Statue of Edward Colston explained

Statue of Edward Colston
Italic Title:no
Image Upright:0.75
Artist:John Cassidy
Material:Bronze
Subject:Edward Colston
Condition:Figure toppled, damaged and removed; plinth defaced by demonstrators
City:Bristol, England
Coordinates:
Embed:yes
Designation1:Grade II
Designation1 Offname:Statue of Edward Colston
Designation1 Date:4 March 1977

The statue of Edward Colston is a bronze statue of Bristol-born merchant and trans-Atlantic slave trader Edward Colston (1636–1721). It was created in 1895 by the Irish sculptor John Cassidy and was formerly situated on a plinth of Portland stone in a public space known as The Centre in Bristol, until it was toppled by anti-racism protestors in 2020.

Designated a Grade II listed structure in 1977, the statue was the subject of controversy due to Colston's role in organising the Atlantic slave trade as a senior executive of the Royal African Company. From the 1990s onward the debate on the morality of glorifying Colston intensified. In 2018 Bristol City Council proposed to add a second plaque to better contextualise the statue and summarise Colston's role in the slave trade, but this was delayed by disputes over the wording of the plaque.

On 7 June 2020, the statue was toppled, defaced, and pushed into Bristol Harbour during the George Floyd protests related to the Black Lives Matter movement. The plinth was also covered in graffiti but remains in place. The statue was recovered from the harbour and put into storage by Bristol City Council on 11 June 2020, and exhibited in its graffitied state in the M Shed museum during the summer of 2021, and permanently from March 2024. Four people who helped topple the statue were found not guilty of criminal damage by a jury in January 2022.

Description

The monument originally consisted of an 8inchesft8inchesin (ftin) bronze statue of Edward Colston (1636–1721) set on top of a 10feet plinth.[1] The statue depicts Colston in a flowing wig, velvet coat, satin waistcoat, and knee-breeches as was typical in his day. The plinth is made of Portland stone and adorned with bronze plaques and, in each corner, a figure of a dolphin. Of the four plaquesone on each face of the plinththree are relief sculptures in an Art Nouveau style: two of these depict scenes from Colston's life and the third exhibits a maritime fantasy. The plaque on the south face bears the words "Erected by citizens of Bristol as a memorial of one of the most virtuous and wise sons of their city AD 1895" and "John Cassidy fecit" (John Cassidy made this).

Background

Edward Colston

See main article: Edward Colston. Colston was a Bristol-born merchant who made some of his fortune from the slave trade, particularly between 1680 and 1692.[2] He was an active member of the Royal African Company, and was briefly deputy governor in 1689–90. During his tenure, the Company transported an estimated 84,000 slaves from West Africa to the Americas.[3] Colston used his wealth to provide financial support to almshouses, hospitals, schools, workhouses and churches throughout England, particularly in his home city of Bristol; he represented the Bristol constituency as its Member of Parliament from 1710 to 1713.[4] He left £71,000 to charities after his death, as well as £100,000 to members of his family.[5] In the 19th century he was seen as a philanthropist.[6] The fact that some of his fortune was made in the slave trade was largely ignored until the 1990s.

Statue

The statue, designed by Irish sculptor John Cassidy, was erected in the area now known as The Centre in 1895 to commemorate Colston's philanthropy.[7] [8] It was proposed in October 1893 by James Arrowsmith, the president of the Anchor Society; this, in March 1894, led to a committee being appointed to raise a fund. According to Tim Cole of the University of Bristol, the Colston statue was proposed as a response to the nearby erection of another statue in Bristol, depicting Edmund Burke, who had been critical of the city's involvement in the slave trade, argued for fairer taxation, and disapproved of the British government's high-handed attitude toward its colonies.[9]

Two appeals to Colston-related charitable bodies raised £407 towards the cost of the statue.[10] Further funds, to a total of £650, were raised through public appeals after the unveiling, including a contribution from the Society of Merchant Venturers.[11] Twenty-three models from sculptors were proposed to the committee, from which Cassidy's was selected.[10] The statue was unveiled by the mayor, Howell Davies, and the bishop of Bristol, Charles Ellicott, on 13 November 1895, a date which had been referred to as Colston Day in the city.[10] [12]

It was designated as a Grade II listed structure on 4 March 1977. Historic England described the statue as being "handsome" and commented that "the resulting contrast of styles is handled with confidence". They also noted that the statue offers good group value with other memorials, including the statue of Edmund Burke, the Cenotaph, and a drinking fountain commemorating the Industrial and Fine Art Exhibition of 1893.

