5 . 29 November 2014 . live.
    15. Kopp . Dr Carlo . Sukhoi Su-33 and Su-33UB Flanker D Shenyang J-15 Flanker D (Technical Report APA-TR-2008-0603) . Air Power Australia . 25 June 2008 . 1 . 8 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150416015653/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Maritime-Flanker-D.html . 16 April 2015 . live.
    16. Web site: Kuznetsov class heavy aviation cruiser . Military-Today.com . 8 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150309080724/http://www.military-today.com/navy/kuznetsov_class.htm . 9 March 2015 . live.
    17. Web site: Zettlemoyer . Ryan . Su-27UBK FLANKER . Global Security . Global Security . 7 July 2024 . Global Security.
    18. Web site: Zettlemoyer . Ryan . Su-27 (Flanker) Russian Multirole Fighter Aircraft . odin.tradoc.army . The United States Army . 7 July 2024 . ODIN.
    19. Kopp . Dr Carlo . PLA-AF and PLA-N Flanker Variants (Technical Report APA-TR-2012-0401) . Air Power Australia . 7 April 2012 . 1 . 7 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122009/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-Flanker-Variants.html . 15 December 2018 . live.
    20. Web site: Zettlemoyer . Ryan . [2.0] Second-Generation Su-27s & Derivatives ]. Air Vectors . Air Vectors . 7 July 2024 . Air Vectors.
    21. Web site: Russian Air Force sets up new Su-27SM3 wing . November 2018 . AirRecognition.com . 2 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181122172058/http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2018/november/4644-russian-air-force-sets-up-new-su-27sm3-wing.html . 22 November 2018 . live.
    22. Web site: Katz . Dan . Program Dossier - Sukhoi Flanker . Aviation Week . 7 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101322/http://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviationweek.com/files/uploads/2014/11/asd_11_14_2014_Flanker6.pdf . 2 April 2015 . dead.
    23. Web site: Su-37 . John . Pike . March 11, 1999 . Federation of American Scientists . 21 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112523/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/su-37.htm . 2 April 2015 . live.
    24. Web site: Su-37 Flanker-F Fighter, Russia . Airforce-Technology.com . 21 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150313004737/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/su37 . 13 March 2015 . live.
    25. Web site: Zettlemoyer . Ryan . Su-27 "Flanker" Technical Data. . Fly MiG . Fly MiG . 7 July 2024 . Fly MiG.
    26. Web site: Sukhoi Su-27SK Flanker-B . 2004 . U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission . https://web.archive.org/web/20070429145750/http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2004/04fisher_report/7airforcesystems.htm . dead . 29 April 2007.
    27. Web site: Vladimir . Trendafflovski . Ukrainian Su-27 Flankers on the front line . key.aero . 21 March 2019 . 3 May 2023 . 2 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502130056/https://www.key.aero/article/ukrainian-su-27-flankers-front-line . live .
    28. Web site: Bear Hunters, Part 3: Collision with Flanker . Tom . Cooper . September 29, 2003 . Air Combat Information Group Database . 4 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140729152940/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_287.shtml . 29 July 2014 . dead.
    29. Georgia's Air Defense in the War with South Ossetia . Said . Aminov . . 3 . 2008 . 1 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090711165314/http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2008/item3/article3/ . 11 July 2009 . dead.
    30. Web site: Georgia and Abkhazia, 1992-1993: the War of Datchas . Tom . Cooper . September 29, 2003 . Air Combat Information Group Database . 4 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080303054854/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_282.shtml . 3 March 2008 . dead.
    31. Web site: Грузинские войска отступают из Цхинвали . Georgian troops retreat from Tskhinvali . ru . August 8, 2008 . Lenta.ru . https://web.archive.org/web/20081030074525/http://lenta.ru/news/2008/08/08/stopsheling/ . live . 30 October 2008.
    32. Web site: Российские самолеты бомбят позиции грузинских войск . Russian planes are bombing Georgian army positions . ru . August 8, 2008 . Lenta.ru . https://web.archive.org/web/20081026164556/http://lenta.ru/news/2008/08/08/strikes/ . live . 26 October 2008.
