Status of First Nations treaties in British Columbia explained

The lack of treaties between the First Nations of British Columbia (BC) and the Canadian Crown is a long-standing problem that became a major issue in the 1990s. In 1763, the British Crown declared that only it could acquire land from First Nations through treaties.[1] Historically, only two treaties were signed with the First Nations of British Columbia. The first of these was the Douglas Treaties, negotiated by Sir James Douglas with the native people of southern Vancouver Island from 1850 to 1854.[2] The second treaty, Treaty 8, signed in 1899, was part of the Numbered Treaties that were signed with First Nations across the Prairie regions.[3] British Columbian Treaty 8 signatories are located in the Peace River Country or the far north-east of BC. For over nine decades no more treaties were signed with First Nations of BC; many Native people wished to negotiate treaties, but successive BC provincial governments refused until the 1990s.[4] A major development was the 1997 decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Delgamuukw v. British Columbia case that Aboriginal title still exists in British Columbia and that when dealing with Crown land, the government must consult with and may have to compensate First Nations whose rights are affected.[5]

History

In 1991, a Report by the BC Claims Task Force was released recommending a treaty commission be set up.[6] The British Crown passed its authority to negotiate treaties to Canada when it was created in 1867. Even though only the Canadian federal government has the authority to enter into treaties with First Nations[7] in 1992 the newly created British Columbia Treaty Commission (BCTP) and BC Treaty Process included the BC provincial government in the process by agreement among Canada, BC and the First Nations.[6] As of 2009 there are 60 First Nations participating in the BC treaty process. Because some First Nations negotiate at a common table, there are 49 sets of negotiations. From 1992 to 2009 there have been a few treaties completed including the Maa-nulth First Nations Treaty signed on April 9, 2009, and the Tsawwassen First Nation Treaty signed on April 3, 2009. Another Treaty was ratified outside the BC Treaty process in 1999, the Nisga'a Treaty. In May 1993 the Treaty Commission allocated approximately $432 million in negotiation support funding to more than 50 First Nations- $345.6 million in the form of loans and $86.4 million in the form of contributions.[8] Of that money the Treaty Commission's total operating costs from 1993 to March 31, 2009 has spent $34.2 million.[8] There is considerable disagreement about treaty negotiations; while polls have shown that 25% of British Columbians are opposed to it,[9] a substantial minority of native people consider the current treaty process inadequate and have therefore refused to participate. Tapping into this public sentiment in 2002, the BC Liberal Party mailed out ballots for a provincial British Columbia Aboriginal treaty referendum on principles for treaty negotiations, sparking protests and a boycott. Because of the boycott and general public apathy only about a third of eligible voters took part in the referendum,[10] which passed with 80% of those who responded voting "Yes" to continuing the Treaty Process.[11]

A November 21, 2007 court ruling threatened the Treaty Process.[12] The judge ruled that the Xeni Gwet'in First Nation could demonstrate Aboriginal title to half of the Nemaiah Valley, and that the province had no power over these lands.[13] Under the BC treaty process, negotiating nations have received as little as 5% of their claimed land recognized. Grand Chief Stewart Phillip, president of the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs, member governments of which reject the treaty process and remain outside it, has called the court victory a "nail in the coffin" of the B.C. treaty process.[13] He went on to say, "Why would any First Nation be foolish enough to ratify any [treaty] settlement for less than five per cent of their territory when the Xeni Gwet'in [have] achieved recognition of their title to 50 per cent of their territory?"[13]

Even with the Xeni Gwet'in ruling First Nations across BC are still continuing the Treaty process advancing through the six-stage process to eventual Treaty implementation. While Chief Stewart Phillip had claimed that the First Nations themselves would slow down or leave the treaty process it is the Canadian government who is holding up many of the treaties.[14]

BC Treaty negotiation stages

In 1992 the Treaty Commission and the treaty process were established in by agreement among Canada, British Columbia and the First Nations Summit. Through the Treaty Commission a process was reached where treaties would follow a six-stage system to successful negotiation.[15]

Stage numberStage nameDescriptionReference
Stage 1Statement of Intent to NegotiateA First Nation submits a statement of intent (SOI) stating, among other things, who is claiming, proof that the negotiating party is supported by the community and where the claim will be made.
Stage 2Readiness to NegotiateWithin 45 days of submitting the SOI the parties must sit down and show that all parties have the will and resources to negotiate a treaty.
Stage 3Negotiation of a Framework AgreementBasically the "table of contents" of a comprehensive treaty. The three parties agree on the subjects to be negotiated and an estimated time frame for stage four agreement-in-principle negotiations.
Stage 4Negotiation of an Agreement in PrincipleThe negotiating parties examine in detail the elements outlined in their framework agreement with the goal of solving the all problems and creating a working treaty.