Controversy

20th century

The statue had become controversial by the end of the 20th century, as Colston's activities as a major slave trader became more widely known.[13] H. J. Wilkins, who uncovered his slave-trading activities in 1920, commented that "we cannot picture him justly except against his historical background".[14] [15] Colston's involvement in the slave trade predated the abolition movement in Britain, and was during the time when "slavery was generally condoned in England—indeed, throughout Europe—by churchmen, intellectuals and the educated classes".[16] From the 1990s onwards, campaigns and petitions called for the removal of the statue.[17]

In 1992, the statue was depicted in the installation piece Commemoration Day by Carole Drake, as part of the Trophies of Empire exhibition at the Arnolfini, a gallery in a former tea warehouse in Bristol Harbour. Drake's installation combined a replica of the statue swinging above rotting chrysanthemums, a favourite flower of Colston, in front of a projected photograph of schoolgirls at Colston School covering his statue with flowers in 1973 and the audio of the school hymn "Rejoice ye pure in heart".[18] [19] In the 1994 catalogue of Trophies of Empire, Drake stated the work refers to[20]

In January 1998, "SLAVE TRADER" was written in paint on the base of the statue. Bristol City councillor Ray Sefia said: "If we in this city want to glorify the slave trade, then the statue should stay. If not, the statue should be marked with a plaque that he was a slave trader or taken down."[21] [22]

21st century

In a 2014 poll in the local newspaper, the Bristol Post, 56% of the 1,100 respondents said it should stay while 44% wanted it to go.[23] Others called for a memorial plaque honouring the victims of slavery to be fitted to his statue. Bristol's first elected mayor, George Ferguson, agreed with a post on Twitter in 2013 stating that "Celebrations for Colston are perverse, not something I shall be taking part in!"[24] In August 2017 an unauthorised commemorative plaque by sculptor Will Coles was affixed to the statue's plinth, declaring that Bristol was the "Capital of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1730–1745" and memorialising "the 12,000,000 enslaved of whom 6,000,000 died as captives". Coles stated that his aim was "to try to get people to think".[25] The plaque was removed by Bristol City Council in October of the same year.[26] In 2018, Thangam Debbonaire, Labour MP for Bristol West, wrote to Bristol City Council calling for the removal of the statue.[27]

An unofficial art installation appeared in front of the statue on 18 October 2018 to mark Anti-Slavery Day in the UK. It depicted about a hundred supine figures arranged as on a slave ship, lying as if they were cargo, surrounded by a border listing jobs typically done by modern-day slaves such as 'fruit picker' and 'nail bar worker'; it remained for some months.[28] The labels around the bow of the ship said 'here and now'.[29] Another artistic intervention saw a ball and chain attached to the statue.[30]

Project to add a second plaque

In July 2018 Bristol City Council, which was responsible for the statue, made a planning application to add a second plaque which would "add to the public knowledge about Colston" including his philanthropy and his involvement in slave trading.[31] [32] [33]

The initial proposed wording for the plaque was developed as part of a project involving University of Bristol associate professor of history Madge Dresser, other local historians, and children from Cotham Gardens Primary School (formerly Colston Primary School). It mentioned Colston's role in the slave trade, his brief tenure as a Tory MP for Bristol, and criticised his philanthropy as religiously selective:

This wording attracted criticism, including from Conservative councillor Richard Eddy who called the initial suggested wording "revisionist" and "historically illiterate" and suggested that, if it were put up, stealing or damaging it might be justified. He also said it was unfair to mention that Colston had been a Tory MP.

A second version, co-written by Madge Dresser and a council officer, was proposed by the council in August 2018, giving a brief description of Colston's philanthropy, role in the slave trade, and time as an MP, while noting that he was now considered controversial.

However, this wording was further revised by Francis Greenacre - a former fine art curator at the Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, and a member of the Society of Merchant Venturers which Colston had also been part of - to create a third proposal:

Greenacre's revisions were criticised by Dresser, who said the version was a "sanitised" version of history which minimised Colston's role in the slave trade, omitted the number of child slaves, and focused on West Africans as enslavers. Nevertheless, the wording was understood to have been agreed upon and a bronze plaque was cast using Greenacre's wording.

After the plaque was manufactured in March 2019, the wording was objected to by Bristol's mayor, Marvin Rees, who said he had not been consulted on the wording and criticised the Society of Merchant Venturers for its involvement in the revision.[34] A statement from Rees' office said the Merchant Venturers had been "extremely naive" to think they would have the final say on the wording, and that it was "an oversight to put it mildly" to not consult with the mayor. The statement committed to creating a revised wording for the plaque as part of wider work around the legacy of the slave trade.[35] [36]

After the toppling of the statue in June 2020, the Society of Merchant Venturers said it had been "inappropriate" for the society to have become involved in the rewording of the plaque in 2018.[37]

Toppling and removal

On 7 June 2020, during the global protests following the murder of George Floyd in the United States,[38] the statue was pulled down by demonstrators who then jumped on it. They daubed it in red and blue paint, and one protester was shown kneeling on the statue's neck, alluding to the manner of Floyd's death.[39] The statue was then rolled down Anchor Road and pushed into Bristol Harbour.[40] [41] [42] Just prior to this, a petition to the council to remove the statue, sent out to 38 Degrees “an online campaigning organisation, involving more than 2 million people from every corner of the UK”, had received over 11,000 signatures.[43]

Superintendent Andy Bennett of Avon and Somerset Police stated that they had made a "tactical decision" not to intervene and had allowed the statue to be toppled, citing a concern that stopping the act could have led to further violence and a riot.[44] They also stated that the act was criminal damage and confirmed that there would be an investigation to identify those involved, adding that they were in the process of collating footage of the incident.[45] [46]