    33. News: Japan accuses Russian jets of violating airspace . . 7 February 2013 . 9 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130208094621/http://dawn.com/2013/02/08/japan-accuses-russian-jets-of-violating-airspace/ . 8 February 2013 . live.
    34. Web site: Japan scrambles fighter jets as Russian warplanes intrude into airspace . Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) . 7 February 2013 . 10 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130516080546/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2291677&language=en . 16 May 2013 . live.
    35. Web site: Japan says 2 Russian fighters entered its airspace . Mari . Yamaguchi . 7 February 2013 . Yahoo! News . 9 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130211204959/http://news.yahoo.com/japan-says-2-russian-fighters-entered-airspace-141944662.html . 11 February 2013 . dead.
    36. Web site: Russian fighter jets 'breach Japan airspace' . BBC News . 7 February 2013 . 21 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170806170254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21364559 . 6 August 2017 . live.
    37. Web site: Sukhoi T-50 PAK FA Stealth Fighter, Russia . Airforce-Technology.com . 8 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150331010927/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/sukhoit50stealthfigh . 31 March 2015 . live.
    38. Web site: These are the 11 types of Russian military jets and planes known to be stationed in Syria . Daniel . Brown . February 26, 2018 . . 26 April 2021 . 26 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210426075519/https://www.businessinsider.com/these-are-the-10-russian-military-aircraft-stationed-in-syria-2017-10?IR=T . live .
    39. Web site: Su-27SM3 seen in Syria . 2017-06-29 . Weaponews.com . 18 July 2021 . 18 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210718124449/https://www.weaponews.com/news/10103-su-27sm3-seen-in-syria.html . live .
    40. Web site: Rocket's engine blast caused Su-27 jet's crash in Crimea in March 2020 . 30 August 2020 . . 15 September 2020 . 31 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200831051634/https://tass.com/emergencies/1195247 . live .
    41. News: Russian pilot missing after military jet crashes into Black Sea . Deutsche Welle . 26 March 2022 . 26 June 2022 . 26 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220626231118/https://www.dw.com/en/russian-pilot-missing-after-military-jet-crashes-into-black-sea/a-52931725 . live .
    42. Web site: Final Gift From the Soviets: How China Received Three of the USSR's Top Fighters Weeks Before the Superpower Collapsed . 14 August 2022 . military watch magazine . 9 September 2022 . 27 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220827054533/https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/final-gift-from-the-soviets-how-china-received-three-of-the-ussr-s-top-fighters-weeks-before-the-superpower-collapsed . live .
    43. Web site: China to Buy 72 Advanced Fighter Planes From Russia . New York Times . 7 February 1996 . Patrick . E. Tyler . 9 September 2022 . 9 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220909011216/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/07/world/china-to-buy-72-advanced-fighter-planes-from-russia.html . live .
    44. Web site: 考据的魅力——教你如何识别中国苏-27系列战机 . The charm of textual research - teach you how to identify the Chinese Su-27 series fighters . zh . 20 August 2014 . . 5 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150323151804/http://slide.mil.news.sina.com.cn/slide_8_60922_31245.html#p=1 . 23 March 2015 . live.
    45. Wei . Bai . A Flanker by any other name . Air Forces Monthly . May 2012 . 290 . 72–77.
    46. Rupprecht . Andreas . China's 'Flanker' gains momentum. Shenyang J-11 update . Combat Aircraft Monthly . December 2011 . 12 . 12 . 40–42.
    47. Web site: Su-27 operations . Milavia . 23 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080828025525/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/su-27/su-27_ops.htm . 28 August 2008 . live.
    48. Web site: Different African Air-to-Air Victories . September 2, 2003 . Air Combat Information Group . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100111061203/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_192.shtml . 11 January 2010.
    49. Web site: Air-to-air claims during Ethiopian/Eritrean Conflicts in 1999-2000 . Allan . Magnus . January 16, 2004 . Air Aces . 23 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20020924010902/http://users.accesscomm.ca/magnusfamily/noname.htm . 24 September 2002 . live.
