Stiffness is the extent to which an object resists deformation in response to an applied force.[1]
The complementary concept is flexibility or pliability: the more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is.
The stiffness,
k,
F
\delta
In the International System of Units, stiffness is typically measured in newtons per meter (
N/m
Generally speaking, deflections (or motions) of an infinitesimal element (which is viewed as a point) in an elastic body can occur along multiple DOF (maximum of six DOF at a point). For example, a point on a horizontal beam can undergo both a vertical displacement and a rotation relative to its undeformed axis. When there are
M
M x M
It is noted that for a body with multiple DOF, the equation above generally does not apply since the applied force generates not only the deflection along its direction (or degree of freedom) but also those along with other directions.
For a body with multiple DOF, to calculate a particular direct-related stiffness (the diagonal terms), the corresponding DOF is left free while the remaining should be constrained. Under such a condition, the above equation can obtain the direct-related stiffness for the degree of unconstrained freedom. The ratios between the reaction forces (or moments) and the produced deflection are the coupling stiffnesses.
The elasticity tensor is a generalization that describes all possible stretch and shear parameters.
A single spring may intentionally be designed to have variable (non-linear) stiffness throughout its displacement.
The inverse of stiffness is or, typically measured in units of metres per newton. In rheology, it may be defined as the ratio of strain to stress,[3] and so take the units of reciprocal stress, for example, 1/Pa.
A body may also have a rotational stiffness,
k,
M
\theta
In the SI system, rotational stiffness is typically measured in newton-metres per radian.
In the SAE system, rotational stiffness is typically measured in inch-pounds per degree.
Further measures of stiffness are derived on a similar basis, including:
The elastic modulus of a material is not the same as the stiffness of a component made from that material. Elastic modulus is a property of the constituent material; stiffness is a property of a structure or component of a structure, and hence it is dependent upon various physical dimensions that describe that component. That is, the modulus is an intensive property of the material; stiffness, on the other hand, is an extensive property of the solid body that is dependent on the material its shape and boundary conditions. For example, for an element in tension or compression, the axial stiffness iswhere
E
A
L
Similarly, the torsional stiffness of a straight section iswhere
G
J
Note that the torsional stiffness has dimensions [force] * [length] / [angle], so that its SI units are N*m/rad.
For the special case of unconstrained uniaxial tension or compression, Young's modulus be thought of as a measure of the stiffness of a structure.
The stiffness of a structure is of principal importance in many engineering applications, so the modulus of elasticity is often one of the primary properties considered when selecting a material. A high modulus of elasticity is sought when deflection is undesirable, while a low modulus of elasticity is required when flexibility is needed.
In biology, the stiffness of the extracellular matrix is important for guiding the migration of cells in a phenomenon called durotaxis.
Another application of stiffness finds itself in skin biology. The skin maintains its structure due to its intrinsic tension, contributed to by collagen, an extracellular protein that accounts for approximately 75% of its dry weight.[4] The pliability of skin is a parameter of interest that represents its firmness and extensibility, encompassing characteristics such as elasticity, stiffness, and adherence. These factors are of functional significance to patients.[5] This is of significance to patients with traumatic injuries to the skin, whereby the pliability can be reduced due to the formation and replacement of healthy skin tissue by a pathological scar. This can be evaluated both subjectively, or objectively using a device such as the Cutometer. The Cutometer applies a vacuum to the skin and measures the extent to which it can be vertically distended. These measurements are able to distinguish between healthy skin, normal scarring, and pathological scarring,[6] and the method has been applied within clinical and industrial settings to monitor both pathophysiological sequelae, and the effects of treatments on skin.