Stage 5Negotiation to Finalize a TreatyThe treaty for all intents and purposes is finished at this stage. The treaty has to be approved by all parties of the negotiating team.
Stage 6Implementation of the TreatyApplying and running the First Nation as set out by the treaty.

First Nation treaty status

width=5% align=centerFirst NationTreaty Council affiliation(s)Region/LocationTreaty Statuswidth=10%Dateclass=unsortableDetails
Acho Dene Koe First NationDeh Cho First Nations Tribal CouncilPeace Country (NE BC & Alberta)/NWT/YukonStage 2[16]
Adams Lake Indian BandShuswap Nation Tribal CouncilShuswapNot participating in treaty process [17]
Ahousaht First NationNuu-chah-nulth Tribal CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4
Aitchelitz BandFraser ValleyStage 4
Alexandria First NationTsilhqot'in Tribal CouncilCariboo/Fraser CanyonNot participating in treaty process[18]
Alexis Creek First NationTsilhqot'in Tribal CouncilChilcotinNot participating in treaty process
Ashcroft Indian BandNlaka'pamux Nation Tribal CouncilThompson CountryNot participating in treaty process
Beecher Bay Indian BandVancouver IslandDouglas TreatiesTe'mexw Treaty Association
Renegotiating in the BC Treaty Process, presently at Stage 4
Blueberry River First NationsTreaty 8 Tribal AssociationPeace River CountryTreaty 8, Treaty ratified [19] Discussions with BC and Canada outside the treaty process to adjust Treaty 8.
Bonaparte Indian BandShuswap Nation Tribal CouncilThompson CountryNot participating in treaty process
Boothroyd Indian BandNlaka'pamux Nation Tribal CouncilFraser CanyonNot participating in treaty process
Boston Bar Indian BandNlaka'pamux Nation Tribal CouncilFraser CanyonNot participating in treaty process
Bridge River Indian BandLillooet Tribal CouncilBridge River-Lillooet Country/Fraser CanyonNot participating in treaty process [20]
Burns Lake Indian BandCarrier Sekani Tribal CouncilThe InteriorStage 4 [21]
Esketemc First NationunaffiliatedCariboo, Williams LakeStage 4 [22] negotiating independently
Cacli'p/Xaxli'p First NationLillooet Tribal CouncilLillooet Country/Fraser CanyonStage 3 [23] As of March 2001, the Xaxli'p First Nation left the negotiating table.
Campbell River First Nation (Wei Wai Kum)Kwakiutl District CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4 [24] Hamatla Treaty Society In suspension
Canim Lake BandNorthern Shuswap Tribal CouncilCaribooStage 4 [25] Community voted to proceed to Stage 5 of BCTC process in February, 2016
Canoe Creek Band/Dog Creek Indian BandNorthern Shuswap Tribal CouncilCaribooStage 4 Community voted to proceed into Stage 5 negotiations in February, 2016
Cape Mudge First Nation (Wei Wai Kai)Kwakiutl District CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4 Hamatla Treaty Society
In suspension
Carcross/Tagish First NationNorthern Regional Negotiations TableAtlin Country/YukonStage 4 [26]
Cayoose Creek First NationLillooet Tribal CouncilLillooet Country/Fraser CanyonNot participating in treaty process
Champagne and Aishihik First NationsAtlin Country/YukonStage 4 Northern Regional Negotiations Table
Chawathil First NationFraser ValleyNot participating in treaty process
Cheam Indian BandFraser ValleyNot participating in treaty process
Chehalis First Nationno affiliationFraser ValleyNo Information
Chemainus First NationNaut'sa mawt Tribal CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4 [27] Hul'qumi'num Treaty Group
Cheslatta Indian BandunaffiliatedThe InteriorStage 3 [28] Negotiating independently
Coldwater Indian BandNicola Tribal AssociationNicola CountryNot participating in treaty process[29]
Columbia Lake First NationKtunaxa Kinbasket Tribal CouncilKootenaysStage 4 [30] Also known as ?Akisq'nuk First Nation
Cook's Ferry Indian BandNicola Tribal AssociationThompson CountryNot participating in treaty process
Cowichan TribesVancouver IslandStage 4 Hul'qumi'num Treaty Group
Cowichan Tribes is the largest First Nation band in BC with 4,324 members[31]
Da'naxda'xw Awaetlatla NationVancouver IslandStage 4 Winalagalis Treaty Group
Dease River First NationKaska NationCassiar CountryStage 4 Negotiations are suspended until Canada resolves legal issues related to Yukon, BC boundaries.
