Style (form of address) explained

A style of office or form of address, also called manner of address, is an official or legally recognized form of address for a person or other entity (such as a government or company), and may often be used in conjunction with a personal title.[1] [2] A style, by tradition or law, precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or political office, and is sometimes used to refer to the office itself. An honorific can also be awarded to an individual in a personal capacity. Such styles are particularly associated with monarchies, where they may be used by a wife of an office holder or of a prince of the blood, for the duration of their marriage. They are also almost universally used for presidents in republics and in many countries for members of legislative bodies, higher-ranking judges, and senior constitutional office holders. Leading religious figures also have styles.

Examples

Academia

Traditional forms of address at German-speaking universities:

Traditional forms of address at Dutch-speaking universities:

Traditional forms of address at Italian-speaking universities:

Government

Diplomats

Judiciaries

Monarchies

Styles and titles of deposed monarchs

General tradition indicates that monarchs who have ceased to reign but not renounced their hereditary titles, retain the use of their style and title for the duration of their lifetimes, but both die with them. Hence, prior to his death, Greece's deposed king was still styled His Majesty King Constantine II, as a personal title, not as occupant of a constitutional office, since the abolition of the monarchy by the Hellenic Republic in 1974. Similarly, until his death, the last King of Italy, Umberto II, was widely referred to as King Umberto II and sometimes addressed as Your Majesty. In contrast, Simeon of Bulgaria who, subsequent to the loss of his throne in 1947, was elected to and held the premiership of his former realm as "Simeon Sakskoburggotski", and therefore is as often referred to by the latter name as by his former royal title and style.

While this rule is generally observed, and indeed some exiled monarchs are allowed diplomatic passports by their former realm, other republics officially object to the use of such titles which are, nonetheless, generally accorded by extant monarchical regimes. In 1981, the then Greek President Konstantinos Karamanlis declined to attend the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales when it was revealed that Greece's deposed monarch, a cousin of the Prince, had been referred to as "King" in his invitation. The current Hellenic Republic has challenged King Constantine's right to use his title and his passport was revoked in 1994 because he did not use a surname, as his passport at the time stated "Constantine, former King of the Hellenes". However, Constantine II later travelled in and out of Greece on a Danish diplomatic passport as a descendant of Christian IX of Denmark, by the name Constantino de Grecia (Spanish for "Constantine of Greece").

Republics

Medicine

Nautical and aeronautical

Religious

In different countries

Australia

Brunei

Known as terasul in the Malay language.

Canada

See also: Canadian honorifics.

Chile

See main article: Forms of address in Chile.

Guernsey

New Zealand

Jamaica

The Most Honourable – In Jamaica, governors-general, as well as their spouses, are entitled to be styled "The Most Honourable" upon receipt of the Jamaican Order of the Nation.[27] Prime ministers and their spouses are also styled this way upon receipt of the Order of the Nation, which is only given to Jamaican governors-general and prime ministers.[27]

India

His Excellency/Her Excellency is used before the name of President of India as well as before of governors of the states. However, it is not mandatory for an Indian citizen to use this style to address the president or the governors after a notification from the President House. But it is mandatory for foreigners to address the president and governors.[28]

Your Honour/My Lord – It is used before the names of judges but now it is also not mandatory. The Supreme Court in a hearing said that people need to respect the judges and "Sir" is sufficient for it.

Royal styles in India

With a long history of rulers, there are many styles which vary from territory to territory and languages for royal families in India, commonly Maharaja (for king), Maharani (queen) whereas for their successors Raja, Rani (Maha meaning "Great" removed). Rajkumar (for prince) and Rajkumari (for princess).

Others include Hukam (commonly in Rajasthan), Sardar (kings in territories of Punjab within Sikh Empire), Badshah (Mughal Empire), Vazeer-e-Aala (in Mughal Empire) etc.

African traditional rulers

In most of Africa, many styles are used by traditional royalty.

Generally the vast majority of the members of these royal families use the titles Prince and Princess, while the higher ranked amongst them also use either Highness or Royal Highness to describe secondary appellations in their native languages that they hold in their realms, appellations that are intended to highlight their relative proximity to their thrones, either literally in the sense of the extant kingships of the continent or symbolically in the sense of its varied chiefships of the name, and which therefore serve a function similar to the said styles of Highness and Royal Highness.

For example, the Yoruba people of West Africa usually make use of the word Kabiyesi when speaking either to or about their sovereigns and other royals. As such, it is variously translated as Majesty, Royal Highness or Highness depending on the actual rank of the person in question, though a literal translation of the word would read more like this: He (or She) whose words are beyond questioning, Great Lawgiver of the Nation.

