Stenus solutus explained

Stenus solutus is a species of rove beetle widely spread in Asia and England.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Description

It is very similar to Stenus cicindeloides.^[4] Male is about 6.5 mm and female is about 5.0 mm in length. Antennae base is yellowish with darkened from 5th segment. Head, thorax and elytra are entirely punctate. Basal segments of abdomen are rugose basally, where the apical segments are finely punctate throughout. Legs are darkened where the 4th tarsal segment is strongly bilobed.^{[5] [6]}

Adults are usually found from May through to November. They inhabit on wet mud and among dense riverside vegetation.

In the pygidial gland secretions of the species, the piperidine alkaloids called cicindeloine is found as a main compound.^[7] Also (E)-3-(2-methyl-1-butenyl)pyridine and traces of stenusine can be found as defensive alkaloids against predation and microorganismic infestation.^{[8] [9] [10]}

Notes and References

1. Web site: Stenus solutus . 2021-07-07 . uk beetles.
2. Web site: Semiochemicals of Stenus solutus . 2021-07-07 . pherobase.
3. 1998-09-01 . Life forms and hunting behaviour of some Central European Stenus species (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) . 2021-07-08 . Applied Soil Ecology . 69–74 . en . 10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00056-0. Betz . Oliver . 9 . 1–3 .
4. Müller . Tobias . Göhl . Matthias . Lusebrink . Inka . Dettner . Konrad . Seifert . Karlheinz . April 2012 . Cicindeloine from Stenus cicindeloides - Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Total Synthesis . 2021-07-08 . European Journal of Organic Chemistry . 2012 . 12 . 2323–2330 . en . 10.1002/ejoc.201101709.
5. Web site: Stenus solutus (Erichson, 1840) . 2021-07-07 . thewcg.org.
6. Betz . Oliver . 2003 . Structure of the tarsi in some stenus species (coleoptera, staphylinidae): External morphology, ultrastructure, and tarsal secretion . 2021-07-08 . Journal of Morphology . 255 . 1 . 24–43 . en . 10.1002/jmor.10044. 12420319 . 11569804 .
7. Phylogenetic relationships and chemical evolution of the genera Stenus and Dianous (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) . 2021-07-07 . Chemoecology. 2015 . 10.1007/s00049-014-0171-4 . Lang . Carolin . Koerner . Lars . Betz . Oliver . Puthz . Volker . Dettner . Konrad . 25 . 11–24 . 253640944 .
8. Biosynthesis of the defensive alkaloid cicindeloine in Stenus solutus beetles . 2021-07-07 . Naturwissenschaften. 2012 . 10.1007/s00114-012-0945-x . Schierling . Andreas . Dettner . Konrad . Schmidt . Jürgen . Seifert . Karlheinz . 99 . 8 . 665–669 . 22797983 . 253634122 .
9. Skimming behaviour and spreading potential of Stenus species and Dianous coerulescens (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) . 2021-07-07 . Naturwissenschaften. 2012 . 10.1007/s00114-012-0975-4 . Lang . Carolin . Seifert . Karlheinz . Dettner . Konrad . 99 . 11 . 937–947 . 23086390 . 253637827 .
10. Wittmann . Isabel . Schierling . Andreas . Dettner . Konrad . Göhl . Matthias . Schmidt . Jürgen . Seifert . Karlheinz . 2015 . Detection of a New Piperideine Alkaloid in the Pygidial Glands of Some Stenus Beetles . 2021-07-08 . Chemistry & Biodiversity . 12 . 9 . 1422–1434 . en . 10.1002/cbdv.201400391. 26363886 . 24097553 .