    50. "ke bahru be chilfa" (Ethiopian Air Force graduation publication, May 2007), pp. 72–73.
    51. Web site: Kyzer . Jonathan . Cooper . Tom . Frithjof Johan . Ruud . amp . 17 January 2003 . Air War between Ethiopia and Eritrea, 1998-2000 . Dankalia.com . Air Combat Information Group . 10 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150904072050/http://www.dankalia.com/archive/2003/030117.htm . 4 September 2015 . live.
    52. Web site: Zettlemoyer . Ryan . ETHIOPIA . Sukhoi Su-30 In Colours . sukhoi.mariwoj.pl . 8 July 2024 . sukhoi.mariwoj.pl.
    53. Web site: Shot down or not shot down? Assessing Ethiopian Air Force claims.. gerjon.substack.com. 27 August 2022. 28 August 2022. 28 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220828080459/https://gerjon.substack.com/p/shot-down-or-not-shot-down-assessing. live.
    54. Arms Trade Database for January-March 2001 . Moscow Defense Brief . 2 . 2001 . 23 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080920082947/http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/2-2001/ff/atdjm/#_ednref24 . 20 September 2008 . dead.
    55. Web site: Indonesian Sukhois Arrive at Darwin for Pitch Black 2012 . 27 July 2012 . Defense Update . 4 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150313133008/http://defense-update.com/20120727_pitch_black_fencers.html . 13 March 2015 . live.
    56. Web site: Exercise Pitch Black 2012 concludes . 19 August 2012 . Airforce Technology . 4 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141224142253/http://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newsexercise-pitch-black-2012-concludes . 24 December 2014 . live.
    57. News: Ukraine Arrests 4 in Air Show Crash . Robyn . Dixon . 29 July 2002 . Los Angeles Times . 15 February 2020 . 15 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200215133413/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-jul-29-fg-airshow29-story.html . live .
    58. Web site: Sukhoi Su-27: Dazzling Russian fighter . BBC News . 28 July 2002 . 19 February 2020 . 18 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200218174257/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2157458.stm . live .
    59. Web site: Rust Bucket Fleet? How Ukraine's Ageing Su-27 Fleet Would Fare Against Russia's Elite New Air Superiority Fighters . Military Watch . 2 January 2019 . 3 August 2019 . 3 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190703150317/https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/rust-bucket-fleet-how-ukraine-s-ageing-su-27-fleet-would-fare-against-russia-s-elite-new-air-superiority-fighters . live .
    60. The Russian Jet That Fights for Both Sides . . Valeriy . Romanenko . October 2020 . Translation by Dan Zamansky . 25 September 2020 . 24 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200924081358/https://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/fighter-jet-fights-both-sides-180975834/ . live .
    61. Web site: Su-27 Flanker Operators List . Milavia . 6 August 2019 . 6 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190806035757/https://www.milavia.net/aircraft/su-27/su-27_operators.htm . live .
    62. Web site: Poroshenko conveys two Su-27 planes to Air Force pilots in Zaporizhia, takes off in one of them . UNIAN . 15 October 2015 . 6 August 2019 . 6 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190806035804/https://www.unian.info/society/1152603-poroshenko-conveys-two-su-27-planes-to-air-force-pilots-in-zaporizhia-takes-off-in-one-of-them.html . live .
    63. News: Russian fighter jets violated Ukraine's air space – ministry . Reuters UK . 3 March 2014 . 4 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140306162210/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/03/03/uk-urkaine-crisis-jets-idUKBREA220W520140303 . 6 March 2014 . live.
    64. Web site: [Photo] Ukrainian Air Force Su-27 Flanker heavily armed for Combat Air Patrol ]. The Aviationist . 3 March 2014 . 24 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150506190844/http://theaviationist.com/2014/03/03/ukrainian-armed-flanker/ . 6 May 2015 . live.
    65. Web site: All flights, including Malaysian B777, were being escorted by Ukrainian Su-27 Flanker jets over Eastern Ukraine . The Aviationist . 21 July 2014 . 24 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150419162858/http://theaviationist.com/2014/07/21/su-27s-escorted-mh17/ . 19 April 2015 . live.