Reaction

On 7 June 2020 the Home Secretary, Priti Patel, called the toppling "utterly disgraceful", "completely unacceptable" and "sheer vandalism". She added, "it speaks to the acts of public disorder that have become a distraction from the cause people are protesting about."[47] [48] The Mayor of Bristol, Marvin Rees, said those comments showed an "absolute lack of understanding".[49]

On 8 June, Rees said that the statue was an affront, and he felt no "sense of loss [at its removal]," but that the statue would be retrieved "at some point" and it was "highly likely that the Colston statue will end up in one of our museums."[49] [50] The historian and television presenter David Olusoga commented that the statue should have been taken down earlier, saying: "Statues are about saying 'this was a great man who did great things'. That is not true, he [Colston] was a slave trader and a murderer."[41]

Police Superintendent Andy Bennett also stated he understood that Colston was "a historical figure that's caused the black community quite a lot of angst over the last couple of years", adding: "Whilst I am disappointed that people would damage one of our statues, I do understand why it's happened, it's very symbolic."[40]

Rees made a statement suggesting that "it's important to listen to those who found the statue to represent an affront to humanity and make the legacy of today about the future of our city, tackling racism and inequality. I call on everyone to challenge racism and inequality in every corner of our city and wherever we see it."[51] In an interview with Krishnan Guru-Murthy, he said: "We have a statue of someone who made their money by throwing our people into water ... and now he's on the bottom of the water."[52]

A spokesperson for Boris Johnson, the Prime Minister, said that he "absolutely understands the strength of feeling" but insisted that the democratic process should have been followed, and that police should hold responsible those involved in the criminal act.[53] [54]

Labour leader Keir Starmer said while the manner in which the statue had been pulled down was "completely wrong", it should have been removed "a long, long time ago". He added "you can't, in 21st Century Britain, have a slaver on a statue. That statue should have been brought down properly, with consent, and put in a museum."[55]

The Society of Merchant Venturers, in a statement on 12 June 2020, said that "the fact that [the statue] has gone is right for Bristol. To build a city where racism and inequality no longer exist, we must start by acknowledging Bristol's dark past and removing statues, portraits and names that memorialise a man who benefitted from trading in human lives."[37]

A direct descendant of Colston, Philip Colston Robins, wrote to the Mayor of Bristol suggesting that the city should honour moral obligations and "make peace with the past", including development aid and twinning with cities in West Africa affected by the slave trade.[56]

Retrieval and storage

At 5 am on 11 June 2020, the statue was retrieved from Bristol Harbour by Bristol City Council.[57] The statue was found filled with mud and sediments from the harbour floor. The council said the statue was structurally stable, although it had lost one of its coattails, the walking stick, and faced damage to its left side and to the foot.[58] They stated they had cleaned the statue to prevent corrosion, and that they planned to exhibit it in a museum without removing the graffiti and ropes placed on it by the protesters.[59] While cleaning mud from the statue, M Shed discovered an 1895 issue of Tit-Bits magazine containing a handwritten date, 26 October 1895, and the names of those who originally fitted the statue.[60] [61] [62]

Police investigation

The day after the toppling, the police announced that they identified 17 people in connection with the incident, but had not yet made any arrests.[63] On 22 June 2020 the police released images of people connected to the incident, and asked the public for help identifying the individuals.[64] On 1 July, an unnamed 24-year-old man was arrested on suspicion of criminal damage to the statue[65] and was bailed under police investigation.[66] In September 2020, Avon and Somerset Police said that files on four people suspected of criminal damage had been passed to the Crown Prosecution Service to decide if charges should be brought. A further five people had been offered restorative justice, such as a fine and community service.[67] By 1 October 2020, a total of six people had accepted conditional cautions relating to the events of 7 June.

Criminal charges and trial

See main article: R v Rhian Graham, Milo Ponsford, Jake Skuse and Sage Willoughby. On 9 December 2020, four people—Rhian Graham, Milo Ponsford, Jake Skuse and Sage Willoughby, often referred to as the "Colston 4"[68] —were charged with causing criminal damage in relation to the toppling of the statue.[69] They appeared at Bristol Magistrates' Court on 2 March 2021 and entered a plea of not guilty.[70] Their trial began at Bristol Crown Court on 13 December 2021.[71] Before the trial, the graffiti artist Banksy produced a T-shirt to be sold to support the accused.[72]

The four did not deny that they toppled the statue, but advanced several defences that doing so was not an act of criminal damage within the meaning of the law. One defence was that the statue had not in fact been damaged - indeed that it had been made more valuable by the process of toppling, removal from the harbour, and display in the museum. A second was that the removal of the statue helped to prevent another crime, because the display of the statue itself was a criminal act of displaying indecent or abusive material, saying Colston's "continued veneration (...) in a vibrant multicultural city was an act of abuse".[73] Two defendants also argued that they believed the statue was collectively owned by the people of Bristol, who in the circumstances would agree with the act of toppling it. In fact the statue was owned by Bristol City Council, but even a mistaken belief about the owner and the owners' intentions would have been grounds for acquittal, if the jury felt that belief was sincerely held. The judge also advised the jury that even if not convinced by any of these arguments, the jury could still acquit on the basis that a conviction for criminal damage would, in the circumstances, represent a disproportionate interference with the defendants' right of freedom of expression. The jury would have to weigh the importance of property-owners' rights not to have property (e.g. statues) damaged, with the right to freedom of expression.[74]

