Steven Sotloff Explained

Steven Sotloff
Birth Name:Steven Joel Sotloff
Birth Date:May 11, 1983[1]
Birth Place:Miami, Florida, U.S.
Disappeared Date:August 4, 2013[2]
Disappeared Place:Aleppo, Syria
Death Place:Syrian Desert
Death Cause:Beheading
Citizenship:United States
Israel[3]
Alma Mater:Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya
Occupation:Journalist
Employer:Time[4]

Steven Joel Sotloff (Hebrew: סטיבן סוטלוף; May 11, 1983 – September 2, 2014) was an American-Israeli journalist. In August 2013, he was kidnapped in Aleppo, Syria, and held captive by militants from the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). On September 2, 2014, ISIS released a beheading video, showing one of its members beheading Sotloff.[5] [6] Following Sotloff's beheading, U.S. President Barack Obama stated that the United States would take action to "degrade and destroy" ISIS.[7] President Obama also signed an Executive Order dated June 24, 2015, in the presence of the Sotloff family and other hostage families, overhauling how the U.S. handles American hostages held abroad by groups such as ISIS.[8] [9] [10] [11]

The capture and beheading of Steven Sotloff, and of fellow journalist James Foley a month prior, initiated broad public awareness of ISIL/ISIS after the beheadings were shown on the Internet and then on international television.[12] Sotloff's legacy is in part that he broke the Benghazi story to CNN, that there was no protest, and that he foresaw the massive Syrian Refugee Crisis as he reported on the everyday people's suffering in Syria, thus earning him the reputation as "The Voice for the Voiceless."[13] [14] [15] [16]

Early life and education

Steven Sotloff was the son of Jewish parents Arthur and Shirley Sotloff of Pinecrest, Florida,[17] [18] [19] a suburb of Miami, and a grandson of Holocaust survivors, who inspired him to be "a voice for the voiceless."[13] [14] [20] He was the brother of Lauren Sotloff. He grew up in Pinecrest,[21] graduated from Rumsey Hall School, Kimball Union Academy, and later attended (but did not graduate from) the University of Central Florida with a major in journalism from 2002 to 2004.[22] [23] He transferred to the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya in Israel from 2005 to 2008, graduating cum laude with a major in government studies and counter-terrorism.[24] [25] [26]

Sotloff emigrated to Israel after a Birthright trip inspired him to fall in love with the country,[27] [28] and held citizenship of both the United States and Israel, although his Jewish background and Israeli citizenship were not made public during his work in Muslim countries or during his captivity for fear that the information might endanger his release. Sotloff had significant interest in the Middle East and its culture and travelled to Yemen to study Arabic.

Career

According to Al-Jazeera, Sotloff was in Qatar and wrote a letter of application dated May 29, 2010, to the Arabic for Non Native Speakers (ANNS) faculty at Qatar University.[29] He later traveled around the region with a Yemeni mobile number. His career began during the Arab Spring.[30] Sotloff had worked for the news magazine Time, as well as The Christian Science Monitor,[31] The National Interest, Media Line, World Affairs,[32] and Foreign Policy, and had appeared on CNN and Fox News.[17] His work took him to Syria a number of times, as well as Egypt, Turkey, Libya, and Bahrain.[33]

Sotloff was the reporter who broke the Benghazi story, affirming to CNN that there was no protest that caused the killings and destruction, as U.S. media had initially reported. His greatly detailed story was hailed as "an excellent piece of journalism" by CNN's Suzanne Malveaux.

In 2012, he reported in Time magazine about Al-Qaeda fighters and commanders from Libya flocking to Syria and shipping Libyan captured arms and ammunition on its way to join the fight to topple Bashar al-Assad's regime.[34] [35] He was also one of a team of reporters who returned to the compound in Benghazi where the US ambassador and three other Americans had been killed on the night of 9/11 that year. He interviewed Libyan security guards who were at the site during the attack.[34] [36] [37] He named a Libyan militia operative, Ahmad Abu Khattallah, as the head of the group (Ansar al-Sharia) that attacked the US compound and as the man who himself masterminded and led the attack.[38] He later reported on a tit-for-tat retaliation pattern following the US attacks on those who committed the attack on the ambassador's compound in Benghazi. A week before entering Libya, he had written from Turkey about the Alawites there and their support for Assad while another article written on the same day told about Alawites inside Syria who were against Assad.[39] According to Ann Marlowe, who worked with Sotloff in Libya, "he lived in Yemen for years, spoke good Arabic, deeply loved (the) Islamic world".

