Stolidobranchia Explained
Stolidobranchia is an order of tunicates in the class Ascidiacea.[1] The group includes both colonial and solitary animals. They are distinguished from other tunicates by the presence of folded pharyngeal baskets. This provides the etymology of their name: in ancient Greek, Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: στολίς, ίδος means the "fold" of a cloth. Stolidobranchian sea squirts are also characterized by the complete absence of an abdomen. The abdominal organs of other tunicates are instead located to one side of the pharyngeal basket in this group.
Taxonomy
- Molgulidae Lacaze-Duthiers 1877 [Hexacrobylidae <small>Seeliger 1906</small>; Caesiridae]
- Anomopera Hartmeyer, 1923
- Asajirus Kott, 1989 [''Hexadactylus'' <small>Monniot & Monniot 1990</small>]
- Bostrichobranchus Traustedt, 1883
- Eugyra Alder & Hancock, 1870 [''Eugyrioides'' <small>Seeliger 1907</small>]
- Fungulus Herdman, 1882
- Gamaster Pizon, 1896
- Minipera Monniot & Monniot, 1974
- Molgula Forbes, 1848 [''Anurella'' <small>Lacaze-Duthiers 1877</small>; ''Ascopera'' <small>Herdman 1881</small>; ''Astropera'' <small>Pizon 1898</small>; ''Caesira'' <small>Flemming 1822</small>; ''Ctenicella'' <small>Lacaze-Duthiers 1877</small>; ''Cystingia'' <small>MacLeay 1825</small>; ''Eugyriopsis'' <small>Roule 1885</small>; ''Euritteria'' <small>Huntsman 1922</small>; ''Gymnocystis'' <small>Giard 1872</small>; ''Lithonephria'' <small>Giard 1872</small>; ''Lithonephrya'' <small>Giard 1872</small>; ''Meristocarpus'' <small>Pizon 1899</small>; ''Molgulidium'' <small>Seeliger 1907</small>; ''Molgulina'' <small>Hartmeyer 1914</small>; ''Pera'' <small>Stimpson 1852</small>; ''Syphonotethis'' <small>Gervais 1840</small>; ''Xenomolgula'' <small>Ärnbäck 1931</small>]
- Molguloides Huntsman, 1922
- Namiella Monniot & Monniot, 1968
- Oligotrema Bourne, 1903 [''Gasterascidia'' <small>Monniot & Monniot 1968</small>; ''Hexacrobylus'' <small>Sluiter 1905</small>; ''Sorbera'' <small>Monniot & Monniot 1974</small>]
- Paramolgula Traustedt, 1835 [''Stomatropa'']
- Pareugyrioides Hartmeyer, 1914
- Protomolgula Monniot, 1971
- Rhizomolgula Ritter, 1901
- Pyuridae Hartmeyer 1908 [Plidaeuridae]
- Bathypera Michaelsen, 1904 [''Halomolgula'' <small>Ritter 1907</small>]
- Bathypyura Monniot & Monniot, 1973
- Boltenia Savigny, 1816
- Bolteniopsis Harant, 1927 [''Liouvillea'' <small>Sluiter 1929</small>]
- Claudenus Kott, 1998 [''Ctenicella'' <small>Kott 1972</small>]
- Cratostigma Monniot & Monniot, 1961
- Ctenyura Van Name, 1918
- Culeolus Herdman, 1881
- Halocynthia Verrill, 1879 [''Cynthia'' <small>Savigny 1816</small>; ''Holocynthia'' <small>Verrill 1879</small>; ''Tethyum'' <small>Bohadsch 1761</small>]
- Hartmeyeria Ritter, 1913 [''Ectorchis'' <small>Huntsman 1922</small>]
- Hemistyela Millar, 1955
- Herdmania Lahille, 1888 [''Rhabdocynthia'' <small>Herdman 1891</small>]
- Heterostigma Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1924
- Microcosmus Heller, 1877
- Paraculeolus Vinogradova, 1970
