Stein–Strömberg theorem explained

In mathematics, the Stein–Strömberg theorem or Stein–Strömberg inequality is a result in measure theory concerning the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator. The result is foundational in the study of the problem of differentiation of integrals. The result is named after the mathematicians Elias M. Stein and Jan-Olov Strömberg.

Statement of the theorem

Let λⁿ denote n-dimensional Lebesgue measure on n-dimensional Euclidean space Rⁿ and let M denote the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator: for a function f : Rⁿ → R, Mf : Rⁿ → R is defined by

Mf(x) = \sup _{r} (1 { λ)/(^{n}) ( B _{r} (x) ) } \int _{B _{r} (x)} | f(y) | d λ ^{n} (y),

where B_r(x) denotes the open ball of radius r with center x. Then, for each p > 1, there is a constant C_p > 0 such that, for all natural numbers n and functions f ∈ L^p(Rⁿ; R),

\| Mf \| _{L ^{p}} \leq C _{p} \| f \| _{L ^{p}} .

In general, a maximal operator M is said to be of strong type (p, p) if

\| Mf \| _{L ^{p}} \leq C _{p,} \| f \| _{L ^{p}}

for all f ∈ L^p(Rⁿ; R). Thus, the Stein–Strömberg theorem is the statement that the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator is of strong type (p, p) uniformly with respect to the dimension n.

References

• Stein. Elias M.. Elias M. Stein. Strömberg, Jan-Olov. Behavior of maximal functions in Rⁿ for large n. Ark. Mat.. 21. 1983. 2. 259–269. 10.1007/BF02384314. free.
• Tišer. Jaroslav. Differentiation theorem for Gaussian measures on Hilbert space. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.. 308. 1988. 2. 655 - 666. 10.2307/2001096.