Within the Zulu Kingdom of Southern Africa, meanwhile, the monarch and other senior royals are often addressed as uNdabezitha meaning He (or She) Who Concerns the Enemy, but rendered in English as Majesty in address or reference to the king and his consorts, or Royal Highness in the case of other senior members of the royal family.

Hong Kong

The Chief Executive is styled as The Honourable.

Certain senior government officials (such as the Chief Secretary for Administration), President of the Legislative Council, members of the Executive Council, and members of the judiciary (such as the Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal) are also styled as The Honourable.

Ireland

In Ireland, holders of offices with Irish names are usually addressed in English by its nominative form (so, 'Taoiseach' and 'Tánaiste'), though the Irish vocative forms differ (a Thaoisigh and a Thánaiste). The President may be styled 'His/Her Excellency' (Irish: A Shoilse, in Irish pronounced as /ə ˈhəil̠ʲʃə/ / A Soilse in Irish pronounced as /ə ˈsˠəl̠ʲʃə/) and addressed 'Your Excellency' (Irish: A Shoilse), or simply 'President' (Irish: A Uachtaráin in Irish pronounced as /ə ˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠaːnʲ/). The titles 'Minister' and 'Senator' are used as forms of address; only the latter as a style. A TD (Teachta Dála) is formally addressed and styled as 'Deputy', though often simply Mr., Mrs., etc. Similarly, county and city councillors can be addressed as 'Councillor', abbreviated Cllr. which is used as a written style, but are just as frequently addressed as Mr., Mrs., etc.

Malaysia

Morocco

Philippines

Spain

See main article: Forms of address in Spain.

Thailand

United Kingdom

See main article: Forms of address in the United Kingdom.

"The Right Honourable" is added as a prefix to the name of various collective entities such as:

Styles existing through marriage in the United Kingdom

Styles can be acquired through marriage, although traditionally this applies more to wives of office-holders than to husbands. Thus, in the United Kingdom, Anne, Princess Royal, is styled Her Royal Highness (HRH), her husband, Sir Timothy Laurence, bears no courtesy style by virtue of being her husband (although his mother-in-law, Queen Elizabeth II, has since knighted him), nor do her children bear any title or style, by right or tradition, despite being in the line of succession to the Crown, until 2015 subject to the Royal Marriages Act 1772. In contrast, when Sophie Rhys-Jones married Prince Edward, she became HRH the Countess of Wessex (&c.) and their children are entitled (although they do not use them) to the princely prefix and the style of HRH, and do bear courtesy titles derived from their father.

Styles and titles can change when a marriage is dissolved. The Lady Diana Frances Spencer held the style Her Royal Highness during her marriage to HRH The Prince of Wales and the title Princess of Wales. When the couple divorced she lost her style: she became instead Diana, Princess of Wales. (although she fit the criteria which customarily accords the prefix of "Lady" to the daughter of an earl, and she had been known as such prior to marriage, she did not revert to that title following divorce).

When applied to the current Princess of Wales, inclusion of a definite article ("The Princess of Wales"), is, like HRH, part of the style which accompanies the title. When King Charles III (Then; HRH the Prince of Wales) was remarried to Camilla Parker-Bowles in compliance with the Royal Marriages Act, she lawfully became HRH The Princess of Wales but, as was the announced intention prior to the couple's wedding, she continues to use the lesser title derived from her husband's Duchy of Cornwall and was known as HRH The Duchess of Cornwall, until the accession of her husband as King, because of the strong association to the late Diana, Princess of Wales.

From the divorce until her death in 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales ceased to hold any royal style, although the monarch declared that she remained a Princess of the United Kingdom and in occasions when members of the Royal Family appeared in public, she continued to be accorded the same royal precedence.

When Sarah Ferguson was divorced from her husband, HRH Prince Andrew, Duke of York, she too lost her HRH style, the rank as a British Princess and was re-styled as "Sarah, Duchess of York".

In 1936, Wallis Simpson was denied the HRH style by George VI when she married his older brother, the former Edward VIII, who became HRH the Duke of Windsor following his abdication and receipt of a peerage.