Ditidaht First NationVancouver IslandStage 4 Non-member affiliate of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council
Doig River First NationTreaty 8 Tribal AssociationPeace River CountryTreaty 8, Treaty ratified Discussions with BC and Canada outside the treaty process to adjust Treaty 8.
Douglas First NationIn-SHUCK-ch Nation, Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal CouncilLower Lillooet River ValleyStage 5
Ehattesaht First NationNuu-chah-nulth Tribal CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4
Esquimalt First NationVancouver IslandDouglas Treaties
Fort Nelson First NationPeace River CountryTreaty 8, Treaty ratified Negotiating independently
Gitanmaax Band CouncilSkeena Country, GitanmaaxStage 4 [32] Gitxsan Treaty Society
Gitanyow First NationSkeena CountryStage 4 [33] Negotiating independently
Gitsegukla Indian BandSkeena Country, KitsegeuclaStage 4 Gitxsan Treaty Society
Gitwangak Indian BandSkeena Country, KitwangaStage 4 Gitxsan Treaty Society
Gitxaala NationNorth CoastNot participating in treaty process Also known as Kitkatla First Nation
Formerly part of the Gitxsan Treaty Society
Glen Vowell Indian BandSkeena CountryStage 4 Gitxsan Treaty Society
Gwa'sala-'Nakwaxda'xw NationKwakiutl District CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4 [34] Also affiliated with the Winalagalis Treaty Group
Gwawaenuk TribeVancouver IslandNo InformationINAC number - 627 [35]
Halfway River First NationTreaty 8 Tribal AssociationPeace River CountryTreaty 8, Treaty ratified Discussions with BC and Canada outside the treaty process to adjust Treaty 8.
Hagwilget Village First NationOffice of the Wet'suwet'enBulkley Country/Skeena CountryStage 4 [36]
Halalt First NationVancouver IslandStage 4 Hul'qumi'num Treaty Group
Hartley Bay Indian BandBritish Columbia CoastStage 4 [37] Tsimshian First Nations
Also known as the Gitga'at Nation and Gitga'at First Nation
Heiltsuk NationCentral Coast, Bella BellaStage 4 [38] Negotiating independently
Hesquiaht First NationNuu-chah-nulth Tribal CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4
High Bar First NationShuswap Nation Tribal CouncilFraser Canyon/CaribooNot participating in treaty process
Homalco Indian BandNaut'sa mawt Tribal CouncilSunshine CoastStage 4
Hupacasath First NationNuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council but Negotiating independentlyVancouver IslandStage 4
Huu-ay-aht First NationMaa-nulth Treaty SocietyVancouver IslandStage 6 [39]
Iskut First NationTahltan NationStikine CountryNot participating in treaty process [40]
Kamloops Indian BandShuswap Nation Tribal CouncilThompson CountryNot participating in treaty process
Kanaka Bar Indian BandFraser Canyon Indian AdministrationFraser CanyonNot participating in treaty process[41]
Katzie First NationFraser Valley, Pitt MeadowsStage 4 [42] Negotiating independently
Kispiox Band CouncilSkeena Country, KispioxStage 4 Gitxsan Treaty Society
Haisla NationBritish Columbia CoastStage 4 [43] Negotiating independently
Kitselas First NationTsimshian First NationsBritish Columbia CoastStage 4
Kitasoo/Xaixais First NationOweekeno-Kitasoo-Nuxalk Tribal CouncilBella Coola, Central CoastStage 4 Also part of the Tsimshian First Nations
Kitsumkalum First NationSkeena CountryStage 4 Tsimshian First Nations
Klahoose First NationNaut'sa mawt Tribal CouncilSunshine CoastStage 4
Kluskus First NationCarrier Chilcotin Tribal CouncilNot participating in treaty process [44]
K'ómoks (Comox) First NationKwakiutl District CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4 in suspension
Kwadacha First NationKaska NationCassiar CountryStage 4 Negotiations are suspended until Canada resolves legal issues related to Yukon, BC boundaries.