Sotloff's journalistic work in Syria interviewing the everyday people, whose suffering led to the massive Syrian Refugee Crisis, is in large part what earned him the title of "The Voice for the Voiceless"[13] by Time, The Daily Telegraph,[15] and NBC News.[14] He was described by those who knew him as a gentle man who "was driven to report on the humanitarian dimensions of the conflicts in the Middle East,[13] humbly referring to himself as a "stand-up philosopher from Miami".[13]

Janine Di Giovanni, the Middle East editor of Newsweek, told CNN, "He was concerned that he had been on some kind of a list, and this had been around the time that ISIS had been showing up and taking over checkpoints that had been manned before by the rebels. And he thought he had angered some of the rebels, he didn't know which ones, by taking footage of a hospital in Aleppo that had been bombed, and he had been very concerned about this."[30]

Kidnapping and beheading

On July 15, 2013, Sotloff arrived in Israel for his former roommate Benny Scholder's wedding and wanted to spend a couple of weeks there.[40] Before his kidnapping, he was in Kilis, a town at the border of Turkey and Syria. During a talk with Ben Taub, a journalist and philosophy student at Princeton University, he confessed to being tired of the Middle East, that he was "sick of being beaten up, and shot at, and accused of being a spy." His intention was to stop reporting and come back to the United States, but he wanted one more tour of Syria first. According to Taub's statement, it is likely that Sotloff was betrayed to jihadis by his fixer.[41]

Sotloff was kidnapped along with his fixer and the fixer's brother and cousins on August 4, 2013, near Aleppo after crossing the Syrian border from Turkey. The fixer and his family members were released 15 days later.[42] [43] He was thought to have been held in Raqqa.

His family kept the news of his kidnapping secret, fearing he would be harmed if they went public. His family and government agencies worked privately to gain his release for a year.[44]

Sotloff, his family, friends, and previous employers such as The Jerusalem Post went to great lengths to keep his Jewish background and Israeli citizenship a secret from his ISIL captors after Sotloff was shown in the beheading video of James Foley.[45] [46] It is unknown if those attempts had any effect, since the information was online for the duration of his captivity. Following Sotloff's death in September, ISIS published 11 rules that pertained to journalists "who wish to continue working in the governorate." The first rule stated that all journalists must swear their allegiance as subjects of the Islamic State.[47]

On August 19, 2014, the terrorist organization The Islamic State (IS) released a video titled "A Message to America," which showed the beheading of fellow journalist James Foley.[48] At the end of the video, ISIS threatened President of the United States Barack Obama, telling him that "his next move" would decide the fate of Sotloff.[49]

Only days after this threat was released, the U.S. stepped up airstrikes against IS, firing 14 missiles at various ISIS Humvees near the Mosul Dam.[50]

Shortly after the release of the video, a petition was started on whitehouse.gov, which called for President Obama to save Sotloff's life.[51] The petition attracted thousands of signatures within days.[52] On August 27, 2014, Sotloff's mother released a short video asking Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi to release her son.[18] Fellow journalists, including Sotloff's friend Oren Kessler, worked intensively for his release.[53] [54] [55]

On September 2, 2014, the SITE Intelligence Group[56] [57] discovered the video of Sotloff's killing, titled "A Second Message to America" and released by Al-Furqan Media Productions,[58] on what they called "a file-sharing site" and released it to their subscribers.[59]

Tributes

After Sotloff's beheading, tributes flooded in to his family from all over the world, including from the Vatican and Pope Francis,[60] [61] Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu,[62] President Barack Obama,[62] U.S. senators Bill Nelson and Marco Rubio[62] and the Consul General of Israel to Florida and Puerto Rico.[62] He was memorialized by the U.S. Congress in the Congressional Record.[63] [64] The Architect of the Capitol gave his family a flag that was flown over the U.S. Capitol.[62] The New York Times set up a Legacy Guest Book in Sotloff's honor that would remain open permanently.[65] American musician Dave Matthews and his Dave Matthews Band planted 120 trees in Israel in Sotloff's memory,[62] and Matthews personally dedicated his song "Mercy" to Sotloff.[66]

Awards

Sotloff won numerous awards and honors both during his life and posthumously:

Memorials

The Steven Sotloff Art Memorial, created by American artist Tracy Ellyn, first opened publicly just days after President Barack Obama toasted to the memory of the slain journalist at the White House Correspondents Dinner of 2015, and just one day after Sotloff's birthday.[77] [78] [79] It currently overlooks the Atlantic Ocean at Greenspoon Marder Law Foundation in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where viewers can face the Middle East in his memory, as his remains were never returned.[80] [81] [82] Another original of the same memorial is placed at Temple Beth Am in Miami, Florida, where he and his family were and continue to be members.