United States

The names of most current and former elected federal and state officials and judges in the United States are styled "The Honorable" in writing, (e.g., "The Honorable Mike Rawlings, Mayor of the City of Dallas"). Many are addressed by their title in conversation as "Mister" or "Madam" ("Mr. President", "Madam Mayor") or simply by their name with their appropriate title e.g., "Senator Jones" or "Commissioner Smith".[30] [31]

Continued use of a title after leaving office depends on the office: those of which there is only one at a time (e.g., president, speaker, governor, or mayor) are only officially used by the current office holder. However, titles for offices of which there are many concurrent office holders (e.g., ambassador, senator, judge, professor or military ranks, especially colonel and above) are retained for life: A retired U.S. Army general is addressed as "General (Name)" officially and socially for the rest of their life. Military retirees are entitled to receive pay and are still counted as members of the United States Armed Forces. Accordingly, all retired military ranks are retained for life pursuant to Title 10 of the United States Code. In the case of the President, while the title is officially dropped after leaving office – e.g., Dwight Eisenhower reverted to his prior style "General Eisenhower" in retirement – it is still widely used as an informal practice; e.g., Jimmy Carter is still often called President Carter. The Vice President is typically referred to as "former Vice President", such as "former Vice President Mike Pence." Similarly, governors are typically addressed in later life as "Governor (Name)", particularly if running for further political office. Mitt Romney, for example, was frequently referred to as "Governor Romney" during his 2012 presidential campaign and was addressed as such formally in the debates,[32] [33] having been Governor of Massachusetts until 2007.[30] [31]

Former styles

All former monarchies had styles, some, such as those of the Bourbon monarchy of France, extremely complicated depending on the status of the office or office-holder. Otto von Habsburg, who was Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary (1916–1918), had the style 'His Imperial and Royal Highness'. He was last addressed as such by church figures during the funeral of his late mother, Empress-Queen Zita of Austria-Hungary in 1989, although the use of these styles has been prohibited in Austria since 1920.[39]

For the styles of address to government officials in Imperial Russia, see Table of Ranks.

The names of some offices are also titles, which are retained by the office holder for life. For example, holders of titles of which there are many at the same time, such as ambassadors, senators, judges, and military officers, who retire retain use of their hierarchical honorific for life. Holders of titles of which there is only one office holder at a time such as president, chief justice or speaker revert to their previous honorific when they leave office out of deference to the current office holder.

Other parallel symbols

Styles were often among the range of symbols that surrounded figures of high office. Everything from the manner of address to the behaviour of a person on meeting that personage was surrounded by traditional symbols. Monarchs were to be bowed to by men and curtsied to by women. Senior clergy, particularly in the Roman Catholic Church, were to have their rings (the symbol of their authority) kissed by lay persons while they were on bended knee, while cardinals in an act of homage at the papal coronation were meant to kiss the feet of the Supreme Pontiff, the Pope.

Many of these traditions have lapsed or been partially abandoned. At his inauguration as pope in 1978 (itself the abandonment of the traditional millennium-old papal coronation), Pope John Paul II himself kissed cardinals on the cheeks, rather than follow the traditional method of homage of having his feet kissed.

Similarly, styles, though still used, are used less often. The former President of Ireland, Mary McAleese, was usually referred to as President Mary McAleese, not President McAleese, as had been the form used for the first six presidents, from President Hyde to President Hillery. Tony Blair asked initially to be called Tony. First names, or even nicknames, are often widely used among politicians in the US, even in formal situations (as an extreme example, President James Earl "Jimmy" Carter chose to take the Oath of Office using his nickname). One notable exception involves judges: a judge of any court is almost invariably addressed as "Your Honor" while presiding over his or her court, and often at other times as well. This style has been removed in the Republic of Ireland, where judges are addressed only as "Judge".

However, styles are still widely used in formal documents and correspondence between heads of state, such as in a letter of credence accrediting an ambassador from one head of state to another.

Self-styled

The term self-styled, or soi-disant, roughly means awarding a style to oneself, often without adequate justification or authority, but the expression often refers to descriptions or titles (such as "aunt", "expert", "Doctor", or "King"), rather than true styles in the sense of this article.