On 5 January 2022, the jury found the four defendants not guilty of criminal damage[73] by a majority of 11 to 1 after deliberating for three hours.[75] Because juries never provide any rationale or documentation for their verdict, it is unclear which of the defence arguments they found persuasive. While stating that "trial by jury is an important guardian of liberty and must not be undermined", Suella Braverman, the attorney general, said she is "carefully considering" whether to refer the case to the Court of Appeal as the result was "causing confusion".[76] Braverman's statement was alleged by former Director of Public Prosecutions, Ken Macdonald, and shadow attorney general, Emily Thornberry, to be politically motivated.[77]

On 12 April 2022, Braverman referred the case to the Court of Appeal, to seek clarification on whether defendants can cite their human rights as a defence in a case of criminal damage.[78] The ruling by the Court of Appeal, which did not affect the jury acquittal in the original case, was handed down on 28 September 2022. It ruled that defences on the basis of human rights could only be made in criminal damage cases, when the value of the property damaged is low.[79]

After the toppling

The day after the toppling, 8 June, a cardboard plaque bearing the text "This plaque is dedicated to the slaves that were taken from their homes" was taped onto the plinth to cover the bronze commemorative plaque on the south face that described Colston as "virtuous and wise".[80]

After the toppling of Colston's statue, a similar monument to Robert Milligan, the slave trader who was largely responsible for the construction of the West India Docks, in east London was removed by Tower Hamlets London Borough Council on 9 June 2020.[81] [82] On the same day, the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan called for London statues and street names with links to slavery to be removed or renamed. Khan set up the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm to review London's landmarks.[83]

Support for, and opposition to, the statue's removal continued in the Bristol area. In what a local councillor believed was retaliation, the headstone and footstone for the enslaved man Scipio Africanus were vandalised in the churchyard of St Mary's Church, Henbury, Bristol, on 17 June. The attacker broke one of the stones in two and scrawled a warning to "put Colston's statue back or things will really heat up."[84]

After Colston's statue was removed, a petition began to have a statue of Paul Stephenson erected in its place.[85] The former Bristol youth worker is a black man who was instrumental in the 1963 Bristol Bus Boycott, inspired by the US Montgomery bus boycott, which brought an end to a then-legal employment colour ban in Bristol bus companies.[86]

While the plinth has remained empty, a number of unofficial statues have been placed upon it. On 11 July 2020, a mannequin dressed as deceased television presenter Jimmy Savile appeared on the plinth, along with a cardboard sign: "None of them stopped me, and your licence paid for it". The mannequin was on the plinth for about an hour, before being removed.[87] In the early morning of 15 July 2020, a statue by Marc Quinn was placed on the empty plinth without permission from the authorities. The statue, entitled A Surge of Power (Jen Reid) 2020 depicts a Black Lives Matter protester, Jen Reid, with a raised fist.[88] [89] Quinn described it as a "new temporary, public installation".[90] Bristol City Council removed the statue on the morning of 16 July[91] and it was returned to Quinn. An application for planning permission for A Surge of Power to be installed for two years was sought in summer 2020, rejected, appealed in March 2021,[92] and finally refused in November 2021.[93] On 2 December 2020, a figurine of Darth Vader appeared on the plinth, in what was seen as a tribute to the actor David Prowse, who was born in Bristol and died on 29 November 2020.[94]

Reinterpretation, possible replacement and permanent display

In September 2020, Bristol Mayor Marvin Rees set up the We Are Bristol History Commission, described as "an independent group who will: help Bristol better understand its history and how it became the city it is today; work with citizens and community groups to make sure that everyone in the city can share their views on Bristol’s history; build an improved, shared understanding of Bristol’s story for future generations."[95] A city council spokesperson said that the commission would include the issues around the Colston statue as a starting point, and it would also address wider historic issues in the city. The Commission is chaired by Dr Tim Cole of the University of Bristol, with other members including Madge Dresser and David Olusoga. There was criticism that the commission was dominated by academics at the expense of local community members.[96]

The Colston statue was put on exhibition from 4 June to 5 September 2021 at the M Shed museum in Bristol.[97] It was displayed horizontally on a wooden support with the graffiti remaining. John Finch, head of culture and creative industries at Bristol City Council, stated that after considerable thought the statue was being displayed horizontally because its damaged state meant that it was "unstable" and otherwise needed expensive support, and to enable visitors to see the statue, and the graffiti and damage, close up. Some of the demonstration placards, air dried to preserve them, were displayed nearby.[98] [99] [100] The museum's website stated "This temporary display is the start of a conversation, not a complete exhibition", and invited members of the public to express their views on the future of the statue and its plinth.[101] Immediately after the statue had been put on exhibition, with entry only by free pre-booking, people who had wanted the statue to be returned to public view on its plinth block-booked the exhibit with no intention of attending so that it could not be seen by the public.[102] In response the museum changed its online booking system: "We're always more than happy to accommodate walk-ups if we haven't reached our Covid secure capacity".[103] After the temporary exhibition closed, the responses were considered by the We Are Bristol History Commission, with a report expected by early 2022. The Mayor will then decide the future of the statue.[104]