The memorial, filled with metaphor and symbolism, contains in its layers some excerpts from the letter that Sotloff smuggled out to his family while held in captivity, when he realized he may not make it out alive. Some of those words are: "Do what makes you happy. Be where you are happy. Love and respect each other. Don't fight over nonsense. Hug each other every day. Eat dinner together. Live your life to the fullest and pray to be happy. Stay positive and patient. Everyone has two lives; the 2nd one begins when you realize you have only one." [83] [84]

Another memorial, the Steven Sotloff Memorial Garden, spearheaded by Mayor Cindy Lerner of Pinecrest, Florida, is a public place of reflection where Sotloff's family and the public can go and pay their respects to their son. They chose the site in the village of Pinecrest because they had taken Steven Sotloff to the site as a child when it was Parrot Jungle. The Miami Foundation and Home Depot were involved in its creation.[85]

Foundation

After Sotloff's passing, the Steven Joel Sotloff Memorial 2LIVES Foundation was created. It is named after his most compelling line in the letter he smuggled out to his family during captivity, "Everyone has two lives; the 2nd one begins when you realize you have only one." [86] [87] Its vision is to equip journalists with the knowledge and tools they need to tell the important stories of the world in the safest possible way, honoring freedom of speech and freedom of the press, ending impunity, and bringing them home safely under all circumstances.[87]

The 2LIVES Foundation has thus far signed on with United Nations/UNESCO, Columbia University School of Journalism, Reuters, Associated Press and others who spearheaded the first ever Global Safety Principles and Practices for journalists in New York on September 30, 2015. The final draft was signed at UNESCO Paris headquarters on February 5, 2016. The group announced unprecedented initiatives to share security information, provide subsidized safety training to freelancers, end impunity, and more. Other media organizations that signed on include CNN, ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and finally 300+ more.[88] [89]

The foundation also worked tirelessly with the U.S. government and senior officials in Washington, D.C. to push for changes to its hostage laws. On June 24, 2015, President Obama signed an Executive Order, in the presence of the Sotloffs and other hostage families, for a broad overhaul regarding how it handles U.S. hostages held abroad by groups such as ISIS.[90] [91]

The foundation provides both endowed and individual scholarships for journalism students around the world who have the passion and desire to pursue a career in journalism. To date, scholarships have already been set up in Steven Sotloff's name at Kimball Union Academy in New Hampshire, University of Central Florida, and University of Miami[92] [93]

The 2LIVES Foundation has partnered with The Media Line, creating its new Press-and-Policy Student Program, to build a scholarship fund that will allow outstanding journalism students from universities around the world to learn and develop their skills, in Sotloff's name, through on-going participation with a working newsroom and veteran journalists stationed in the region of the world that captivates the interest of news readers worldwide as it did Steven Sotloff.[94]

Lawsuit

On April 20, 2016, it was announced that the family of Steven Sotloff were seeking $90 million in damages from Syria in U.S. court. The family claims the Assad government provided support for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant which was responsible for his murder.[95]