    66. Web site: Ukrainian Su-27 Flanker reportedly shot down during special operation against separatists . The Aviationist . 15 April 2014 . 8 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150330204223/http://theaviationist.com/2014/04/15/su-27-reportedly-down/ . 30 March 2015 . live.
    67. Web site: US serviceman among two killed in Ukrainian fighter jet crash . October 17, 2018 . Space Daily . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181022070903/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/US_serviceman_among_two_killed_in_Ukrainian_fighter_jet_crash_999.html . 22 October 2018.
    68. Web site: California guardsman killed in Ukrainian Su-27 crash . Valerie . Insinna . 2018-10-17 . Air Force Times . 19 October 2018 . 12 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240312193616/https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2018/10/16/us-servicemember-involved-in-ukrainian-su-27-crash-3/ . live .
    69. Web site: Accident Sukhoi Su-27 55 blue, 15 Dec 2018 . Aviation Safety Network . 22 February 2020 . 22 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200222054256/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/219516 . live .
    70. Web site: Correll . Diana Stancy . 2020-05-29 . B-1Bs complete Bomber Task Force mission with Ukrainian, Turkish aircraft for the first time . 2020-09-09 . Air Force Times . en-US . 5 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220105135156/https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2020/05/29/b-1bs-complete-bomber-task-force-mission-with-ukrainian-turkish-aircraft-for-the-first-time/ . live .
    71. Web site: U.S. Air Force B-52s Integrate with Ukrainian Fighters . United States European Command . 4 September 2020 . 9 September 2020 . 23 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200923185805/https://www.eucom.mil/article/40736/us-air-force-b-52s-integrate-with-ukrainian-f . live .
    72. Web site: Newdick . Thomas . Our First Detailed Look At Russian Su-27 Flanker Jets In The Ukraine War . The Drive . 7 December 2022 . 8 December 2022 . 8 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221208201722/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/our-first-detailed-look-at-russian-su-27-flanker-jets-in-the-ukraine-war . live .
    73. Web site: Пожежники загасили пожежу на аеродромі біля Житомира . Firefighters extinguished the fire at the airport near Zhytomyr . Galychyna . uk . 24 February 2022 . 24 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220224183943/https://galychyna.if.ua/2022/02/24/pozhezhniki-zagasili-pozhezhu-na-aerodromi-bilya-zhitomira/ . live.
    74. News: 1 March 2022 . Legendary Ukrainian display pilot known as Grey Wolf dies in combat . 2 March 2022 . The Week . 5 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220305093829/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2022/03/01/legendary-ukrainian-display-pilot-known-as-grey-wolf-dies-in-combat.html . live .
    75. Web site: Video shows explosion after fighter jet shot down, official says . CNN . 25 February 2022 . 2022-02-25 . 26 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220226101826/https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2022/02/25/explosion-kyiv-skies-chance-vpx.cnn . live .
    76. Web site: Colonel Oleksandr "Grey Wolf" Oksanchenko, the Ukrainian Air Force Su-27 Flanker display pilot between 2013-2018, Killed in an Air Battle on Friday Night . Dario . Leone . 1 March 2022 . The Aviation Geek Club . 1 March 2022 . 6 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220306024853/https://theaviationgeekclub.com/colonel-oleksandr-grey-wolf-oksanchenko-the-ukrainian-air-force-su-27-flanker-display-pilot-between-2013-2018-killed-in-an-air-battle-on-friday-night/ . live .
    77. Web site: Russian Amphibious Assault Ship Armada Seen Off Crimea As Fears Of Odessa Beach Landing Grow . Joseph . Trevithick . 2 March 2022 . The Drive . 7 March 2022 . 4 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220304221247/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44544/ukrainian-mayor-meets-with-russians-about-occupation-plan-after-key-southern-city-falls . live .