- Pyura Molina, 1782 [''Cynthiopsis'' <small>Michaelsen 1904</small>; ''Forbesella'' <small>Lacaze-Duthiers & Delage 1892</small>; ''Forbesia'' <small>Lacaze-Duthiers & Delage 1892</small>; ''Hyalocynthia'' <small>Oka 1930</small>; ''Paracynthia'' <small>Ärnbäck 1938</small>; ''Podocynthia'' <small>Oka 1929</small>; ''Pyuropsis'' <small>Michaelsen 1912</small>]
- Styelidae Sluiter 1895 [Botryllidae <small>Giard 1875</small>]
- Alloeocarpa Michaelsen, 1900
- Arnbackia Brewin, 1950
- Asterocarpa Brewin, 1946
- Bathyoncus Herdman, 1882
- Bathystyeloides Seeliger, 1907
- Berillia Brewin, 1952
- Botryllocarpa Hartmeyer, 1909 [''Protobotryllus'' <small>Pizon 1908</small>]
- Botrylloides Milne-Edwards, 1841 [''Metrocarpa'' <small>Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde 1923</small>; ''Sarcobotrylloides'' <small>Drasche 1883</small>]
- Botryllus Gaertner, 1774 [''Alcyonium'' <small>Pallas 1766</small>; ''Myxobotrus'' <small>Oka 1931</small>; ''Parabotryllus'' <small>Kott 1975</small>; ''Polycyclus'' <small>Lamarck 1815</small>]
- Chorizocarpa Michaelsen, 1904
- Cnemidocarpa Huntsman, 1913 [''Azygocarpa'' <small>Oka 1932</small>; ''Ypsilocarpa'' <small>Ärnbäck 1922</small>]
- Dendrodoa MacLeay, 1824 [''Styelopsis'' <small>Traustedt 1883</small>]
- Dextrocarpa Millar, 1955
- Diandrocarpa Van Name, 1902
- Dicarpa Millar, 1955
- Distomus Gaertner, 1774 [''Psilostyela'' <small>Sluiter 1927</small>]
- Eusynstyela Michaelsen, 1904 [''Michaelsenia'' <small>Van Name 1902</small>]
- Gynandrocarpa Michaelsen, 1900
- Kukenthalia Hartmeyer, 1903
- Metandrocarpa Michaelsen, 1904 [''Okamia'' <small>Brewin 1948</small>]
- Monandrocarpa Michaelsen, 1904 [''Monoandrocarpa'' <small>Kott 1972</small>]
- Oculinaria Gray, 1868
- Oligocarpa Hartmeyer, 1911
- Pelonaia Forbes & Goodsir, 1841
- Podostyela Harant & Vernières, 1933
- Polyandrocarpa Michaelsen, 1904
- Polycarpa Heller, 1877 [''Glandula'' <small>Stimpson 1852</small>; ''Pandocia'' <small>Fleming 1822</small>; ''Paratona'' <small>Huntsman 1913</small>; ''Styeloides'']
- Polyzoa Lesson, 1831 [''Chorizocormus'' <small>Herdman 1886</small>; ''Dictyostyela'' <small>Oka 1926</small>; ''Goodsiria'' <small>Cunningham 1871</small>; ''Monobotryllus'' <small>(Agassiz 1880)</small>]
- Protostyela Millar, 1954
- Psammobotrus Oka, 1932
- Psammostyela Weinstein, 1961
- Seriocarpa Diehl, 1969
- Stolonica Lacaze-Duthiers & Délage, 1892 [''Amphicarpa'' <small>Michaelsen 1922</small>; ''Thylacium ''<small>Alder & Hancock 1907</small>]
- Styela Fleming, 1822 [''Botryorchis'' <small>Huntsman 1911</small>; ''Clavellinopsis'' <small>Fewkes 1889</small>; ''Goniocarpa'' <small>Huntsman 1912</small>; ''Katatropa'' <small>Huntsman 1912</small>; ''Minostyela'' <small>Kott 1969</small>; ''Molstyela'' <small>Oka 1934</small>; ''Redikorzevia'' <small>Oka 1929</small>; ''Vannamea'' <small>Oka 1932</small>]
- Symplegma Herdman, 1886
- Syncarpa Redikorzev, 1913
- Theodorella Michaelsen, 1922
- Tibitin Monniot, 1983
References
Book: Barnes, Robert D. . 1982 . Invertebrate Zoology . Holt-Saunders International . Philadelphia, PA. 1042. 0-03-056747-5.
Notes and References
- Lambert, G.; Gittenberger, A.; Sanamyan, K. (2015). Stolidobranchia. In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; Swalla, B.J.; Turon, X. (2015) Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2015-12-23