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: For Steven Sotloff, Covering The Middle East Was More Than A Job . . Cavan Sieczkowski . September 2, 2014 . September 3, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171011221643/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/02/steven-sotloff-profile_n_5755502.html . October 11, 2017 . live .
  2. Web site: Steven Sotloff: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know. Paul Farrell. August 19, 2014. heavy.com. August 20, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140820205841/http://heavy.com/news/2014/08/steven-joel-sotloff-american-journalist-isis-james-foley-beheading-video/. August 20, 2014. live.
  3. Web site: Steven Sotloff, Journalist Beheaded by ISIS, Was Also Israeli Citizen . . Paul Hirschson . September 3, 2014 . September 3, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140903112327/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/steven-sotloff-journalist-beheaded-isis-was-also-israeli-citizen-n194436 . September 3, 2014 . live .
  4. Steven Sotloff Reporting for TIME Magazine . 1 December 2020 . Time . 2 September 2014.
  5. News: Steven Sotloff 'beheaded by Islamic State' – latest . . Raf Sanchez . September 2, 2014 . September 2, 2014 . London . https://web.archive.org/web/20140902183333/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11071159/Steven-Sotloff-beheaded-by-Islamic-State-live.html . September 2, 2014 . live .
  6. News: After James Foley, ISIS beheads another US journalist Steven Sotloff . The Times of India . September 3, 2014 . September 3, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140903063623/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/After-James-Foley-ISIS-beheads-another-US-journalist-Steven-Sotloff/articleshow/41551162.cms . September 3, 2014 . live .
  7. News: Obama says beheading videos won't intimidate US . The Times of India . September 3, 2014 . September 4, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140904082211/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Obama-says-beheading-videos-wont-intimidate-US/articleshow/41606325.cms . September 4, 2014 . live .
  8. Web site: Statement by the President on the U.S. Government's Hostage Policy Review. 2015-06-24. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20170211165202/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/06/24/statement-president-us-governments-hostage-policy-review. February 11, 2017. National Archives. whitehouse.gov. live.
  9. Web site: Obama Announces Change in Hostage Policy. . June 24, 2015 . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20181115203543/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/watch-obama-announce-new-hostage-policy-n381011. November 15, 2018. live.
  10. Web site: White House says more than 30 Americans held hostage. Jeremy Diamond (journalist). Jeremy Diamond. Sunlen Serfaty. CNN. June 23, 2015 . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20191115211214/https://www.cnn.com/2015/06/23/politics/hostage-policy-review-changes-white-house/index.html. November 15, 2019. live.
  11. News: Obama Ordering Changes in U.S. Hostage Policies. Davis. Julie Hirschfeld. 2015-06-23. The New York Times. 0362-4331. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20191003230041/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/24/world/obama-ordering-changes-in-us-hostage-policies.html. October 3, 2019. live.
  12. News: ISIS Hostages Endured Torture and Dashed Hopes, Freed Cellmates Say. Callimachi. Rukmini. 2014-10-25. The New York Times. 0362-4331. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165212/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/world/middleeast/horror-before-the-beheadings-what-isis-hostages-endured-in-syria.html. March 16, 2016. live.
  13. Web site: Murdered Journalist Sought to Give Voice to the Voiceless. Baker. Aryn. TIME.com. September 3, 2014 . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20171111005329/http://time.com/3261700/steven-sotloff-reporting/. November 11, 2017. live.
  14. Web site: Steven Sotloff Gave Voice to Voiceless, Family Says - NBC News. . September 3, 2014 . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20190121130330/https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/steven-sotloff-gave-voice-voiceless-family-says-n195156. January 21, 2019. live.
  15. Web site: Steven Sotloff family pays tribute to journalist who gave 'voice to the voiceless'. September 3, 2014 . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20191001092114/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11074068/Steven-Sotloff-family-pays-tribute-to-journalist-who-gave-voice-to-the-voiceless.html. October 1, 2019. live.
  16. Web site: The Life and Light of Steven Sotloff. November 17, 2015 . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20190418131233/http://knightnews.com/2015/11/the-life-and-light-of-steven-sotloff/. April 18, 2019. live.
  17. News: Steven Sotloff: the American journalist whose life fanatics say is in Obama's hands. Rosa Prince. August 20, 2014. The Telegraph. August 20, 2014. London. https://web.archive.org/web/20140820145710/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11046216/Steven-Sotloff-the-American-journalist-whose-life-fanatics-say-is-in-Obamas-hands.html. August 20, 2014. live.