    78. Web site: Ukraine Strikes Back: Su-27s Bomb Occupied Snake Island In Daring Raid . The Drive . Stetson Payne . 7 May 2022 . 8 May 2022 . 12 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220512023839/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukraine-strikes-back-su-27s-bomb-occupied-snake-island-in-daring-raid . live .
    79. Web site: Possible air-to-air shootdown captured on camera in Ukraine . aerotime.aero . 6 June 2022 . 19 June 2022 . 6 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220606115258/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31218-possible-air-to-air-shotdown-captured-on-camera-in-ukraine . live .
    80. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 279043 . Aviation Safety Network . 6 June 2022 . 19 June 2022 . 6 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220606182901/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/279043 . live .
    81. Web site: Тяжка втрата: під час виконання завдання розбився житомирський льотчик . 24 August 2022 . uk . 18 October 2022 . 4 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904154657/https://zhzh.com.ua/armiya/tiazhka-vtrata-pid-chas-vikonannia-zavdannia-rozbivsia-zhitomirskij-lotchik.html . live .
    82. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 282655 . aviation-safety.net . 21 August 2022 . 18 October 2022 . 22 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045733/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/282655 . live .
    83. Web site: Ukraine’s Su-27s Appear To Be Wielding Anti-Radiation Missiles Now Too . 2022-09-09 . The War Zone . Newdick . Thomas.
    84. Web site: ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 296372 . aviation-safety.net . 11 October 2022 . 18 October 2022 . 15 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015033826/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/296372 . live .
    85. Web site: У Чернігові провели в останню путь штурмана авіації полковника Олега Шупіка . 14 October 2022 . uk . Suspilne . 18 October 2022 . 16 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016185804/https://suspilne.media/amp/295458-u-cernigovi-proveli-v-ostannu-put-sturmana-aviacii-polkovnika-olega-supika/ . live .
    86. Web site: 10 March 2023 . ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 309095 . Aviation Safety Network . 18 March 2023 . 11 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230311094321/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/309095 . live .
    87. Web site: Video captures moment Russian fighter rammed USAF MQ-9 drone . AeroTime . 16 March 2023 . 22 May 2023 . 28 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428010158/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/usaf-releases-footage-of-russian-su-27-colliding-with-mq-9-reaper-drone . live .
    88. News: Newdick  . Thomas  . 24 August 2023  . Ukraine's Su-27s Are Launching JDAM-ER Winged Bombs Too  . The Drive   . 24 August 2023 . 24 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230824212615/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukraines-su-27s-are-launching-jdam-er-winged-bombs-too . live .
    89. Web site: Flanker: The Russian Jet That Spawned Many New Versions . May 14, 2018 . 5 August 2022 . 29 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529134257/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/flanker-the-russian-jet-spawned-many-new-versions-lots-dread-25793 . live .
    90. Web site: Records . . 2019-05-18 . 21 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201021081058/https://www.fai.org/records?f%5B0%5D=field_record_sport:2020&f%5B1%5D=field_group:171&f%5B2%5D=field_status:146&f%5B3%5D=field_subclass:329&f%5B4%5D=field_type_of_record:180&order=field_performance&sort=desc . live .
    91. Web site: P-42 Streak Flanker prototype (T-10) – record breaker . 2015-04-22 . Su-27 Flanker . en-US . 2019-05-18 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190302212252/http://su-27flanker.com/2015/04/22/p-42-streak-flanker-prototype-t-10-record-breaker/ . 2019-03-02.
    92. Web site: PLA-AF and PLA-N Flanker Variants . January 27, 2014 . 1 . Kopp . Carlo . 7 March 2015 . 15 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122009/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-Flanker-Variants.html . live .
    93. Web site: Su-27 Flanker Variants Overview . Milavia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110928141050/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/su-27/su-27_variants.htm . 28 September 2011.
    94. Web site: The project su-27KM. Reverse sweep for carrier .
    95. Web site: Su-35 Flanker-E Multirole Fighter . April 9, 2021 . 5 August 2022 . 23 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220723075454/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/su-35/ . live .
