| Struma (Струма), Strymónas (Στρυμόνας) | |
| Source1 Location: | The south slopes of Vitosha, Bulgaria |
| Mouth Coordinates: | 40.7858°N 23.8489°W |
| Subdivision Type1: | Countries |
| Length: | 415km (258miles) |
| Source1 Elevation: | 2180m (7,150feet) |
| Discharge1 Avg: | 2.1m3/s at Pernik; 76.2m3/s at Marino pole |
| Basin Size: | 17330km2 |
The Struma or Strymónas (Bulgarian: Струма in Bulgarian pronounced as /ˈstrumɐ/; Greek, Modern (1453-);: Στρυμόνας in Greek, Modern (1453-); pronounced as /striˈmonas/;) is a river in Bulgaria and Greece. Its ancient name was Strymṓn (Greek: Στρυμών pronounced as /[stryˈmɔːn]/). Its drainage area is 17330km2, of which 8670km2 in Bulgaria, 6295km2 in Greece and the remaining 2365km2 in North Macedonia[1] and Serbia.[2] It takes its source from the Vitosha Mountain in Bulgaria, runs first westward, then southward, forming a number of gorges, enters Greece near the village of Promachonas in eastern Macedonia. In Greece it is the main waterway feeding and exiting from Lake Kerkini, a significant centre for migratory wildfowl. Also in Greece, the river entirely flows in the Serres regional unit into the Strymonian Gulf in Aegean Sea, near Amphipolis. The river's length is 415km (258miles) (of which in Bulgaria, making it the country's fifth-longest and one of the longest rivers that run solely in the interior of the Balkans.
Parts of the river valley belong to a Bulgarian coal-producing area, more significant in the past than nowadays; the southern part of the Bulgarian section is an important wine region. The Greek portion is a valley which is dominant in agriculture, being Greece's fourth-biggest valley. The tributaries include the Konska River, the Dragovishtitsa, the Rilska River, the Blagoevgradska Bistritsa, the Sandanska Bistritsa, the Strumitsa, the Pirinska Bistritsa and the Angitis.
The river's name comes from Thracian, derived from Proto-Indo-European * 'stream',[3] akin to English stream, Old Irish 'river', Polish 'stream', Lithuanian straumuo 'fast stream', Bulgarian 'water flow', Greek 'stream', Albanian 'water flow', 'rain'.
The name Strymón was a hydronym in ancient Greek mythology, referring to a mythical Thracian king that was drowned in the river.[4] Strymón was also used as a personal name in various regions of Ancient Greece during the 3rd century BC.[5]
In Macedonian it is called Струма in Bulgarian pronounced as /ˈstrumɐ/; while in Turkish: Karasu pronounced as /[kaɾaˈsu]/, 'black water').
In 437 BC, the ancient Greek city of Amphipolis was founded near the river's entrance to the Aegean, at the site previously known as ('Nine roads'). When Xerxes I of Persia crossed the river during his invasion in 480 BC he buried alive nine young boys and nine maidens as a sacrifice to the river god.[6] The forces of Alexander I of Macedon defeated the remnants of Xerxes' army near Ennea Hodoi in 479 BC. In 424 BC the Spartan general Brasidas after crossing the entire Greek peninsula sieged and conquered Amphipolis. According to the ancient sources, the river was navigable from its mouth up to the ancient (and today dried) Cercinitis lake, which also favored the navigation; and thus was formed in antiquity an important waterway that served the communication between the coasts of Strymonian Gulf and the Thracian hinterland and almost to the city of Serres.[7]
The decisive Battle of Kleidion was fought close the river in 1014 between the Bulgarians under Emperor Samuel and the Byzantines under Emperor Basil II and determined the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire four years later. In 1913, the Greek Army was nearly surrounded in the Kresna Gorge of the Struma by the Bulgarian Army during the Second Balkan War, and the Greeks were forced to ask for armistice.
The river valley was part of the Macedonian front in World War I. The ship, which took Jewish refugees out of Romania in World War II and was torpedoed and sunk in the Black Sea, causing nearly 800 deaths, was named after the river.
The river's mouth and Lake Kerkini, a lake that the river is feeding and exiting, are both national parks and part of the Natura 2000 network.[8] More than 300 bird species have been observed at these locations and some of them are considered endangered or vulnerable, like the saker falcon, the eastern imperial eagle and the greater spotted eagle.[9] The Greek lamprey, which is listed as a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List and is considered the rarest species of lamprey in the world, is only found at the Struma basin and the basin of the much smaller Louros river.[10]