  18. News: American Hostage's Mother Issues Appeal to ISIS Leader: Plea to Islamic State for Release of Steven Sotloff. Rukmini Callimachi. August 27, 2014. The New York Times. August 27, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140831190933/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/world/middleeast/steven-sotloff-isis-hostage.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytimes&_r=0. August 31, 2014. live.
  19. http://miami.cbslocal.com/2014/09/02/neighborhood-reacts-to-apparent-murder-of-local-journalist-steven-sotloff/ Neighborhood Reacts To Apparent Murder Of Local Journalist Steven Sotloff
  20. News: Steven Sotloff, killed by Islamic State, had deep roots in Israel. September 3, 2014. Times of Israel. September 3, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140904055654/http://www.timesofisrael.com/steve-sotloff-beheaded-by-isis-militants-had-deep-roots-in-israel/. September 4, 2014. live.
  21. News: Milberg. Glenna. Video purports to show beheading of Pinecrest journalist Steven Sotloff. September 3, 2014. WPLG – Miami. September 2, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140903134932/http://www.local10.com/news/video-purports-to-show-beheading-of-pinecrest-journalist-steven-sotloff/27838468. September 3, 2014. live.
  22. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2014-08-19/news/os-steven-sotloff-ucf-behead-isis-20140819_1_former-ucf-student-journalist-james-foley Islamists threaten to behead journalist Steven Sotloff, former UCF student
  23. Web site: UCF VP: Steven Sotloff in 'unspeakably terrible circumstance'. David Harris. August 20, 2014. Orlando Sentinel. August 20, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140820201705/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking-news/os-steven-sotloff-ucf-behead-isis-20140819,0,4620829.story. August 20, 2014. live.
  24. http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2024456074_slainsotloffxml.html Beheaded journalist Sotloff had kept his Jewish roots hidden
  25. Web site: Beheaded journalist Steven Sotloff held Israeli citizenship . JTA . September 3, 2014 . September 3, 2014.
  26. Web site: newsDetails. portal.idc.ac.il. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20181106153601/http://portal.idc.ac.il/en/main/pages/newsdetails.aspx?idcid=163&idclang=English. November 6, 2018. live.
  27. Web site: Steven Sotloff Immediately Fell in Love with Israel. www.israelnationalnews.com. September 5, 2014 . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011221645/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/184777. October 11, 2017. live.
  28. Web site: Murdered US Journalist Was Actually Israeli. www.israelnationalnews.com. September 3, 2014 . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20181106043429/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/184700. November 6, 2018. live.
  29. http://www.aljazeera.com/humanrights/2014/09/sotloff-his-attraction-arab-world-20149374422589403.html Sotloff on his attraction to the Arab world
  30. Web site: Islamic State video purports to show beheading of American-Jewish journalist Steven Sotloff . Haaretz . Reuters . September 2, 2014 . September 2, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140902230525/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.613751 . September 2, 2014 . live .
  31. Web site: ISIS Can't Silence Steven Sotloff. Here Are His Stories. National Journal. Dustin Volz. September 2, 2014. September 2, 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140902225058/http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/isis-can-t-silence-steven-sotloff-here-are-his-stories-20140902. September 2, 2014. mdy-all.
  32. Web site: Steven Sotloff. World Affairs. September 2, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140822102102/http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/users/steven-sotloff. August 22, 2014. usurped.
  33. News: Steven Sotloff, journalist held captive by the Islamic State, went missing in Syria. Dan Lamothe. August 20, 2014. The Washington Post. August 20, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140821212537/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/08/20/steven-sotloff-journalist-held-captive-by-the-islamic-state-went-missing-in-syria/. August 21, 2014. live.
  34. http://time.com/3258253/steven-sotloff/ Steven Sotloff's Reporting for TIME
  35. http://world.time.com/2012/09/30/libyas-flawed-attempt-to-soak-up-a-flood-of-weaponry/ Libya's flawed attempt to soak up a flood of weaponry
  36. http://world.time.com/2012/10/21/the-other-911-libyan-guards-recount-what-happened-in-benghazi The other 9/11: Libyan guards recount what happened in Benghazi
  37. https://abcnews.go.com/International/executed-journalist-steven-sotloff-noted-heartfelt-war-reporting/story?id=25077040 Steven Sotloff – noted heartfelt war reporting
  38. http://world.time.com/2012/11/23/the-benghazi-attacks-person-of-continuing-interest/ The Benghazi attack's person of continuing interest
  39. http://world.time.com/contributor/steven-sotloff/ Time Magazines full list of Sotloff's articles
  40. http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/253736/holocaust-memorial-babi-yar/The Life and Death of Steven Sotloff, Part 1
  41. https://www.thedailybeast.com/was-us-journalist-steven-sotloff-a-marked-man/Was U.S. Journalist Steven Sotloff a Marked Man?
