Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula explained

Conflict:Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula
Partof:Operation Holy Stone
Date:20 March 1993
Coordinates:70.5029°N 32.948°W
Map Type:Russia
Map Size:300px
Result:US Navy surveillance on Russian naval bases restricted
Commander1: Cdr. Richard Self
Commander2: Cdr. Andrei Bulgarkov
Strength1:1
Strength2:1
Casualties1:1 nuclear submarine lightly damaged
Casualties2:1 nuclear submarine lightly damaged

The submarine Incident off Kola Peninsula was a collision between the US Navy nuclear attack submarine and the Russian Navy nuclear ballistic missile submarine K-407 Novomoskovsk some 150km (90miles) north of the Russian naval base of Severomorsk, on 20 March 1993. The incident took place when the American submarine, who was trailing her Russian counterpart, lost track of Novomoskovsk. At the time that Grayling reacquired the other submarine, the short distance of only half a mile made the collision unavoidable. The incident happened just a week before the first summit between American president Bill Clinton and the president of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin.

Previous incident

See main article: Submarine incident off Kildin Island. Despite the end of the Cold War and 1991 fall of the Soviet Union, the United States government tasked the US Navy to continue to keep a close watch on the main bases of Russian nuclear submarines to monitor developments, especially those related to strategic assets that remained under Russian control.[1] This kind of submarine surveillance was officially known as "Operation Holy Stone" and "Operation Pinnacle" or "Bollard" in the submariners' jargon.[2] The intelligence-gathering included the tapping of Soviet submarine communication cables, the recording of the pattern of noises from Soviet submarines, and the observation of submarine-launched ballistic missile tests.

On 11 February 1992, the American attack submarine collided with the Russian Navy nuclear submarine B-276 Kostroma off Severomorsk. The mission of Baton Rouge was reportedly the recovery or delivery of intelligence-monitoring devices on the seabed. The American press claimed that the submarine was checking wireless traffic between Russian bases,[3] but the Russians and independent sources asserted that the two units were engaged in a 'cat-and-mouse game'.[4] [5] [6]

According to some sources, Baton Rouge was written off for the high costs of repairing the damaged pressure hull, along with a programmed refueling. This was not unusual; as part of post-Cold War restructuring, the U.S. Navy decommissioned 14 of the first 31 ships in the Los Angeles class instead of refueling them, most at between 17 and 19 years of service.[7] [8]

The collision

Novomoskovsk, commanded by Captain First Rank Andrei Bulgarkov,[9] was performing combat training tasks at a site 105nmi north of Murmansk. Having reached the northern border of the designated area, she turned back, making between 16kn to 18kn.[9] 25 minutes later, while submerged at 74 meters,[10] the crew of Novomoskovsk felt an impact, then heard screeching noises. Immediately after, their sonar detected noises of a foreign submarine close by. Before clearing the area, Grayling checked that the Russian submarine had not sustained serious damage.[11]

An investigation revealed that Grayling had been tracking the Russian submarine bearing between 155 and 165 degrees and from distances of between 11km-13kmkm (07miles-08mileskm). Grayling lost contact with Novomoskovsk when the Russian submarine changed course to 180 degrees. To reacquire the target, Grayling sped to the location of contact loss at 8kn15kn.[12]

The breaking waves created in the shallow waters of the Barents Sea generate background signals, so that when two submarines approach one another head-on, each detects the other when the distance between the two vessels is just a couple of hundred meters.[13] Graylings passive sonar detected Novomoskovsk at a distance of about a kilometer (0.54 nautical mile). With the distance closing and Graylings combat information center still trying to decide on the best way of avoiding a collision, Graylings commanding officer, Commander Richard Self, tried to change course and to surface, but the attempts were thwarted by Graylings momentum. Grayling collided with the upper structure of Novomoskovsk,[12] which suffered a large scratch on her starboard bow.[14] The American submarine limped away also with minor damage.[15] The American submarine was repaired and remained in service until her decommissioning in 1997.[12] Novomoskovsk also returned to service, and after a major upgrade was expected to stay in the Russian Navy until 2020.[16] However, she is still in service as of 2024.[17]

