Stylommatophora Explained
Stylommatophora is an order[1] of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This taxon includes most land snails and slugs. Stylommatophorans lack an operculum, but some close their shell apertures with temporary "operculum" (epiphragm) made of calcified mucus. They have two pairs of retractile tentacles, the upper pair of which bears eyes on the tentacle tips. All stylommatophorans are hermaphrodites.
The two strong synapomorphies of Stylommatophora are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and two pairs of retractile tentacles.[2]
Stylommatophora are known from the Cretaceous period up to the present day.[3] A molecular clock estimate puts the origin of the crown group also to the Cretaceous.[4]
2017 taxonomy
The most up-to-date formal classification of Stylommatophora is that of Bouchet et al. (2017). Continuously updated information may be found at MolluscaBase.[5] The 2017 system already becomes obsolete in some parts due to new phylogenetic studies.
Rhytidoidea is apparently not a monophyletic group, but rather a collection of lineages from the southern hemisphere with unresolved relationships.
suborder Achatinina [“Achatinoid Clade”]
suborder Scolodontina
suborder Helicina [“Non-Achatinoid Clade”]
- incertae sedis
- infraorder Succineoidei [= Elasmognatha]
- infraorder Rhytidoidei
- superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
- Rhytididae Pilsbry, 1893
- Acavidae Pilsbry, 1895
- Caryodidae Conolly, 1915
- Clavatoridae Thiele, 1926
- Dorcasiidae Connolly, 1915
- Macrocyclidae Thiele, 1926
- Megomphicidae H. B. Baker, 1930
- Odontostomidae Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1898 (according to Salvador et al. 2023,[6] in Bouchet et al. classified in Orthalicoidea)
- Strophocheilidae Pilsbry, 1902
- infraorder Orthalicoidei
- infraorder Pupilloidei [= Orthurethra]
- superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
- Pupillidae Turton, 1831
- Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
- Agardhiellidae Harl & Páll-Gergely, 2017
- Amastridae Pilsbry, 1910
- Argnidae Hudec, 1965
- Azecidae Watson, 1920
- Cerastidae Wenz, 1923
- Chondrinidae Steenberg, 1925
- Cochlicopidae Pilsbry, 1900
- Draparnaudiidae Solem, 1962
- Enidae B. B. Woodward, 1903
- Fauxulidae Harl & Páll-Gergely, 2017
- Gastrocoptidae Pilsbry, 1918
- Lauriidae Steenberg, 1925
- Odontocycladidae Hausdorf, 1996
- Orculidae Pilsbry, 1918
- Pagodulinidae Pilsbry, 1924
- Partulidae Pilsbry, 1900
- Pleurodiscidae Wenz, 1923
- Pyramidulidae Kennard & B. B. Woodward, 1914
- Spelaeoconchidae A. J. Wagner, 1928 (Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina)
- Spelaeodiscidae Steenberg, 1925
- Strobilopsidae Wenz, 1915
- Truncatellinidae Steenberg, 1925
- Valloniidae Morse, 1864
- Vertiginidae Fitzinger, 1833
- infraorder Clausilioidei
- superfamily Clausilioidea Gray, 1855
- Clausiliidae Gray, 1855
- Pilsbrylia Hylton Scott, 1952 (South America; placement following Salvador et al. 2023)
- infraorder Arionoidei
- infraorder Limacoidei [“Limacoid Clade”]
- infraorder Oleacinoidei
- infraorder Helicoidei [“Helicoid Clade”]
- superfamily Sagdoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Helicidae Rafinesque, 1815
- Cepolidae Ihering, 1909
- Labyrinthidae Borrero, Sei, Robinson & Rosenberg, 2017
- Thysanophoridae Pilsbry, 1926
- Camaenidae Pilsbry, 1895
- Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895
- Elonidae Gittenberger, 1977
- Trissexodontidae H. Nordsieck, 1987
- Helicodontidae Kobelt, 1904
- Sphincterochilidae Zilch, 1960
- Geomitridae C. Boettger, 1909
- Canariellidae Schileyko, 1991
- Hygromiidae Tryon, 1866
- Pleurodontidae Ihering, 1912
- Trichodiscinidae H. Nordsieck, 1987
- Xanthonychidae Strebel & Pfeffer, 1879
2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) based on evolutionary ancestry, Stylommatophora is a clade in the clade Eupulmonata within informal group Pulmonata.[7] It uses unranked clades for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass) and the traditional Linnaean approach for all taxa below the rank of superfamily.
The clade Stylommatophora contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra. The term "informal group" has been used to indicate whenever monophyly has not been tested, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has now been discovered to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.
clade Elasmognatha
clade Orthurethra
informal group Sigmurethra
"limacoid clade" (within the Sigmurethra)
(not in limacoid clade, but is within the Sigmurethra)
Previous taxonomy
- Subinfraorder Orthurethra
- Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
- Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
- Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
- Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
- Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
- Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
- Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
- Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
- Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
- Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
- Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
- Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
- Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
- Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
- Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
- Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
- Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
- Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
- Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
Notes and References
- Philippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia, 61(1-2): 1-526.
- Dayrat . B . Tillier . S . 2002-07-29 . Evolutionary relationships of euthyneuran gastropods (Mollusca): a cladistic re-evaluation of morphological characters . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 135 . 4 . 403–470 . 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00018.x . free .
- Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R. (1996). Základy zoopaleontologie. Olomouc, 264 pp., .
- Jörger . Katharina M . Stöger . Isabella . Kano . Yasunori . Fukuda . Hiroshi . Knebelsberger . Thomas . Schrödl . Michael . 2010 . On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia . BMC Evolutionary Biology . en . 10 . 1 . 323 . 10.1186/1471-2148-10-323 . 1471-2148 . 3087543 . 20973994 . 2010BMCEE..10..323J . free .
- Web site: Molluscabase . 2023-08-23 . molluscabase.org . en.
- Salvador . Rodrigo B. . Silva . Fernanda S. . Cavallari . Daniel C. . Köhler . Frank . Slapcinsky . John . Breure . Abraham S. H. . 2023-07-26 . Zhang . Feng . Molecular phylogeny of the Orthalicoidea land snails: Further support and surprises . PLOS ONE . en . 18 . 7 . e0288533 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0288533 . 1932-6203 . 10370776 . 37494326 . 2023PLoSO..1888533S . free .
- Bouchet . Philippe . Rocroi . Jean-Pierre . Frýda . Jiří . Hausdorf . Bernhard . Ponder . Winston . Waldés . Ángel . Warén . Anders . 2005 . Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families . . 47 . 1–397.