  42. News: Yaakov. Yifa. Sotloff's fixer recounts abduction by Islamic State. November 1, 2014. Times of Israel. September 17, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141102032716/http://www.timesofisrael.com/sotloffs-fixer-recounts-abduction-by-islamic-state/. November 2, 2014. live.
  43. News: Martinez. Michael. Tuysuz. Gul. Penhaul. Karl. Fixer recounts how ISIS abducted him and Steven Sotloff. November 1, 2014. CNN. September 16, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141124095858/http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/16/world/steven-sotloff-fixer-isis-interview. November 24, 2014. live.
  44. News: ISIS video shows beheading of American journalist Steven Sotloff. CNN. Chelsea J. Carter. September 2, 2014. September 2, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140902183304/http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/02/world/meast/isis-american-journalist-sotloff/index.html. September 2, 2014. live.
  45. News: Steven Sotloff hid Jewish faith and Israeli citizenship from Isil kidnappers. August 4, 2014. The Telegraph. Gordon Rayner. September 8, 2014. London. https://web.archive.org/web/20140908061739/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/11075575/Steven-Sotloff-hid-Jewish-faith-and-Israeli-citizenship-from-Isil-kidnappers.html. September 8, 2014. live.
  46. Web site: Steven Sotloff: The race to conceal his Jewish identity from IS. September 9, 2014. BBC. Daniel Estrin. September 10, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140910093701/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29120308. September 10, 2014. live.
  47. Web site: Syria News – Syria Deeply, Covering the Crisis. syriadeeply.org. December 5, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141208042540/http://www.syriadeeply.org/articles/2014/10/6200/isis-issues-11-rules-journalists-deir-ezzor. December 8, 2014. live.
  48. News: ISIS claims to have beheaded U.S. journalist. August 19, 2014. CBS News. August 20, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140820072643/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-claims-to-have-beheaded-u-s-journalist-james-foley/. August 20, 2014. live.
  49. News: ISIS threatens to kill 2nd American.. August 20, 2014. Huffington Post. Ryan. Lucas. Lara. Jakes. Associated Press. August 20, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140821104730/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/20/isis-steven-sotloff_n_5693660.html. August 21, 2014. live.
  50. News: U.S defies ISIS threats.. August 20, 2014. CNN. August 20, 2014. Chelsea J.. Carter. Smith-Spark. Laura. https://web.archive.org/web/20140821103133/http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/20/world/meast/iraq-crisis/index.html?hpt=hp_c2. August 21, 2014. live.
  51. News: Gladstone. Rick. Sinha. Shreeya. Steven Sotloff, Journalist Held by ISIS, Was Undeterred by Risks of Job. September 3, 2014. New York Times. August 22, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141031005910/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/23/world/middleeast/steven-sotloff.html?smid=tw-nytimesworld&_r=1. October 31, 2014. live.
  52. News: Second US journalist held by ISIS at risk of being executed. August 23, 2014. August 23, 2014. Miami News.Net. https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133744/http://www.miaminews.net/index.php/sid/225040635. August 26, 2014. live.
  53. News: Kamin. Deborah. Steven Sotloff, killed by Islamic State, had deep roots in Israel. 16 August 2016. Times of Israel. 3 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20180420012707/http://www.timesofisrael.com/steve-sotloff-beheaded-by-isis-militants-had-deep-roots-in-israel/?wptouch_preview_theme=enabled. April 20, 2018. live.
  54. News: Zavis. Alexandra. Friends, supporters worked to keep Steven Sotloff's Israel ties secret. 16 August 2016. Los Angeles Times. 5 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001417/http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-sotloff-israel-20140906-story.html. June 20, 2018. live.
  55. News: Zezima. katie. Obama to Islamic State: 'We will not be intimidated'. 16 August 2016. The Washington Post. 3 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20191102201814/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/obama-seeks-to-reassure-baltics-of-nato-support/2014/09/03/84e6d6c8-32f5-11e4-a723-fa3895a25d02_story.html. November 2, 2019. live.
  56. Web site: ISIS video appears to show execution of U.S. journalist Steven Sotloff. Emma Margolin and David Taintor. September 2, 2014. MSNBC. September 3, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140903102010/http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/report-isis-video-purportedly-shows-execution-steven-sotloff. September 3, 2014. live.
  57. News: Video Claims to Show Beheading of U.S. Reporter Steven Sotloff by ISIS. Rick Gladstone. September 2, 2014. The New York Times. June 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200505235335/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/03/world/middleeast/steven-sotloff-isis-execution.html. May 5, 2020. live.
  58. News: Inside the private intel group that scooped and 'embarrassed' ISIS. September 10, 2014. MSNBC. September 3, 2014. video. https://web.archive.org/web/20140911060704/http://www.msnbc.com/ronan-farrow/watch/inside-the-group-that-scooped-isis-324906563796. September 11, 2014. live.