    96. Web site: Su-35S Flanker E . May 14, 2018 . 5 August 2022 . 28 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220628092008/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/flanker-the-russian-jet-spawned-many-new-versions-lots-dread-25793?page=0%2C1 . live .
    97. Web site: Russia Has Big Plans for the Sukhoi Su-30SM Flanker-H Fighter . September 24, 2018 . 5 August 2022 . 9 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220809110601/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/russia-has-big-plans-sukhoi-su-30sm-flanker-h-fighter-31917 . live .
    98. Web site: Su-30M Flanker-H Air-Superiority Fighter . June 23, 2021 . 5 August 2022 . 2 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180102031005/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/su_30mk/ . live .
    99. Web site: Is China's J-11 Fighter Copied From Russia's Su-27 'Flanker'? . The National Interest . The National Interest . 10 July 2024 . The National Interest.
    100. Web site: Sukhoi Su-30 story in colours. Sukhoi Su-30 fighter worldwide camouflage and painting schemes. Prototypes, experimental planes, variants, serial and licensed production, deliveries, units, numbers. Russia, India, China, Malaysia, Venezuela, Belarus, Ukraine, Algeria, Vietnam, Eritrea, Angola, Uganda . 13 January 2023 . 1 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231001173725/http://sukhoi.mariwoj.pl/su-30-ru-30ki.htm . live .
    101. Web site: The SU-27SKM Single-Seat Multirole Fighter . 2006 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080313094329/http://www.knaapo.ru/eng/products/military/su27SKM.wbp . 13 March 2008.
    102. Web site: Aircraft Nomenclature (part 1): Russia and China . November 5, 2020 . 5 August 2022 . 24 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221024183523/https://www.fighterpilotpodcast.com/musing/aircraft-nomenclature-part-1-russia-and-china/ . dead .
    103. Web site: Sukhoi Company has performed the state contract on delivery of new multi-role Su-27SM3 fighters to the Russian air forces . December 23, 2011 . Russian Aviation . 1 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141123084548/http://www.ruaviation.com/news/2011/12/23/699 . 23 November 2014 . live.
    104. Web site: Aleksander . Vladic . SU-27 FLANKER FAMILY . su27flankerfamily.wordpress.com . su27 flanker family . 11 July 2024 . su27 flanker family.
    105. "World Military Aircraft Inventory". 2013 Aerospace: Aviation Week and Space Technology, January 2013.
    106. Web site: Су-27 сняты с вооружения в Белоруссии . Su-27s disarmed in Belarus . ru . 15 December 2012 . BMPD . 16 December 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121219154555/http://bmpd.livejournal.com/407154.html . 19 December 2012.
    107. Web site: Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker Operators . Niels . Hillebrand . Milavia . 4 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080927063808/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/su-27/su-27_operators.htm . 27 September 2008 . live.
    108. [International Institute for Strategic Studies]
    109. Web site: World Air Forces 2021 . 4 December 2020 . FlightGlobal . https://web.archive.org/web/20210210005436/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 . 10 February 2021 . 27 February 2021 . live.
    110. Web site: Trade Registers . . 5 November 2021 . 14 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php . live .
    111. Web site: Ethiopian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27 fighter jet crash, no survivors . Patrick . Kenyette . 13 October 2019 . African Military . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20191207021909/https://www.africanmilitaryblog.com/2019/10/ethiopian-air-force-sukhoi-su-27-fighter-jet-crash-no-survivors . 2019-12-07.
    112. Web site: 8 August 2017 . Dua Su-27SK(M) Kembali Perkuat Indonesia . 29 May 2024 . jakartagreater.com . id . 10 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211110044724/https://jakartagreater.com/135960/dua-su-27skm-kembali-perkuat-indonesia/ . dead .
    113. Web site: [Dossier] Le Flanker en Indonésie ]. Red Samovar . 17 March 2018 . 28 August 2022 . 28 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220828095001/https://redsamovar.com/2018/03/17/dossier-le-flanker-en-indonesie/ . live .