Vancouver IslandStage 4 in suspension
Kwantlen First NationFraser ValleyNot participating in treaty process
Kwaw-kwaw-a-pilt First NationFraser ValleyNot participating in treaty process
Kwiakah First NationsHamatla Treaty SocietyVancouver IslandStage 4 In suspension
Kwicksutaineuk-ah-kwa-mish First NationMusgamagw Tsawataineuk Tribal CouncilVancouver Island/Queen Charlotte StraitNot participating in treaty process [45]
Kwikwetlem First Nation (unaffiliated)Fraser Valley, Coquitlam/Port CoquitlamNo InformationINAC number - 560 [46]
Kyuquot/Cheklesahht First NationMaa-nulth Treaty SocietyVancouver IslandStage 6
Lake Babine NationNegotiating independentlyOmineca Country/Bulkley CountryStage 4 [47]
Lake Cowichan First NationHul'qumi'num Treaty GroupVancouver IslandStage 4
Lax-kw'alaams First NationNegotiating independentlyNorth CoastStage 2 [48]
Fraser Valley, Nicomen IslandStage 4
Lheidli T'enneh BandNegotiating independentlyPrince GeorgeStage 5 On March 30, 2007, the Lheidli T'enneh Band held a ratification vote on the Final Agreement. With a final count of 123 against and 111 in favour, the Lheidli T'enneh community did not ratify the Final Agreement.[49]
Liard First NationKaska Tribal CouncilCassiar CountryStage 2
Lil'wat NationLillooet Tribal CouncilPemberton ValleyNot participating in treaty process aka the Lil'wat Nation or the Mount Currie Indian Band
Little Shuswap Indian BandShuswap Nation Tribal CouncilShuswap Country, ChaseNot participating in treaty process
Lower Kootenay First NationKtunaxa Kinbasket Tribal CouncilKootenaysStage 4
Lower Nicola First NationNicola Tribal AssociationNicola CountryNot participating in treaty process
Lower Post First NationKaska NationLiard CountryStage 4 (suspended) Canada does not classify the Lower Post First Nation as a band, but rather as one of eight reserves belonging to the Yukon-based Liard First Nation. Negotiations are suspended until Canada resolves legal issues related to Yukon, BC boundaries.[50]
Lower Similkameen Indian BandOkanagan Nation AllianceSimilkameen CountryNot participating in treaty process
Lyackson First NationHul'qumi'num Treaty GroupVancouver IslandStage 4
Lytton First NationunaffiliatedFraser CanyonNot participating in treaty process
McLeod Lake Indian BandTreaty 8Northern InteriorTreaty 8, Treaty ratifiedThe McLeod Nation was originally left out of the Treaty 8 bill even though they live on its land. The McLeod Lake Indian Band Treaty No. 8 Adhesion and Settlement Agreement rectified this oversight.[51]
Malahat First NationTe'mexw Treaty AssociationVancouver IslandDouglas TreatiesRenegotiating in the BC Treaty Process, presently at Stage 4
Mamalilikulla-Qwe'Qwa'Sot'Em First NationKwakiutl District CouncilVancouver IslandNo InformationINAC number - 629 [52]
Matsqui First NationFraser Valley, MatsquiNot participating in treaty process One of four members not in the treaty process
Metlakatla First NationTsimshian First NationsBritish Columbia CoastStage 4
Mowachaht/Muchalaht First NationsNuu-chah-nulth Tribal CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4
Musqueam Indian BandNegotiating independentlyFraser Valley, VancouverStage 4
Nadleh Whut'en First NationCarrier Sekani Tribal CouncilCentral InteriorStage 4 Until 1990, it was referred to as the Fraser Lake Indian Band.
Nak'azdli BandCarrier Sekani Tribal CouncilCentral InteriorStage 4
‘Namgis First NationMusgamagw Tsawataineuk Tribal CouncilAlert Bay, Vancouver IslandStage 4-No longer negotiating
Nanoose First NationTe'mexw Treaty AssociationNanoose Bay, Vancouver IslandDouglas TreatiesRenegotiating in the BC Treaty Process, presently at Stage 4
Nazko First NationThe InteriorNegotiating independentlyStage 4 [53] Is a member of the Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council
Nee-Tahi-Buhn BandThe InteriorNo InformationINAC number - 726 [54]
Neskonlith Indian BandShuswap Nation Tribal CouncilShuswap CountryNot participating in treaty process
Nicomen Indian BandFraser Canyon Indian Administration, Nicola Tribal AssociationThompson CountryNot participating in treaty process
Nisga'a Tribal CouncilNegotiated independentlyNorth Coast, Nass CountryStage 6 [55] Nisga'a Final Agreement
N'quatqua First NationNegotiating independentlyBridge River CountryNo InformationINAC number - 556 [56]
Nooaitch Indian BandNicola Tribal AssociationNicola CountryNot participating in treaty process
Nuchatlaht First NationNuu-chah-nulth Tribal CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4
Nuxálk NationOweekeno-Kitasoo-Nuxalk Tribal CouncilBella Coola, Central CoastNot participating in treaty process[57]
Okanagan Indian BandOkanagan Nation AllianceOkanagan, VernonNot participating in treaty process [58]
Old Massett Village CouncilCouncil of the Haida NationHaida GwaiiStage 2 [59] In December 2009 a reconciliation protocol was signed outside of the BC Treaty Process between the BC government and the First Nations represented by the Haida Nation.[60] Along a number of economic issues being settled an agreement was reached to rename the Queen Charlotte Islands to the Haida Gwaii.