  59. News: Sanchez. Raf. Jihadists appear caught offguard by release of Steven Sotloff video. September 3, 2014. The Telegraph. September 2, 2014. London. https://web.archive.org/web/20140903013849/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11071496/Jihadists-appear-caught-offguard-by-release-of-Steven-Sotloff-video.html. September 3, 2014. live.
  60. Web site: Pope sends condolences to family of Steven Sotloff. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011221648/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/09/09/pope_sends_condolences_to_family_of_steven_sotloff/1106175. October 11, 2017. live.
  61. Web site: Francis sends letter of condolence to family of Steven Sotloff – CatholicHerald.co.uk. www.catholicherald.co.uk. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011221648/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2014/09/10/pope-francis-sends-letter-of-condolence-to-family-of-steven-sotloff/. October 11, 2017. live.
  62. Web site: Steven Sotloff Memorial 2LIVES Foundation. Steven Sotloff Memorial 2LIVES Foundation. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20181106145735/https://www.2livesfoundation.org/tributes. November 6, 2018. live.
  63. Web site: Congressional Record. www.congress.gov. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011221648/https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2014/9/8/senate-section/article/s5363-1. October 11, 2017. live.
  64. Web site: Congressional Record. www.congress.gov. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20200309135628/https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2014/9/9/senate-section/article/s5461-1?resultIndex=156. March 9, 2020. live.
  65. Web site: Steven Sotloff Guest Book on Legacy.com. Legacy.com. September 3, 2014 . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011221541/http://www.legacy.com/guestbooks/steven-sotloff-condolences/172346422. October 11, 2017. live.
  66. Web site: Dave Matthews Dedicates Song to Steven Sotloff. August 4, 2015 . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20181107031700/http://knightnews.com/2015/08/dave-matthews-dedicates-song-to-steven-sotloff/. November 7, 2018. live.
  67. Web site: Slain Journalists James Foley and Steven Sotloff Honored With Prestigious ADL Daniel Pearl Award. ADL. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20160818060612/http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/miscellaneous/slain-journalists-james-foley-steven-sotloff-honored-with-adl-daniel-pearl-award.html?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F#.V5Pwa9KANBc. August 18, 2016. live.
  68. Web site: Steven Sotloff and James Foley Honored With Daniel Pearl Award. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20180812022126/https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/188867/steven-sotloff-and-james-foley-honored-with-daniel-pearl-award. August 12, 2018. live.
  69. Web site: RTDNA - Radio Television Digital News Association. www.rtdna.org. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20190517163322/http://www.rtdna.org/content/first_amendment_award_winners. May 17, 2019. live.
  70. Web site: RTDNF to honor Foley, Sotloff. www.rtdna.org. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20180909073656/http://www.rtdna.org/article/rtdnf_to_honor_foley_sotloff. September 9, 2018. live.
  71. Web site: Honoring Three Courageous Journalists -- James Foley, Steven Sotloff and Austin Tice. Journalist. Larry Atkins. Lawyer. 2015-08-25. The Huffington Post. 2016-07-23. Professor. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011222323/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/larry-atkins/honoring-three-courageous_b_8040292.html. October 11, 2017. live.
  72. Web site: 2015-09-08: James Foley, Steven Sotloff, Austin Tice Named ASJA's Conscience In Media Award Recipients. asja.org. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20191027005645/http://asja.org/About/For-Media/2015-09-08-James-Foley-Steven-Sotloff-Austin-Tice-Named-ASJAs-Conscience-In-Media-Award-Recipients. October 27, 2019. live.
  73. Web site: Panel 4 Foundation for Defense of Democracies. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180917120705/http://www.defenddemocracy.org/panel-4-Can-Media-Cover-Jihadists-and-Islamists-Without-Fear-or-Favor/. September 17, 2018. 2016-07-23. www.defenddemocracy.org.
  74. Web site: Steven Sotloff Memorial 2LIVES Foundation. Steven Sotloff Memorial 2LIVES Foundation. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20181106145804/https://www.2livesfoundation.org/awards. November 6, 2018. live.
  75. Web site: ADL Florida Honors Heroes At Inaugural Miami In Concert Against Hate. en. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011759/http://florida.adl.org/adl-florida-honors-heroes-at-inaugural-miami-in-concert-against-hate/. January 3, 2018. live.
  76. Web site: ADL Miami In Concert Against Hate 3/5/16. 2016-02-19. The Soul Of Miami. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072629/http://www.soulofmiami.org/2016/02/19/adl-miami-in-concert-against-hate-3516/. January 3, 2018. live.
  77. Web site: Steven Sotloff Memorial by Tracy Ellyn. jewishartsalon. 2015-04-30. Jewish Art Salon. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20180820113256/https://jewishartsalon.org/2015/04/30/steven-sotloff-memorial-by-tracy-ellyn/. August 20, 2018. live.
