Stolz–Cesàro theorem explained

In mathematics, the Stolz–Cesàro theorem is a criterion for proving the convergence of a sequence. It is named after mathematicians Otto Stolz and Ernesto Cesàro, who stated and proved it for the first time.

The Stolz–Cesàro theorem can be viewed as a generalization of the Cesàro mean, but also as a l'Hôpital's rule for sequences.

Statement of the theorem for the case

Let

(a _{n)} _{n} and (b _{n)} _{n} be two sequences of real numbers. Assume that (b _{n)} _{n} is a strictly monotone and divergent sequence (i.e. strictly increasing and approaching + inf ty , or strictly decreasing and approaching - inf ty ) and the following limit exists:\lim _{n} (a _{n+1} - a _{n})/(b _{n+1} - b _{n}) = l. Then, the limit\lim _{n} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) = l.

Statement of the theorem for the case

Let

(a _{n)} _{n} and (b _{n)} _{n} be two sequences of real numbers. Assume now that (a _{n)\to} 0 and (b _{n)\to} 0 while (b _{n)} _{n} is strictly decreasing. If \lim _{n} (a _{n+1} - a _{n})/(b _{n+1} - b _{n}) = l, then\lim _{n} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) = l. ^[1]

Proofs

Proof of the theorem for the case

Case 1: suppose

(b _{n)} strictly increasing and divergent to +inf ty , and -inf ty<l< inf ty . By hypothesis, we have that for all \epsilon/ 2 > 0 there exists \nu > 0 such that \forall n > \nu \left| (a _{n+1} - a _{n})/(b _{n+1} - b _{n}) - l\right| < (\epsilon)/(2) , which is to sayl - \epsilon/ 2 < (a _{n+1} - a _{n})/(b _{n+1} - b _{n}) <l + \epsilon/ 2 , \forall n > \nu. Since (b _{n)} is strictly increasing, b _{n+1} - b _{n>0} , and the following holds(l - \epsilon/ 2 )(b _{n+1} - b _{n)<a} _{n+1} - a _{n<(l+\epsilon/2)(b} _{n+1} - b _{n), \forall} n > \nu .Next we notice thata _{n} = [(a _{n-a} _{n-1} ) +...+ (a _{\nu+2} - a _{\nu+1} )] + a _{\nu+1} thus, by applying the above inequality to each of the terms in the square brackets, we obtain\begin{align} &(l - \epsilon/ 2 )(b _{n-b} _{\nu+1} ) + a _{\nu+1} = (l - \epsilon/ 2 )[(b _{n-b} _{n-1} ) +...+ (b _{\nu+2} - b _{\nu+1} )] + a _{\nu+1} <a _{n\\ &a} _{n<(l+\epsilon/2)[(b} _{n-b} _{n-1} ) +...+ (b _{\nu+2} - b _{\nu+1} )] + a _{\nu+1} = (l + \epsilon/ 2 )(b _{n-b} _{\nu+1} ) + a _{\nu+1} .\end{align} Now, since b _{n\to+infty} as n\to inf ty , there is an n _{0>0} such that b _{n>0} for all n>n _{0} , and we can divide the two inequalities by b _{n} for all n> max \{\nu,n _{0\}} (l - \epsilon/ 2 ) + (a _{\nu+1} - b _{\nu+1} (l - \epsilon/ 2 ))/(< b _{n}) (a _{n})/(<(l + \epsilon/ 2 ) + b _{n}) (a _{\nu+1} - b _{\nu+1} (l + \epsilon/ 2 ))/(b _{n}) . The two sequences (which are only defined for n>n _{0} as there could be an N\leq n _{0} such that b _{N=0} ) c ^{\pm} _{n: = (a _{\nu+1} - b _{\nu+1} (l\pm\epsilon/ 2 ))/(b _{n})} are infinitesimal since b _{n\to+infty} and the numerator is a constant number, hence for all \epsilon/ 2 > 0 there exists n _{\pm} >n _{0>0} , such that\begin{align} &|c ^{+} _{n|<\epsilon/ 2 , \forall} n > n ^{-} _{n|<\epsilon/ 2 , \forall} n > n _{-, \end{align}} thereforel - \epsilon < l - \epsilon/ 2+ c ^{-} _{n} < (a _{n})/(b _{n}) < l + \epsilon/ 2+ c ^{+} _{n<l + \epsilon, \forall} n > max \lbrace\nu,n _{\pm} \rbrace = : N > 0 , which concludes the proof. The case with (b _{n)} strictly decreasing and divergent to -inf ty , and l< inf ty is similar.