Oregon Jack Creek Indian BandNlaka'pamux Nation Tribal CouncilThompson CountryNot participating in treaty process [61]
Osoyoos Indian BandOkanagan Nation AllianceOkanaganNot participating in treaty process
Pacheedaht First NationNegotiating independentlyVancouver IslandStage 4 Not a member of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council and define themselves differently
PauquachinSencot'en AllianceVancouver IslandDouglas TreatiesFighting other First Nations over claims made in the BC Treaty process
Pavilion Indian BandLillooet Tribal CouncilLillooet Country/Fraser CanyonNot participating in treaty process Also known as Ts'kw'aylaxw First Nation
Penelakut First NationsHul'qumi'num Treaty GroupVancouver IslandStage 4
Penticton Indian BandOkanagan Nation AllianceOkanaganNot participating in treaty process
Peters Band unaffiliatedFraser ValleyNo InformationINAC number - 586 [62]
Popkum BandFraser ValleyStage 4 [63]
Prophet River BandTreaty 8 Tribal AssociationPeace River CountryTreaty 8, Treaty ratified Discussions with BC and Canada outside the treaty process to adjust Treaty 8.
New Westminster Indian BandNegotiating independentlyFraser Valley, New WestminsterThe New Westminster Indian Band is not a legitimate First Nation, but is a composite band with no right to Indigenous Land. They are not officially involved in treaty negotiations [64]
Qualicum First NationVancouver IslandNo Information
Quatsino First NationKwakiutl District CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4 Also affiliated with the Winalagalis Treaty Group
Red Bluff First NationCarrier-Chilcotin Tribal CouncilNot participating in treaty process
Saik'uz First NationCarrier Sekani Tribal CouncilThe InteriorStage 4
Samahquam First NationIn-SHUCK-ch Nation/Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal CouncilLower Lillooet River ValleyStage 5
Saulteau First NationTreaty 8 Tribal AssociationPeace River CountryTreaty 8, Treaty ratified Discussions with BC and Canada outside the treaty process to adjust Treaty 8.
Simpcw North Thompson Indian BandShuswap Nation Tribal CouncilThompson CountryNot participating in treaty process
Scowlitz First NationFraser ValleyNot participating in treaty process
Seabird Island BandFraser ValleyNot participating in treaty process
Sechelt Indian BandunaffiliatdSunshine CoastStage 5 [65] Negotiating independently; Negotiations have been on hold since October 1999, when the Sechelt requested a break in final agreement negotiations in order to consult with their community members.
Semiahmoo First NationSencot'en AllianceFraser Valley, White RockSencot'en Alliance
Fighting other First Nations over claims made in the BC Treaty process [66]
Seton Lake First NationLillooet Tribal CouncilBridge River-Lillooet CountryNot participating in treaty process On November 4, 2008, The Province, Canada and the Seton Lake Indian Band celebrated the settlement of the remaining cut-off claims in British Columbia.
Shackan First NationNicola Tribal AssociationNicola CountryNot participating in treaty process
Shuswap Indian BandKtunaxa Kinbasket Tribal CouncilShuswap CountryStage 4Also part of the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council
Sinixt NationSinixt NationWest KootenayNot participating in treaty process
Siska Indian BandNicola Tribal AssociationFraser CanyonNot participating in treaty process
Skatin First NationIn-SHUCK-ch Nation/Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal CouncilLower Lillooet River ValleyStage 5
Skawahlook First NationFraser ValleyStage 4
Skeetchestn Indian BandShuswap Nation Tribal CouncilThompson CountryNot participating in treaty process
Skidegate Band CouncilCouncil of the Haida NationHaida GwaiiStage 2 In December 2009 a reconciliation protocol was signed outside of the BC Treaty Process between the BC government and the First Nations represented by the Haida Nation. Along a number of economic issues being settled an agreement was reached to rename the Queen Charlotte Islands to the Haida Gwaii.
Skin Tyee First NationOmineca Country/Nechako CountryNo InformationINAC number - 729 [67]
Shxw'ow'hamel First NationFraser ValleyNot participating in treaty process
Skowkale First NationFraser ValleyStage 4
Skuppah First NationFraser Canyon Indian AdministrationFraser CanyonNot participating in treaty process
Skwah First NationFraser ValleyNo informationNot to be confused with Skway or Shxwhá:y Village which is also located near Chilliwack in the Fraser Valley.
Shxwhá:y VillageFraser ValleyNot participating in treaty process One of four members not in the treaty process
Also known as the Skway First Nation. Not to be confused with Skwah which is also located near Chilliwack in the Fraser Valley.