On 4 August 2021, planning inspector J. P. Sargent dismissed an appeal against the city council's refusal to grant a temporary permission to reinstate, for a period of two years, Marc Quinn's statue of Jen Reid. He stated that, because no consent had been given for the Colston statue to be removed, it remained, in law, part of the whole monument and could be returned to its plinth. He stated that the "special architectural and historic interest" of the monument, which had resulted in it being listed, was partly based on the quality of the design of the statue and that "to replace it with a statue of someone else would appreciably undermine the Monument’s historic integrity."[105]

On 3 February 2022, the We Are Bristol History Commission recommended, following public consultation, that the toppled and defaced Colston statue should be put on display in the city's museum, in its existing state, and presented in a "nuanced, contextualised and engaging way". They recommended that temporary artworks should be placed on the remaining plinth, with "periods of intentional emptiness".[106]

In March 2024, the statue, in its defaced state, went on permanent display in Bristol's M Shed museum, as part of an exhibit about protest.[107]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Colston's Day at Bristol . 14 November 1895 . The Times . 10 . London.
  2. Book: Morgan, Kenneth . Edward Colston and Bristol . Bristol Branch of the Historical Association . 1999 . Bristol . 3 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200608093149/http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/bristolrecordsociety/publications/bha096.pdf . 8 June 2020 . live.
  3. Web site: COLSTON, Edward II (1636–1721), of Mortlake, Surr.. 22 June 2020. History of Parliament Online. 12 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200612105320/https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/colston-edward-ii-1636-1721. live.
  4. Web site: The Business of Enslavement . Pocock . Nigel . Cook . Victoria . 17 February 2011 . 20 October 2020 . BBC . 22 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200622165948/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/slavery_business_gallery_10.shtml . live .
  5. News: Parkes . Pamela . February 2018 . Who was Edward Colston and why is Bristol divided by his legacy? . BBC News . 20 October 2020 . 1 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201101020651/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-42404825 . live .
  6. Colston, Edward . Morgan . Kenneth . September 2004 . 10.1093/ref:odnb/5996 . 11 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150617185629/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5996 . 17 June 2015 . live .
  7. Web site: Edward Colston . PMSA National Recording Project . 9 May 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100109153705/http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/BL/BR09.htm . 9 January 2010 .
  8. News: Emine . Saner . 7 June 2020 . Renamed and shamed: taking on Britain's slave-trade past, from Colston Hall to Penny Lane . The Guardian . 29 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180524082537/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/29/renamed-and-shamed-taking-on-britains-slave-trade-past-from-colston-hall-to-penny-lane . 24 May 2018 . live .
  9. Web site: History Was Never Subject to Democratic Control . Helen . Lewis . The Atlantic . 9 August 2021 . 31 August 2021.
  10. News: Colston Anniversary . Bristol Mercury . 14 November 1895.
  11. News: The Colston Statue . Bristol Mercury . 30 December 1895.
  12. Web site: Watts . James . Edward Colston statue toppled: how Bristol came to see the slave trader as a hero and philanthropist . The Conversation . 8 June 2020 . 29 October 2020 . 24 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200824153208/https://theconversation.com/edward-colston-statue-toppled-how-bristol-came-to-see-the-slave-trader-as-a-hero-and-philanthropist-140271 . live .
  13. Book: Foyle, Andrew. Bristol-Pevsner Architectural Guides. Yale University Press. 2004 . 0-300-10442-1. New Haven, US and London. 125.
  14. Book: Wilkins, H. J. . Edward Colston (1636–1721 A.D.), a chronological account of his life and work . J. W. Arrowsmith . 1920 . Bristol . 93 . 629979568.
  15. News: Ng . Kate . Who was Bristol slave trader Edward Colston? . The Independent . 8 June 2020 . 29 October 2020 . 4 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201004192445/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/edward-colston-statue-bristol-slave-trader-black-lives-matter-protest-a9553946.html . live .
  16. Book: Morgan, Kenneth. Edward Colston and Bristol. Bristol Branch of the Historical Association. 1999. Bristol. 18. https://web.archive.org/web/20200608093149/http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/bristolrecordsociety/publications/bha096.pdf. 8 June 2020.
  17. Book: Hochschild, Adam. Bury the Chains. 2006. Mariner Books. New York City. 15.
  18. Book: Gee. Gabriel N.. Changing Representations of Nature and the City: The 1960s–1970s and their Legacies. Vogelaar. Alison. 4 July 2018. Routledge. 978-1-134-96840-4.
  19. Web site: 1992. Trophies of Empire Exhibition guide relating to an exhibition, 1992. 2 July 2020. Diaspora Artists. 3 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200703021405/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=398&table=artefacts. live.
  20. Book: Trophies of Empire. 1994. Bluecoat Gallery and Liverpool John Moores University School of Design & Visual Arts in collaboration with Arnolfini and Hull Time Based Arts. 978-0-907738-38-1. 13 August 2020. 16 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201016133701/https://books.google.com/books?id=T3BIAQAAIAAJ. live.
  21. News: Wilkins. Emma. 29 January 1998. Graffiti attack revives Bristol slavery row. 11. The Times.
  22. Dresser. Madge. 145478877. 2009. Remembering Slavery and Abolition in Bristol. Slavery & Abolition . 30. 2. 223–246. 10.1080/01440390902818955. 0144-039X.