Case 2: we assume

(b _{n)} strictly increasing and divergent to +inf ty , and l =+inf ty . Proceeding as before, for all 2 M > 0 there exists \nu > 0 such that for all n > \nu (a _{n+1} - a _{n})/(b _{n+1} - b _{n}) > 2 M. Again, by applying the above inequality to each of the terms inside the square brackets we obtaina _{n} > 2 M(b _{n-b} _{\nu+1} ) + a _{\nu+1} , \forall n > \nu, and(a _{n})/(b _{n}) > 2 M + (a _{\nu+1} -2 M b _{\nu+1})/(b _{n}) , \forall n > max \{\nu,n _{0\}.} The sequence (c _{n)} ^{n>n _{0}} defined byc _{n} : = (a _{\nu+1} -2 M b _{\nu+1})/(b _{n}) is infinitesimal, thus\forall M > 0 \exists \bar{n}>n _{0>0} suchthat - M < c _{n} < M,\forall n > \bar{n}, combining this inequality with the previous one we conclude(a _{n})/(b _{n}) > 2 M + c _{n} > M, \forall n > max \{\nu,\bar{n}\} = : N. The proofs of the other cases with (b _{n)} strictly increasing or decreasing and approaching +inf ty or -inf ty respectively and l = \pm inf ty all proceed in this same way.

Proof of the theorem for the case

Case 1: we first consider the case with

l < inf ty and (b _{n)} strictly decreasing. This time, for each \nu > 0 , we can writea _{n} = (a _{n-a} _{n+1} ) +...+ (a _{n+\nu-1} - a _{n+\nu} ) + a _{n+\nu} , and for any \epsilon/ 2 > 0 , \exist n _{0} such that for all n>n _{0} we have\begin{align} &(l - \epsilon/ 2 )(b _{n-b} _{n+\nu} ) + a _{n+\nu} = (l - \epsilon/ 2 )[(b _{n-b} _{n+1} ) +...+ (b _{n+\nu-1} - b _{n+\nu} )] + a _{n+\nu} < a _{n\\ &a} _{n} < (l + \epsilon/ 2 )[(b _{n-b} _{n+1} ) +...+ (b _{n+\nu-1} - b _{n+\nu} )] + a _{n+\nu} = (l + \epsilon/ 2 )(b _{n-b} _{n+\nu} ) + a _{n+\nu} .\end{align} The two sequencesc ^{\pm} _{\nu} : = (a _{n+\nu} - b _{n+\nu} (l\pm\epsilon/ 2 ))/(b _{n}) are infinitesimal since by hypothesis a _{n+\nu} ,b _{n+\nu} \to 0 as \nu\to inf ty , thus for all \epsilon/ 2 > 0 there are \nu _{\pm} > 0 such that \begin{align} &|c ^{+} _{\nu|} < \epsilon/ 2 , \forall \nu>\nu ^{-} _{\nu|} < \epsilon/ 2 , \forall \nu>\nu _{-, \end{align}} thus, choosing \nu appropriately (which is to say, taking the limit with respect to \nu ) we obtainl - \epsilon < l - \epsilon/ 2+ c ^{-} _{\nu} < (a _{n})/(b _{n}) < l + \epsilon/ 2+ c ^{+} _{\nu} < l + \epsilon, \forall n > n _{0} which concludes the proof.

Case 2: we assume

l =+inf ty and (b _{n)} strictly decreasing. For all 2 M > 0 there exists n _{0} > 0 such that for all n > n _{0,} (a _{n+1} - a _{n})/(b _{n+1} - b _{n}) > 2 M \implies a _{n-a} _{n+1} > 2 M(b _{n-b} _{n+1} ). Therefore, for each \nu > 0 , (a _{n})/(b _{n}) > 2 M + (a _{n+\nu} -2 M b _{n+\nu})/(b _{n}) , \forall n > n _{0.} The sequencec _{\nu} : = (a _{n+\nu} -2 M b _{n+\nu})/(b _{n}) converges to 0 (keeping n fixed). Hence \forall M > 0 ~\exists \bar{\nu} > 0 such that - M < c _{\nu} < M,\forall \nu > \bar{\nu}, and, choosing \nu conveniently, we conclude the proof(a _{n})/(b _{n}) > 2 M + c _{\nu} > M, \forall n > n _{0.}

Applications and examples

The theorem concerning the case has a few notable consequences which are useful in the computation of limits.