Sliammon First NationBritish ColumbiaStage 5 [68] Negotiating independently
Snuneymuxw First NationVancouver Island, NanaimoDouglas TreatiesNegotiating independently; Renegotiating in the BC Treaty Process, presently at Stage 4 [69]
Soda Creek/Deep Creek BandNorthern Shuswap Tribal CouncilCaribooStage 4 Community voted to proceed to Stage 5 BCTC negotiations, February 2016
Songhees First NationVancouver IslandDouglas TreatiesTe'mexw Treaty Association
Renegotiating in the BC Treaty Process, presently at Stage 4
Soowahlie First NationFraser ValleyNot participating in treaty process
Spallumcheen Indian BandShuswap Nation Tribal CouncilShuswap-OkanaganNot participating in treaty process
Spuzzum Indian BandNlaka'pamux Nation Tribal Council and Fraser Canyon Indian AdministrationFraser CanyonNot participating in treaty process
Squamish NationunaffiliatedHowe Sound/Burrard InletStage 3 [70] Negotiating independently
Squiala First NationFraser ValleyNot participating in treaty process One of four members not in the treaty process
St. Mary's Indian BandKtunaxa Kinbasket Tribal CouncilKootenaysStage 4
Stellat'en First NationCarrier Sekani Tribal CouncilThe InteriorStage 4 Reserves 5 and 6 split from Nadleh Whut'en First Nation to make the Stellat'en First Nation.
Stone First NationTsilhqot'in Tribal CouncilChilcotinNot participating in treaty process
Sumas First NationFraser Valley, AbbotsfordNot participating in treaty process One of four members not in the treaty process
Tahltan First NationTahltan NationStikine CountryNot participating in treaty process
Takla Lake First NationCarrier Sekani Tribal CouncilThe InteriorStage 4
T'it'q'et First NationLillooet Tribal CouncilLillooet CountryNot participating in treaty process
T'sou-ke NationunaffiliatedVancouver IslandDouglas TreatiesTe'mexw Treaty Association
Renegotiating in the BC Treaty Process, presently at Stage 4 [71]
Tl'azt'en NationCarrier Sekani Tribal CouncilThe InteriorStage 4
Taku River Tlingit First NationAtlin CountryStage 4 Northern Regional Negotiations Table
Tl'etinqox-t'in Government OfficeTsilhqot'in Tribal CouncilChilcotinNot participating in treaty process
Tla-o-qui-aht First NationsNuu-chah-nulth Tribal CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4 [72] Negotiating independently
Tlatlasikwala NationKwakiutl District CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4 Also affiliated with the Winalagalis Treaty Group
Tlowitsis TribeVancouver IslandStage 4 [73] Negotiating independently
Tobacco Plains Indian BandKtunaxa Kinbasket Tribal CouncilKootenaysStage 4
Toosey First NationChilcotinStage 4 Negotiating independently; Also known as the Tl'esqox First Nation
Toquaht First NationMaa-nulth Treaty SocietyVancouver IslandStage 6
TsartlipSencot'en AllianceVancouver IslandDouglas TreatiesSencot'en Alliance
Fighting other First Nations over claims made in the BC Treaty process
TsawoutVancouver IslandDouglas TreatiesSencot'en Alliance
Fighting other First Nations over claims made in the BC Treaty process
Tsawataineuk First NationMusgamagw Tsawataineuk Tribal CouncilVancouver IslandNot participating in treaty process
Tsawwassen First NationFraser Valley, DeltaStage 6 [74] April 3, 2009Negotiated independently
Tsay Keh Dene BandunaffiliatedNorthern InteriorStage 4 [75] Negotiating independently
Tseshaht First NationNuu-chah-nulth Tribal CouncilVancouver IslandStage 4
Tseycum First NationVancouver IslandDouglas TreatiesSignatory in the Douglas Treaties 1850-54
Tsleil-Waututh First NationNaut'sa mawt Tribal CouncilFraser Valley, VancouverStage 4 [76] Negotiating independently; Also known as the Burrard Indian Band
Tzeachten First NationFraser ValleyStage 4
Uchucklesaht First NationMaa-nulth Treaty SocietyVancouver IslandStage 6
Ulkatcho First NationCarrier-Chilcotin Tribal CouncilNot participating in treaty process
Union Bar First NationFraser ValleyNo Information[77]
Upper Nicola Indian BandNicola Tribal AssociationNicola CountryNot participating in treaty process
Upper Similkameen Indian BandOkanagan Nation AllianceNicola-Similkameen CountryNot participating in treaty process In 2001, the Upper Similkameen Indian Band (USIB) Cut-Off Claim Settlement Agreement was ratified by Canada, B.C. and the USIB.