  78. Web site: Remarks By The President At White House Correspondents' Association Dinner. 2015-04-26. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20170216121132/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/04/25/remarks-president-white-house-correspondents-association-dinner. February 16, 2017. National Archives. whitehouse.gov. live.
  79. Web site: Video: President Obama's Full Speech at the White House Correspondents' Dinner. ABC News. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20181018110858/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/president-obamas-full-speech-white-house-correspondents-dinner-30590307. October 18, 2018. live.
  80. Web site: Spirit of Steven Sotloff, beheaded by ISIS, lives on in South Florida art. . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20180812022344/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article21965472.html. August 12, 2018. live.
  81. Web site: Slain Jewish journalist immortalized in painting. Sun-Sentinel. South Florida. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20181106142236/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/florida-jewish-journal/news/broward/fl-jjbs-memorial-0527-20150526-story.html. November 6, 2018. live.
  82. Web site: Steven Sotloff memorial painting unveiled at law firm. Suarez. Carlos. 2015-05-13. en. 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20180812022648/https://www.local10.com/news/steven-sotloff-memorial-painting-unveiled-at-law-firm. August 12, 2018. live.
  83. Web site: Executed journalist Sotloff's smuggled letters read at funeral. . September 5, 2014 . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20180811232215/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/executed-journalist-steven-sotloff-remembered-dedicated-reporter-devoted-jew-memorial-service-article-1.1929248. August 11, 2018. live.
  84. Web site: Steven Sotloff remembered at Florida service. Michael Martinez. Chelsea J. Carter. John Couwels. CNN. September 5, 2014 . 2016-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20190707154911/https://www.cnn.com/2014/09/05/us/steven-sotloff-memorial-service/index.html. July 7, 2019. live.
  85. News: Steven Sotloff Memorial Garden is unveiled in Pinecrest. miamiherald. 2016-10-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011223246/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/pinecrest/article35074851.html. October 11, 2017. live.
  86. Web site: Steven Sotloff remembered at Florida service. Michael Martinez. Chelsea J. Carter. John Couwels. CNN. September 5, 2014 . 2016-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20190707154911/https://www.cnn.com/2014/09/05/us/steven-sotloff-memorial-service/index.html. July 7, 2019. live.
  87. Web site: Steven Sotloff Memorial 2LIVES Foundation. Steven Sotloff Memorial 2LIVES Foundation. 2016-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20190809201321/https://www.2livesfoundation.org/. August 9, 2019. live.
  88. News: A Call for Global Safety Principles and Practices. Dart Center . 2015-02-12. 2016-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20181115205627/https://dartcenter.org/content/call-for-global-safety-principles-and-practices. November 15, 2018. live.
  89. Web site: Global news organizations urge safety practices for freelancers as deadly dangers increase. www.ap.org. 2016-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20161108015306/http://ap.org/Content/AP-In-The-News/2015/Global-news-organizations-urge-safety-practices-for-freelancers-as-deadly-dangers-increase. November 8, 2016. live.
  90. Web site: Statement by the President on the U.S. Government's Hostage Policy Review. 2015-06-24. 2016-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20170211165202/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/06/24/statement-president-us-governments-hostage-policy-review. February 11, 2017. National Archives. whitehouse.gov. live.
  91. Web site: Obama orders shift in hostage policy. Weaver. Dustin. 2015-06-24. 2016-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011221653/http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/245973-obama-orders-shift-in-hostage-policy. October 11, 2017. live.
  92. Web site: UCF Foundation Inc.. www.ucffoundation.org. 2016-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20181107054442/https://www.ucffoundation.org/sotloff. November 7, 2018. live.
  93. Web site: Steven J. Sotloff Fund to Inspire Journalism and Global Scholarship Established. 2014-09-10. 2016-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20181106142305/https://www.kua.org/page/News-Detail?pk=741236&fromId=164859. November 6, 2018. live.
  94. News: Press and Policy Student Program - The Media Line. The Media Line. en. 2016-10-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20190828100430/https://themedialine.org/press-and-policy-student-program/. August 28, 2019. live.
  95. Web site: Family of journalist Steven Sotloff sues Syria in US court over Isis beheading. The Guardian. 20 April 2016. 30 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20191219150613/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/19/family-journalist-steven-sotloff-sues-syria-isis-beheading. December 19, 2019. live.
  96. News: 2015-06-18. The Steven Sotloff Story: How a Freelancer's Heaven Turned Into Hell. 2020-10-14. Tablet Magazine. en.

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