Arithmetic mean

Let

(x _{n)} be a sequence of real numbers which converges to l , definea _{n:=\sum} ^{nx} ^{m = x} _{1+...+x} _{n,} b _{n:=n} then (b _{n)} is strictly increasing and diverges to +inf ty . We compute\lim _{n\toinfty} (a _{n+1} - a _{n})/(b _{n+1} - b _{n}) = \lim _{n\toinfty} x _{n+1} = \lim _{n\toinfty} x _{n=l} therefore\lim _{n\toinfty} (x _{1+...+} x _{n})/(n) = \lim _{n\toinfty} x _{n.}

Given any sequence (x _{n)} _{n\geq} of real numbers, suppose that\lim _{n\toinfty} x _{n} exists (finite or infinite), then \lim _{n\toinfty} (x _{1+...+x} _{n})/(n) = \lim _{n\toinfty} x _{n.}

Geometric mean

Let

(x _{n)} be a sequence of positive real numbers converging to l and definea _{n:=log(x} _{1 …} x _{n),} b _{n:=n,} again we compute\lim _{n\toinfty} (a _{n+1} - a _{n})/(b _{n+1} - b _{n}) = \lim _{n\toinfty} log ( (x _{1 …} x _{n+1})/(x _{1 …} x _{n}) ) = \lim _{n\toinfty} log (x _{n+1} ) = \lim _{n\toinfty} log (x _{n)=log(l),} where we used the fact that the logarithm is continuous. Thus\lim _{n\toinfty} (log (x _{1 …} x _{n)})/(n) = \lim _{n\toinfty} log ( (x _{1 …} x ^{(1)/(n)} _{n)} ) =log (l), since the logarithm is both continuous and injective we can conclude that\lim _{n\toinfty} \sqrt[n]{x _{1 …} x _{n}=\lim} _{n\toinfty} x _{n} .

Given any sequence (x _{n)} _{n\geq} of (strictly) positive real numbers, suppose that\lim _{n\toinfty} x _{n} exists (finite or infinite), then \lim _{n\toinfty} \sqrt[n]{x _{1 …} x _{n}=\lim} _{n\toinfty} x _{n.}

Suppose we are given a sequence

(y _{n)} _{n\geq1} and we are asked to compute \lim _{n\toinfty} \sqrt[n]{y _{n},} defining y _{0=1} and x _{n=y} _{n/y} _{n-1} we obtain\lim _{n\toinfty} \sqrt[n]{x _{1...} x _{n}=\lim} _{n\toinfty} \sqrt[n]{ (y _{1...} y _{n})/(y _{0 ⋅} y _{1...} y _{n-1}) }=\lim_\sqrt[n],if we apply the property above\lim _{n\toinfty} \sqrt[n]{y _{n}=\lim} _{n\toinfty} x _{n=\lim} _{n\toinfty} (y _{n})/(y _{n-1}) . This last form is usually the most useful to compute limits

Given any sequence (y _{n)} _{n\geq} of (strictly) positive real numbers, suppose that\lim _{n\toinfty} (y _{n+1})/(y _{n}) exists (finite or infinite), then \lim _{n\toinfty} \sqrt[n]{y _{n}=\lim} _{n\toinfty} (y _{n+1})/(y _{n}) .

Examples

Example 1

\lim _{n\toinfty} \sqrt[n]{n} = \lim _{n\toinfty} (n +1)/(n) =1 .

Example 2

\begin{align} \lim _{n\toinfty} (\sqrt[n]{n!)/() }&=\lim_ \frac\\&=\lim_\frac=\lim_\frac=\frac\endwhere we used the representation of e as the limit of a sequence.

History

The ∞/∞ case is stated and proved on pages 173—175 of Stolz's 1885 book and also on page 54 of Cesàro's 1888 article.

It appears as Problem 70 in Pólya and Szegő (1925).

The general form

Statement

The general form of the Stolz–Cesàro theorem is the following:^[2] If

(a _{n)} _{n\geq} and (b _{n)} _{n\geq} are two sequences such that (b _{n)} _{n} is monotone and unbounded, then:\liminf _{n\toinfty} (a _{n+1} - a _{n})/(b _{n+1} - b _{n}) \leq \liminf _{n\toinfty} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) \leq\limsup _{n\toinfty} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) \leq\limsup _{n\toinfty} (a _{n+1} - a _{n})/(b _{n+1} - b _{n}) .