    114. "World Military Aircraft Inventory". 2014 Aerospace: Aviation Week and Space Technology, January 2014
    115. Web site: World Air Forces 2024. Flightglobal Insight. 2024. 2024-05-31.
    116. Web site: Су-27 предлагают списать . Su-27 is proposed to be decommissioned . ru . 18 June 2011 . . 1 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150629004437/http://www.samara-airlines.ru/su-27-predlagayut-spisat/ . 29 June 2015 . dead.
    117. Web site: ВВС России получат восемь новых истребителей Су-27СМ . Russian Air Force to receive eight new Su-27SM fighters . ru . November 3, 2011 . Lenta.ru . 4 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141019221137/http://lenta.ru/news/2011/11/03/su27sm/ . 19 October 2014 . live.
    118. Air Forces Monthly, December 2010.
    119. Web site: Авиапарк Су-27 ВВС РФ модернизирован более чем на 50%, до конца года ожидается поступление первых шести серийных Су-35 . The Su-27 fleet of the Russian Air Force has been modernized by more than 50%, the first six serial Su-35s are expected to arrive by the end of the year . ru . 13 March 2012 . Center for Analysis of the World Arms Trade . 4 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150602132737/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2012/0313/100511974/detail.shtml . 2 June 2015 . live.
    120. Web site: Летчики ЮВО получат более 40 единиц авиатехники . Pilots of the Southern Military District will receive more than 40 aircraft . ru . October 10, 2014 . vpk-news.ru . 4 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141105041222/http://vpk-news.ru/news/22219 . 5 November 2014 . live.
    121. Web site: Истребительная авиация ЮВО пополнилась модернизированными самолетами Су-27СМ3 . Fighter aviation of the Southern Military District replenished with modernized Su-27SM3 aircraft . ru . October 30, 2018 . Center for Analysis of the World Arms Trade . 2 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055203/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1030/143549399/detail.shtml . 20 November 2018 . live.
    122. Web site: Истребительная авиация ЮВО пополнилась звеном новых модернизированных самолетов Су-27СМ3 . Fighter aviation of the Southern Military District was replenished with a flight of new modernized Su-27SM3 aircraft . ru . 19 November 2018 . Center for Analysis of the World Arms Trade . 2 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181120015214/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1119/101549683/detail.shtml . 20 November 2018 . live.
    123. Web site: Истребительная авиация ЮВО пополнилась звеном новых модернизированных самолетов Су-27СМ3 поколения 4++ . Fighter aviation of the Southern Military District has been replenished with a flight of new modernized Su-27SM3 aircraft of the 4++ generation . ru . 29 December 2018 . Center for Analysis of the World Arms Trade . 2 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181231194303/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1229/145550370/detail.shtml . 31 December 2018 . live.
    124. Web site: Су-27 . Ukrainian military portal . uk . 13 October 2009 . 27 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120118095037/http://mil.in.ua/vynyschuvachi/su-27 . 18 January 2012.
    125. News: Ponomarenko . Illia . Illia Ponomarenko . 15 March 2019 . Ukraine's Air Force rebuilds amidst war . . Kyiv, Ukraine . 3 September 2019 . 8 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108020124/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/ukraines-air-force-rebuilds-amid-war.html . live .
    126. Web site: Su-27 Flanker Operators List . Niels . Hillebrand . 11 October 2008 . Milavia . 12 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080927063808/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/su-27/su-27_operators.htm . 27 September 2008 . live.
    127. Web site: These crazy photos show a Russian Su-27 Flanker dogfighting with a U.S. Air Force F-16 inside Area 51 . David . Cenciotti . 6 January 2017 . The Aviationist . 2 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190207050008/https://theaviationist.com/2017/01/06/these-crazy-photos-show-a-russian-su-27-flanker-dogfighting-with-a-u-s-air-force-f-16-inside-area-51/ . 7 February 2019 . live.
    128. "Directory: World Air Forces". Flight International, 14–20 December 2010.
    129. Web site: Су-27 сняты с вооружения в Белоруссии . Su-27s disarmed in Belarus . ru . December 15, 2012 . BPMD . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121219154555/http://bmpd.livejournal.com/407154.html . 19 December 2012.