  23. News: Bristol torn apart over statue of Edward Colston: But is this a figure of shame or a necessary monument to the history of slavery?. Gallagher. Paul. 22 June 2014. The Independent. 7 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200607203535/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/bristol-torn-apart-over-statue-of-edward-colston-but-is-this-a-figure-of-shame-or-a-necessary-9555333.html. 7 June 2020. live.
  24. News: Bristol mayor: City's celebration of Edward Colston is perverse . Emily . Koch . 30 August 2013 . Bristol Live . 16 November 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130904091019/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Bristol-mayor-City-s-celebration-Edward-Colston/story-19729958-detail/story.html . 4 September 2013.
  25. Web site: Revealed: mystery sculptor behind plaque that brands Bristol a slavery capital . Pipe . Ellie . 24 August 2017 . . 7 July 2020 . 9 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200709003513/https://www.bristol247.com/news-and-features/news/sculptor-behind-plaque-brands-bristol-slavery-capital-speaks/ . live .
  26. Web site: Unofficial plaque calling Bristol 'capital of Atlantic slave trade' removed from Edward Colston statue . Davis . Krishan . 27 October 2017 . . 7 July 2020 . 27 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023357/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/unofficial-plaque-calling-bristol-capital-690950 . live .
  27. News: 11 October 2018 . MP calls for slave trader statue removal . BBC News . live . 7 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200607180315/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-45825768 . 7 June 2020.
  28. News: 100 human figures placed in front of Colston statue in city centre . Cork . Tristan . 18 October 2018 . 8 June 2020 . Bristol Live . Local World . https://web.archive.org/web/20190330012215/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/100-human-figures-placed-front-2122990 . 30 March 2019.
  29. Web site: Gould. Rebecca Ruth. Bringing Colston Down. London Review of Books (blog). 12 June 2020. 15 July 2020. 11 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200711135031/https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2020/june/bringing-colston-down. live.
  30. News: Yong . Michael . Ball and chain attached to Edward Colston's statue in Bristol city centre . Bristol Live . 8 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200608170358/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/ball-chain-attached-edward-colstons-1539315 . 8 June 2020 . live .
  31. Web site: Cork. Tristan. 2018-07-22. The second plaque planned for Colston statue linking him to 20,000 deaths. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180722145036/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/wording-second-plaque-proposed-edward-1810137. 2018-07-22. 2021-05-10. BristolLive. en.
  32. News: Theft of second Colston plaque 'may be justified' says councillor . Cork . Tristan . 23 July 2018 . Bristol Live . 18 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201513/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/theft-vandalism-second-colston-statue-1815967 . 18 October 2018 . live .
  33. News: Row breaks out as Merchant Venturer accused of 'sanitising' Edward Colston's involvement in slave trade . Cork . Tristan . 23 August 2018 . Bristol Live . 9 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200609195327/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/row-breaks-out-merchant-venturer-1925896 . 9 June 2020 . live .
  34. News: Edward Colston: Plaque to Bristol slave trader axed over wording . BBC News . 25 March 2019 . 14 October 2020 . 21 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201021143758/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-47670756 . live .
  35. News: Cork . Tristan . 25 March 2019 . Second Colston statue plaque not axed but mayor orders re-write . 30 March 2019 . Bristol Live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190330011949/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/second-colston-statue-plaque-not-2682813 . 30 March 2019 . live .
  36. News: Horton . Helena . Edward Colston plaque listing his links to slavery scrapped after mayor says wording isn't harsh enough . The Telegraph . 25 March 2019 . 14 October 2020 . 16 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201016164834/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/03/25/plaque-acknowledging-slave-owning-history-edward-colston-scrapped/ . live .
  37. Web site: Statement from the Society of Merchant Venturers . The Society of Merchant Venturers . 13 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200613100739/https://www.merchantventurers.com/news/statement-from-the-society-of-merchant-venturers/ . 13 June 2020 . live .
  38. News: Protesters in England topple statue of slave trader Edward Colston into harbor . 7 June 2020 . CBS News . 8 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200608061324/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/george-floyd-protest-edward-colston-statue-thrown-into-bristol-harbor-today-2020-06-07/ . 8 June 2020 . live .
  39. News: Zaks. Dmitry. UK slave trader's statue toppled in anti-racism protests. 8 June 2020. The Jakarta Post. Agence France-Presse. 8 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200608065814/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/08/uk-slave-traders-statue-toppled-in-anti-racism-protests.html. 8 June 2020. live.
  40. News: Haroon . Siddique . 7 June 2020 . BLM protesters topple statue of Bristol slave trader Edward Colston . The Guardian . 7 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200607160825/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jun/07/blm-protesters-topple-statue-of-bristol-slave-trader-edward-colston . 7 June 2020 . live .
  41. News: George Floyd death: Protesters tear down slave trader statue . 7 June 2020 . BBC News . 7 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200607110402/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52954305 . 7 June 2020 . live .