Political consequences

The second clash between American and Russian submarines in a year unleashed a flurry of angry reactions, both inside the Clinton administration and in Yeltsin's Russia. The news that the US Navy was still keeping a close watch on Russia's ports and bases came barely a week before a scheduled summit between the presidents of both countries. At that time, the US government was trying to improve relationships with Russia, especially by supporting Yeltsin's reforms. During the meeting, which took place in Canada, Clinton promised that he would conduct a review not only of the incident itself, but of the policies "of which the incident happened to be an unintended part."[18]

Clinton's statement caused concern in the US Navy, but after a briefing for top officials, among them the new national security adviser, Anthony Lake, the submarine force got the green light to continue its activities in the Barents Sea, although at a greatly reduced pace.[19] The result was a major effort to restrict the operational procedures and improve the training of submarine commanding officers.[20]

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. Sontag & Drew, page 586
  2. Reed, page 1
  3. John H. Gushman Jr. "Two Subs Collide off Russian Port", The New York Times, 19 February 1992
  4. Artur Blinov and Nikolay Burbyga, "Underwater Incident in the Kola Gulf," Izvestia, 20 February 1992 p.1; Nikolay Burbyga and Viktor Litovkin "Americans Not Only Helping Us, But Spying on Us. Details of Submarine Collision in Barents Sea," Izvestia, 21 February 1992, p.2
  5. Jane's defence weekly: Volume 17, p. 352. Jane's Pub. Co., 1992
  6. Schwartz, Stephen I. (1998). Atomic audit: the costs and consequences of U.S. nuclear weapons since 1940. Brookings Institution Press, p. 306, note 89.
  7. "In late 1993, it was announced that one of the oldest Los Angeles class boats, the USS Baton Rouge, would be decommissioned and placed in reserve. However, some European sources claim that the Baton Rouge was involved in a collision with a Russian Sierra-class submarine and had not been to sea thereafter. This, they suggested, pointed to serious pressure hull damage rather than refueling costs as being responsible for the decommissioning." Warships Forecast, February 1997
  8. "Baton Rouge was due to be re-fueled, a lengthy and expensive proposition. Military budget cutbacks apparently did not allow for the additional expense of the repairs needed, and Baton Rouge was placed "In Commission, In Reserve" on 01 November 1993. This status meant that the Navy effectively retired Baton Rouge from service. Most of the crew was reassigned to other duties, and preparations were begun to safely shut the nuclear reactor down so that the radioactive fuel rods could be removed later, during the scrapping process (known as "submarine recycling" and performed at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington). She had been in service less than 16 years (from the time she was commissioned until she was placed in ICIR status). (...) The extent of the damage has not been publicly disclosed, but must be inferred from the fact that the Baton Rouge was decommissioned, rather than repaired." Stitz, Gregory: Peacetime Submarine losses. Texas Maritime Academy, Texas A & M University at Galveston, 1996
  9. Web site: Подводный крейсер идет на таран (An underwater cruiser rams). Cherkashin. Nikolay. Soviet Belorussia. Russian. 10 February 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090423080731/http://www.nvmu.ru/archiv/1/n_0/9684.htm. 23 April 2009. dmy-all.
  10. https://www.theatlantic.com/past/politics/foreign/front.htm The Last Frontier of the Cold War
  11. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/23/world/us-and-russian-subs-in-collision-in-arctic-ocean-near-murmansk.html U.S. and Russian Subs in Collision In Arctic Ocean Near Murmansk
  12. http://www.mesotheliomaweb.org/mesothelioma/veterans/submarines/uss-grayling USS Grayling (SSN-646), History, Patrols and Crews
  13. Submarine Collision off Murmansk. Eugene Miasnikov. The Submarine Review. April 1993. 6.
  14. Sontag & Drew, p. 590
  15. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CS&s_site=thestate&p_multi=CS&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB58281CFE9D739&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Riddles persist in return of sub involved in collision
  16. http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=15634 Northern Fleet Official: SSBN Novomoskovsk to Stay in Navy till 2020
  17. Web site: Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines - Project 667BDRM . 2024-01-22 . russianships.info.
  18. Sontag & Drew, pp. 590–592
  19. Sontag & Drew, pp. 592–593
  20. Moore, Robert (2002) '’A Time to Die: The Kursk disaster’’. Doubleday, p. 116.