See also

Notes

1 Though the Republic of Ireland does not possess a Privy Council, the style is still used. The Lord Mayor of Dublin is still styled the Right Honourable, as previous lord mayors of Dublin were ex-officio members of the former Irish Privy Council until its abolition in 1922.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: style: meaning and definitions. Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Infoplease. 4 January 2011. 1997.
  2. Web site: Definition of style. Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press . 4 January 2011. 2010.
  3. Web site: Samir . Mohamed . November 12, 2022 . 10 Rules of Appearing in Court . March 16, 2024 . badott.com . en.
  4. Web site: 4 September 2009 . No. 4 of 2005 – Form of Address . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110310235549/http://www.magistratescourt.tas.gov.au/practice_directions/2005_No_4_-_Form_of_Address . 10 March 2011 . 4 January 2011 . Practice Directions . Magistrates Court of Tasmania.
  5. See Substantive title
  6. December 12, 1990 . His Majesty Emperor Hirihito of Japan, K. G., 29 April 1901 - 7 January 1989 . Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society . en . 36 . 241–272 . 10.1098/rsbm.1990.0032 . 0080-4606 . royalsocietypublishing.
  7. Colegrove . Kenneth . August 8, 1932 . The Japanese Emperor . American Political Science Review . en . 26 . 4 . 642–659 . 10.2307/1946532 . 0003-0554 . American Political Science Review.
  8. Book: A.F. Pollard. HENRY VIII. 5 January 2007. Chehab Pubber. 244. GGKEY:HQGF65AUEWU.
  9. Book: Angus Stevenson. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Sixth. 1, A – M. 2007. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK. 978-0-19-920687-2. 737.
  10. Le Royaume de Portugal - Empire du Brésil . Tourtchine, Jean-Fred . Cercle d'Études des Dynasties Royales Européennes (CEDRE) . September 1987 . III . 103 . 0764-4426.
  11. News: Wood. Paul. Life and legacy of King Fahd. BBC News. 6 April 2011. 1 August 2005.
  12. Web site: Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz. 6 April 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110120070401/http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/SA/custodian2.htm. 20 January 2011. dead.
  13. Pennell. Richard. What is the significance of the title 'Amīr al-mu'minīn?'. The Journal of North African Studies. 11 March 2016. 21. 4. 623–644. 10.1080/13629387.2016.1157482. 148543546 .
  14. Book: Valentine, Simon, Ross . Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice . Columbia University Press . 208.
  15. Web site: MARIE ANTOINETTE, By Campan . 2024-03-16 . www.gutenberg.org.
  16. Web site: Babel Doing business in France . 2024-03-16 . www.babelgroup.co.uk.
  17. https://web.archive.org/web/20130413215115/http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/patients/information-about-surgery/questions-about-surgery/questions-about-surgeons#why-are-surgeons-in-the-uk-called-mr-or-miss-or-mrs--rather-than-dr- "Why are surgeons in the UK called Mr..."
  18. Web site: Styles of address » Religious dignitaries. 16 October 2017 . Government of Canada.
  19. Web site: Style Guide . Episcopal Church . 17 June 2013.
  20. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions . Trinityambler.com . 17 June 2013.
  21. Web site: Honoring the Priesthood. churchofjesuschrist.org. 11 February 2015.
  22. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, College Edition. The World Publishing Company, Cleveland and New York. 1966. p. 1719
  23. Web site: The title 'The Honourable' for Governors-General. www.legislation.gov.au.
  24. Web site: Contact. Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. 5 January 2011. 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110113220803/http://www.gg.gov.au/content.php/category/id/8/title/contact. 13 January 2011.
  25. Web site: Guernsey Feudal Dues Law - Use of Styles .
  26. Web site: DPMC - New Zealand Honours: The Honourable and the Privy Council . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . https://web.archive.org/web/20110902083617/http://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/overview/hon.html . 2 September 2011 . dead.
  27. http://jis.gov.jm/information/awards/ "National Awards of Jamaica"
  28. News: 2012-10-10 . President no more ‘His Excellency’ . 2024-03-16 . The Times of India . 0971-8257.
  29. Web site: 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines . Chan Robles Virtual Law Library . www.chanrobles.com.
  30. Book: Vanderbilt . Amy . The Amy Vanderbilt Complete Book of Etiquette . 1995 . Doubleday . 9780385413428 . 50th Anniversary .
  31. Book: Conetsco . Cherlynn . Service Etiquette . 2009 . Naval Institute Press . 9781591143574 . 5th .
  32. Web site: CPD: October 22, 2012 Debate Transcript. www.debates.org.
  33. Web site: October 16, 2012 Debate Transcript, Obama vs Romney. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150905055611/http://debates.org/index.php?page=october-1-2012-the-second-obama-romney-presidential-debate. 5 September 2015.
  34. See, e.g., (scan of a Representative's frank).
  35. See, e.g., (scan of franked envelope from a U.S. Senator).
  36. Web site: Ethics Opinion 344 . The District of Columbia Bar . 5 January 2011. 2011.
  37. Book: Barron's How to Prepare for the LSAT, Law School Admission Test . Bobrow, Jerry . 587 . Barron's Educational Series . 2005 . 978-0-7641-2412-9 . July 13, 2013.
  38. Call Her Miss . . April 10, 1964 . July 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20050719075725/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875740,00.html. dead. July 19, 2005.
  39. Web site: Bundesrecht: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Adelsaufhebungsgesetz. Federal Chancellery of Austria. 5 January 2011. de. 2010.

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