West Moberly First NationsPeace River CountryTreaty 8, Treaty ratified Negotiating independently
Westbank First NationOkanagan Nation AllianceOkanaganStage 4 [78]
Wet'suwet'en First NationCarrier Sekani Tribal CouncilThe InteriorStage 4 Formerly known as the Broman Lake Indian Band
Whispering Pines/Clinton Indian BandShuswap Nation Tribal CouncilThompson-CaribooNot participating in treaty process
Williams Lake Indian BandNorthern Shuswap Tribal CouncilCaribooStage 4 Also known as T'exelc, Sugarcane, The Cane or SCB: Community endorsed moving on to Stage 5 of the BC Treaty Process in April, 2016.
Witset First NationOffice of the Wet'suwet'enNorth CoastStage 4
Wuikinuxv NationNegotiating independentlyCentral Coast, Rivers InletStage 4 [79] Affiliate of the Oweekeno-Kitasoo-Nuxalk Tribal Council. Formerly the Oweekeno Nation.
Xeni Gwet'in First NationTsilhqot'in Tribal CouncilChilcotinNot participating in treaty processUnder that BC Treaty Process, bands have received title to about five per cent of the land they have claimed plus cash. In 2007 the Xeni Gwet'in First Nation won a court ruling that gave them 50% of their claim.
Yakweakwioose First NationFraser ValleyStage 4
Yale First NationNegotiating independentlyFraser CanyonStage 6 [80] February 5, 2010Implementation halted, agreement not in full force and effect.
Yekooche First NationNegotiating independentlyOmineca CountryStage 5 [81]
Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ (Ucluelet First Nation)Maa-nulth Treaty SocietyVancouver IslandStage 6

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2009. FAQ - Why, in this day and age, are treaties being negotiated in BC?. bctreaty.net. July 29, 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190555/http://www.bctreaty.net/files/faqs.php . May 7, 2009.
  2. Web site: 2009 . Douglas Treaties: 1850-1854. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 28, 2009 .
  3. Web site: Numbered Treaty Overview . Canada in the Making . Canadiana.org . July 29, 2009 . dead . 2004-04-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20040409130903/http://www.canadiana.org/citm/specifique/numtreatyoverview_e.html.
  4. Web site: March 2002. The Denigration of A Great National Question. . Department of Native American Studies. July 29, 2009 . Anthony J. Hall .
  5. Web site: 2009. A Lay Person's Guide to DELGAMUUKW. PDF. bctreaty.net. July 29, 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110719004006/http://www.bctreaty.net/files_3/pdf_documents/delgamuukw.pdf. July 19, 2011.
  6. Web site: 2009 . About Us. bctreaty.net. July 29, 2009 .
  7. Web site: 2002 . The British Columbia Treaty Referendum:An Appropriate Democratic Exercise?. . Australasian Legal Information Institute. July 29, 2009 . Helena Kajlich.
  8. Web site: 2009. FAQ - How much will treaty negotiations cost?. bctreaty.net. July 29, 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190555/http://www.bctreaty.net/files/faqs.php. May 7, 2009.
  9. Web site: 2009 . There are Compelling Economic Reasons . bctreaty.net. July 29, 2009 .
  10. Web site: May 16, 2002. Voter response low to B.C. treaty referendum. CBC News. July 29, 2009 .
  11. Web site: July 2, 2004. B.C. treaty referendum. CBC News. July 29, 2009 .
  12. Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia, 2007 B.C.S.C. 1700 (CanLII), retrieved on 2020-06-05.
  13. Web site: November 22, 2007. Huge win for Interior natives. Canwest. The Province. July 27, 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20081201193131/http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=44bcbe05-644b-41ac-a8c2-168540b2342d. December 1, 2008.
  14. Web site: November 26, 2008. Federal government delaying several treaties: BC Treaty Commission. The Hook. July 29, 2009 . Andrew MacLeod .
  15. Web site: 2009 . Six-Stages: Policies and Procedures . . B.C. Treaty Commission. July 18, 2009 .
  16. Web site: 2009 . Negotiation Update . . B.C. Treaty Commission. July 18, 2009 .
  17. Web site: 2009 . Shuswap Nation Tribal Council. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  18. Web site: 2009 . Tsilhqot'in National Government. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 27, 2009 .
  19. Web site: 2009 . Treaty 8 First Nations. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009 .
  20. Web site: 2009 . Lillooet Tribal Council. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  21. Web site: 2009 . Carrier Sekani Tribal Council. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  22. Web site: 2009 . Esketemc First Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  23. Web site: 2009 . Xaxli'p First Nation (formerly Fountain Band). Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009 .