  42. News: Sullivan. Rory. 7 June 2020. Black Lives Matter protesters pull down statue of 17th century UK slave trader. 7 June 2020 . The Independent. https://web.archive.org/web/20200607141249/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/black-lives-matter-protests-uk-bristol-statue-edward-colston-slavery-a9553266.html. 7 June 2020. live.
  43. News: Grubb. Sophie. 5 June 2020. 'It's a disgrace' – Thousands call for removal of controversial Bristol statue. Bristol Live. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200607171650/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/its-disgrace-thousands-call-removal-4195886.amp. 7 June 2020.
  44. News: Evans . Martin . 8 June 2020 . Intervening to prevent toppling of Colston statue could have sparked a riot, says Chief Constable . The Telegraph . 8 June 2020 . 0307-1235 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200608142047/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/06/08/police-decision-allow-toppling-edward-colston-statue-defended/ . 8 June 2020 . live.
  45. Avon and Somerset Police . Avon and Somerset Constabulary . ASPolice . 1269662034364436489 . 7 June 2020 . Statement from Bristol Area Commander Superintendent Andy Bennett following Black Lives Matter demonstration in Bristol . 7 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200607195547/https://twitter.com/ASPolice/status/1269662034364436489 . 7 June 2020 . live.
  46. Web site: Max Foster. Nada Bashir. Rob Picheta. Susannah Cullinane. UK protesters topple slave trader statue. 7 June 2020 . CNN. 8 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200608150958/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/07/europe/edward-colston-statue-bristol/index.html. 8 June 2020. live.
  47. News: Priti Patel: Toppling Edward Colston statue 'utterly disgraceful'. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200607174047/https://news.sky.com/video/priti-patel-toppling-edward-colston-statue-utterly-disgraceful-12002452. 7 June 2020. 7 June 2020. Sky News.
  48. News: Sullivan. Rory. 7 June 2020. Black Lives Matter protesters in Bristol pull down and throw statue of 17th-century slave trader into river. 7 June 2020. The Independent. https://web.archive.org/web/20200607141249/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/black-lives-matter-protests-uk-bristol-statue-edward-colston-slavery-a9553266.html. 7 June 2020. live.
  49. News: Edward Colston: Bristol slave trader statue 'was an affront' . 8 June 2020 . 9 June 2020 . BBC News . https://web.archive.org/web/20200609201500/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-52962356 . 9 June 2020.
  50. News: Jasper . King . Edward Colston statue: Mayor gives update on statue's future . Bristol Live . 8 June 2020 . 8 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200608095652/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/mayor-says-edward-colston-statue-4203020.amp . 8 June 2020 . live .
  51. News: Grimshaw . Emma . Mayor Marvin Rees issues statement on the Black Lives Matter protest and the toppling of Colston's statue . 7 June 2020 . Bristol Live . 7 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200607202659/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/mayor-marvin-rees-issues-statement-4202463 . 7 June 2020 . live .
  52. Web site: Guru-Murthy . Krishnan . "We have a statue of someone who made their money by throwing our people into water...and now he's on the bottom of the water." – Marvin Rees, elected Mayor of Bristol . Channel 4 News . 7 June 2020 . 7 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200607203548/https://www.channel4.com/news/we-have-a-statue-of-someone-who-made-their-money-by-throwing-our-people-into-water-and-now-hes-on-the-bottom-of-the-water-marvin-rees-elected-mayor-of-bristol . 7 June 2020 . live .
  53. News: Neilan . Cat . 8 June 2020 . Politics latest news: Prime Minister 'absolutely understands strength of feeling' but toppling statue still criminal act . The Telegraph . 8 June 2020 . 0307-1235 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200608115141/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/06/08/uk-lockdown-coronavirus-news-quarantine-update-review-boris/ . 8 June 2020 . live.
  54. News: George Floyd: Boris Johnson urges peaceful struggle against racism . BBC News . 8 June 2020 . 9 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200609165341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-52973338 . 9 June 2020 . live .
  55. News: Peter . Walker . 8 June 2020 . Keir Starmer: pulling down Edward Colston statue was wrong . The Guardian . 8 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200608103300/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jun/08/keir-starmer-edward-colston-bristol-statue-wrong . 8 June 2020 . live .
  56. News: Bristol should make peace with slavery past, says Colston descendant . Ben Quinn . 2020-06-17 . .
  57. News: Edward Colston statue pulled out of Bristol Harbour . BBC News . 11 June 2020 . 11 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200611061748/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53004748 . 11 June 2020 . live .
  58. News: Restoring Colston's statue – graffiti, bike tyre and all . Bristol 24/7 . 17 June 2020 . 22 October 2020 . 28 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025555/https://www.bristol247.com/news-and-features/news/restoring-colstons-statue-graffiti-bike-tyre-and-all/ . live .
  59. Web site: 2 June 2020. Images released as part of Colston statue investigation. 22 June 2020. Avon and Somerset Police. 23 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623193228/https://www.avonandsomerset.police.uk/news/2020/06/images-released-as-part-of-colston-statue-investigation/. live.