    130. Web site: Belarus to modernize its fleet of Sukhoi Su-27 jet fighter . 31 January 2014 . Air Recognition . 1 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140201160930/http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/2014-global-news-worldwide-world-international-air-force-aviation/january-2014-global-news-worldwide-world-international-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-defence-/993-belarus-to-modernize-its-fleet-of-sukhoi-su-27-jet-fighter.html . 1 February 2014 . live.
    131. Web site: Aircraft - Make / Model Inquiry . FAA Registry . Federal Aviation Administration . 1 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402052315/http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/acftref_inquiry.aspx . 2 April 2015 . live.
    132. Web site: Sukhoi SU-27 Flankers . Pride Aircraft . 25 November 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091124012544/http://www.prideaircraft.com/flanker.htm . 24 November 2009 . dead.
    133. News: Cold war base to be private 'Top Gun' school . . Andrew . Ward . 30 August 2010 . 4 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145613/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/de571c4e-b460-11df-8208-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2zyb2deUj . 24 September 2015 . dead.
    134. Air International October 2010, p. 9.
    135. Web site: NATO 'no comment' on Russian warplane deal report . 1 September 2010 . RIA Novosti . 4 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140727003245/http://en.ria.ru/world/20100901/160423765.html . 27 July 2014 . dead.
    136. Web site: Belarus to upgrade its Su-27 fighters . 1 February 2014 . . 4 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150304222605/http://english.cntv.cn/20140201/100877.shtml . 4 March 2015 . dead.
    137. Web site: Su-27 crash Salgareda Airshow 1990 . 23 July 2007 . Angelos . Tsompanidis . YouTube . 28 November 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170820172926/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wlnnZZsx2k . 20 August 2017 . live.
    138. Web site: 9 September 1990 crash of Su-27 . 11 January 2011 . Aviation Safety Network . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121103115507/http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=54531 . 3 November 2012.
    139. Web site: Катастрофа "Русских Витязей" . Sidorov . Pavel . Catastrophe of "Russian Knights" . ru . Airbase.ru . 2007-04-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032647/http://airbase.ru/crashes/1995/12/kamran/ . 27 September 2007 . live.
    140. News: Pilots blamed for air show crash . 7 August 2002 . CNN . 27 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090520093412/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/08/07/ukraine.pilots/index.html . 20 May 2009 . dead.
    141. News: Wikinews contributors . 2005-10-23 . Russian fighter crash in Lithuania: investigation concludes . Wikinews . 8 December 2022 . 4 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404053823/https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Russian_fighter_crash_in_Lithuania:_investigation_concludes . live .
    142. News: Pilot dies as Russia jets collide . BBC News . 17 August 2009 . 24 May 2010.
    143. Web site: Accident Sukhoi Su-27UB 63 Black, 30 August 2009 . Harro . Ranter . Aviation Safety Network . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170913044033/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=68093 . September 13, 2017.
    144. https://www.military.com/daily-news/2023/03/14/russian-jet-bumps-air-force-drone-over-black-sea-causing-unmanned-aircraft-crash.html Russian Jet Bumps Air Force Drone over Black Sea, Causing Unmanned Aircraft to Crash
    145. Web site: Открытая площадка . Open Area . ru . Central Museum of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation . 6 July 2020 . 10 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200710030931/http://cmaf.ru/ekspo/outside/ . live .
    146. Web site: Sukhoi Su-27PD, s/n 27 red Russian AF, c/n 36911031003 . Aerial Visuals Airframe Dossier . 6 July 2020 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200707050448/http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=218177 . 7 July 2020.
    147. Web site: Sukhoi Su-27 . National Museum of the United States Air Force . 29 November 2023 . 2 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231102140631/https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/3566120/sukhoi-su-27/ . live .
    148. Web site: D'Urso . Stefano . U.S. Air Force National Museum Acquires Former Ukrainian Su-27UB Flanker . The Aviationist . 29 November 2023 . 27 September 2023 . 29 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233457/https://theaviationist.com/2023/09/27/usaf-national-museum-ukrainian-su-27/ . live .