  24. Web site: 2009 . Hamatla Treaty Society. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  25. Web site: 2009 . Northern Shuswap Treaty Society / Tribal Council. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  26. Web site: 2009 . Northern Regional Negotiations Table. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  27. Web site: 2009 . Hul’qumi’num Treaty Group. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  28. Web site: 2009 . Cheslatta Carrier Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  29. Web site: 2009 . Nicola Tribal Association. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 27, 2009 .
  30. Web site: 2009 . Ktunaxa Kinbasket Tribal Council. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  31. Web site: 2009 . Cowichan Tribes. . Government of Canada . July 26, 2009 .
  32. Web site: 2009 . Gitxsan Treaty Society. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  33. Web site: 2009 . Office of the Gitanyow Hereditary Chiefs. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  34. Web site: 2009 . Winalagalis Treaty Group. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  35. Web site: 2009. Gwawaenuk Tribe. Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. July 26, 2009.
  36. Web site: 2009 . wetsuweten. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  37. Web site: 2009 . Tsimshian First Nations . Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  38. Web site: 2009 . Heiltsuk Nation . Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  39. Web site: 2009 . Maa-nulth First Nations. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  40. Web site: 2009 . Tahltan Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  41. Web site: 2009 . Fraser Canyon Tribal Administration. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 27, 2009 .
  42. Web site: 2009 . Katzie First Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  43. Web site: 2009 . Haisla Nation . Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  44. Web site: 2009 . Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  45. Web site: 2009 . Musgamagw Tsawataineuk Tribal Council. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  46. Web site: 2009 . Kwikwetlem. . Government of Canada . July 26, 2009 .
  47. Web site: 2009 . Lake Babine Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  48. Web site: 2009 . lax-kwalaams. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  49. Web site: 2009 . Lheidli T’enneh Band. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009 .
  50. Web site: 2009 . Kaska Nations. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  51. Web site: 2009 . The McLeod Lake Indian Band Treaty No. 8 Adhesion and Settlement Agreement. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009 .
  52. Web site: 2009 . Mamalilikulla-Qwe'Qwa'Sot'Em . . Government of Canada . July 26, 2009 .
  53. Web site: 2009 . Nazko First Nation . Executive Council of British Columbia. July 27, 2009 .
  54. Web site: 2009. Nee-Tahi-Buhn. Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. July 26, 2009.
  55. Web site: 2009 . Nisga'a Final Agreement. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 27, 2009 .
  56. Web site: 2009. N'Quatqua. Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. July 26, 2009.
  57. Web site: 2009 . Wuikinuxv First Nation (formerly Oweekeno Nation). Executive Council of British Columbia. July 27, 2009 . The Nuxalk Nation is not involved in the treaty process..
  58. Web site: 2009 . Okanagan Nation Alliance. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009 .
  59. Web site: 2009 . Haida Nation . Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009 .
  60. Web site: December 11, 2009. Queen Charlotte Islands renamed Haida Gwaii in historic deal. CBC News. December 16, 2009 .
  61. Web site: 2009 . Nlaka'pamux Nation Tribal Council. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009 .
  62. Web site: 2009. Peters. Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. July 26, 2009.
  63. Web site: 2009 . Stó:lo Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  64. Web site: June 6, 2009. Uncovering her roots. Canwest News Service. New Westminster Record. July 26, 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101114123829/http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=312de30a-2778-4a3b-a044-f1d2dc0e829b&sponsor=. November 14, 2010.
  65. Web site: 2009 . Sechelt Indian Band. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  66. Web site: June 22, 2006. Alliance maps out at-risk treaty lands. CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. July 26, 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090327210458/http://www2.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/story.html?id=9a392485-d9e6-446f-8145-2d249defdf20&k=98333. March 27, 2009.
  67. Web site: 2009. Skin Tyee. Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. July 26, 2009.
  68. Web site: 2009 . Sliammon First Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 27, 2009 .
  69. Web site: 2009 . Snuneymuxw First Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 27, 2009 .
  70. Web site: 2009 . Squamish First Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 27, 2009 .
  71. Web site: 2009 . Te'mexw Treaty Association. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 27, 2009 .
  72. Web site: 2009 . Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  73. Web site: 2009 . Tlowitsis Tribe. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  74. Web site: 2009 . Tsawwassen First Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  75. Web site: 2009 . Tsay Keh Dene Band. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  76. Web site: 2009 . Tsleil-Waututh First Nation Also Burrard Indian Band. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  77. Web site: 2009 . Union Bar First Nations . unionbarfirstnations.com . July 29, 2009 .
  78. Web site: 2009 . Westbank First Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  79. Web site: 2009 . Wuikinuxv First Nation (formerly Oweekeno Nation). Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  80. Web site: 2009 . Yale First Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.
  81. Web site: 2009 . Yekooche First Nation. Executive Council of British Columbia. July 26, 2009.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Status of First Nations treaties in British Columbia".

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