Proof

Instead of proving the previous statement, we shall prove a slightly different one; first we introduce a notation: let

(a _{n)} _{n\geq1} be any sequence, its partial sum will be denoted by A _{n:=\sum} ^{na} ^{m} . The equivalent statement we shall prove is:

Let (a _{n)} _{n\geq1} ,(b _{n)} _{\geq1} be any two sequences of real numbers such thatb _{n} > 0 , \forall n\in { Z }_,\lim _{n\toinfty} B _{n=+infty} ,then\liminf _{n\toinfty} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) \leq\liminf _{n\toinfty} (A _{n})/(B _{n}) \leq\limsup _{n\toinfty} (A _{n})/(B _{n}) \leq\limsup _{n\toinfty} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) .

Proof of the equivalent statement

First we notice that:

\liminf _{n\toinfty} (A _{n})/(B _{n}) \leq\limsup _{n\toinfty} (A _{n})/(B _{n}) holds by definition of limit superior and limit inferior;\liminf _{n\toinfty} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) \leq\liminf _{n\toinfty} (A _{n})/(B _{n}) holds if and only if \limsup _{n\toinfty} (A _{n})/(B _{n}) \leq\limsup _{n\toinfty} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) because \liminf _{n\toinfty} x _{n=-\limsup} _{n\toinfty} ( - x _{n)} for any sequence (x _{n)} _{n\geq1} .Therefore we need only to show that \limsup _{n\toinfty} (A _{n})/(B _{n}) \leq\limsup _{n\toinfty} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) . If L: = \limsup _{n\toinfty} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) =+inf ty there is nothing to prove, hence we can assume L< +inf ty (it can be either finite or -inf ty ). By definition of \limsup , for all l > L there is a natural number \nu> 0 such that(a _{n})/(b _{n}) <l, \forall n>\nu. We can use this inequality so as to writeA _{n} = A _{\nu} + a _{\nu} + ... + a _{n} < A _{\nu} + l(B _{n} - B _{\nu),} \forall n > \nu, Because b _{n>0} , we also have B _{n>0} and we can divide by B _{n} to get(A _{n})/(B _{n}) < (A _{\nu} - lB _{\nu})/(B _{n}) + l, \forall n > \nu. Since B _{n\to+infty} as n\to +inf ty , the sequence(A _{\nu} - lB _{\nu})/(B _{n}) \to 0 as n\to +inf ty (keeping \nu fixed) , and we obtain\limsup _{n\toinfty} (A _{n})/(B _{n}) \le l, \forall l > L, By definition of least upper bound, this precisely means that\limsup _{n\toinfty} (A _{n})/(B _{n}) \leq L = \limsup _{n\toinfty} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) , and we are done.

Proof of the original statement

Now, take

(a _{n),(b} _{n)} as in the statement of the general form of the Stolz-Cesàro theorem and define\alpha _{1=a} _{1,\alpha} _{k=a} _{k-a} _{k-1} ,\forall k> 1 \beta _{1=b} _{1,\beta} _{k=b} _{k-b} _{k-1} \forall k> 1 since (b _{n)} is strictly monotone (we can assume strictly increasing for example), \beta _{n>0} for all n and since b _{n\to+infty} also \Beta _{n=b} _{1+(b} _{2-b} _{1)+...+(b} _{n-b} _{n-1} ) = b _{n\to+infty} , thus we can apply the theorem we have just proved to (\alpha _{n),(\beta} _{n)} (and their partial sums (\Alpha _{n),(\Beta} _{n)} )\limsup _{n\toinfty} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) = \limsup _{n\toinfty} (\Alpha _{n})/(\Beta _{n}) \leq\limsup _{n\toinfty} (\alpha _{n})/(\beta _{n}) = \limsup _{n\toinfty} (a _{n-a} _{n-1})/(b _{n-b} _{n-1}) , which is exactly what we wanted to prove.

References

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• A. D. R. Choudary, Constantin Niculescu: Real Analysis on Intervals. Springer, 2014,, pp. 59-62
• J. Marshall Ash, Allan Berele, Stefan Catoiu: Plausible and Genuine Extensions of L’Hospital's Rule. Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 85, No. 1 (February 2012), pp. 52–60 (JSTOR)

External links

• l'Hôpital's rule and Stolz-Cesàro theorem at imomath.com

Notes

1. Book: Choudary, A. D. R.. Real Analysis on Intervals. Niculescu. Constantin. 2014. Springer India. 978-81-322-2147-0. 59-60. en.
2. http://www.imomath.com/index.php?options=686 l'Hôpital's rule and Stolz-Cesàro theorem at imomath.com