  60. M Shed . M Shed . mshedbristol . 1271124614018748418 . 11 June 2020 . We ended up with two surprise additions. Firstly a bicycle tyre which emerged from the harbour with the statue, and then the discovery of a clue to the people who first installed it in Bristol: A 1895 magazine rolled up inside the coat tails. . no . 12 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200611171311/https://twitter.com/mshedbristol/status/1271124614018748418 . 11 June 2020 . live.
  61. M Shed . M Shed . mshedbristol . 1271124618091401216 . 11 June 2020 . After careful cleaning and drying we found someone had handwritten the names of those who originally fitted the statue and the date on the inside pages. . no . 12 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200611171311/https://twitter.com/mshedbristol/status/1271124618091401216 . 11 June 2020 . live.
  62. News: Brewis . Harriet . 125-year-old magazine found hidden inside toppled Colston statue . 13 June 2020 . Evening Standard . 12 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200613073938/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/edward-colston-magazine-found-hidden-statue-bristol-a4467926.html . 13 June 2020 . live .
  63. News: 8 June 2020 . Johnson urges peaceful struggle against racism . BBC News . 8 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200608223831/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-52973338 . 8 June 2020 . live .
  64. News: 2 June 2020 . Appeal to identify Colston statue protesters . BBC News . 22 June 2020 . 22 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200622010201/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53108898 . live .
  65. News: Edward Colston statue: Man held over criminal damage . 1 July 2020 . 1 July 2020 . BBC News . 1 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200701200201/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53258535 . live .
  66. News: . 2 October 2020. Edward Colston statue: Six accept conditional cautions. BBC News Online. live. 16 March 2021. 17 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117211510/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-54371602.
  67. News: Edward Colston statue: Cases sent to Crown Prosecution Service . BBC News . 18 September 2020 . 23 September 2020 . 2 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201002063947/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-54191039 . live .
  68. Web site: Bennett. Geoffrey. Cork. Tristan. December 2021. Colston 4 trial updates - Bristol Crown Court. BristolLive. Updated several times a day during the trial.
  69. News: Jessica Murray . Four charged over damage to Colston statue in Bristol . The Guardian . 9 December 2020. 9 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201209160913/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/dec/09/four-charged-over-damage-to-colston-statue-in-bristol . live .
  70. News: . 2 March 2021. Edward Colston: Four deny damage to Bristol statue. BBC News Online. live. 16 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210316141850/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-56250697.
  71. News: Damien . Gayle. 13 December 2021 . Accused said Colston statue was 'an abhorrent offence' to Bristol, trial hears . The Guardian .
  72. News: Banksy designs T-shirts to raise funds for 'Colston Four' accused of Bristol statue damage . The Guardian . 11 December 2021 .
  73. News: 2022-01-05 . BLM protesters cleared over toppling of Edward Colston statue . 2022-01-05 . The Guardian.
  74. News: The Secret Barrister . Why did the jury find the Colston Four not guilty? . 2022-01-09 . 0140-0460 . . The Secret Barrister.
  75. 2022-01-06. Colston Four cleared of criminal damage. 2022-01-06. Apollo Magazine.
  76. News: Booth. Martin. 7 January 2022. Colston 4 Case could be Sent to Appeal Court. B24/7. 8 January 2022.
  77. Web site: 2022-01-07 . Suella Braverman accused of politically driven meddling over Colston Four . 2022-01-07. The Guardian. en.
  78. News: Colston Four acquittal to be referred to court of appeal . Damien . Gayle . The Guardian . 13 April 2022 . 13 April 2022.
  79. Web site: Appeal Court rules Colston 4 should not have used human rights defence. Cork. Tristan. 28 Sep 2022. Bristol Post.
  80. News: Sign taped over plaque that describes slave trader as 'virtuous and wise' . 13 May 2022 . York Press . 8 June 2020 . en.
  81. News: 9 June 2020. Labour councils launch slavery statue review as another is removed. 10 June 2020. Mason. Rowena. Pidd. Helen . The Guardian . https://web.archive.org/web/20200610205142/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/09/sadiq-khan-orders-review-of-all-london-statues-for-slavery-links. 10 June 2020. live.
  82. News: 9 June 2020 . Robert Milligan: Slave trader statue removed from outside London museum . BBC News . 9 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200609190533/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52977088 . 9 June 2020 . live.
  83. News: London statues with slavery links 'should be taken down' . BBC News . 9 June 2020 . 9 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200609190533/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52977088 . 9 June 2020 . live .
  84. News: Enslaved African man's headstone vandalised . BBC News . 18 June 2020 . 29 August 2021 . 1 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201101013101/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53089528?intlink_from_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fengland&link_location=live-reporting-story . live .
  85. News: Petition calls for statue of Bristol civil rights activist Paul Stephenson to be erected in Colston's place . Alex . Ross . Bristol Live . 7 June 2020 . 8 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200607202752/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/petition-calls-statue-bristol-civil-4202437.amp . 7 June 2020 . live .
  86. Web site: Elizabeth . Webb . The Bristol Bus Boycott of 1963 . 8 June 2020 . 7 October 2019 . Black History 365 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200607200835/https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/bhm-heroes/the-bristol-bus-boycott-of-1963/ . 7 June 2020 . live .
  87. News: Mannequin of Jimmy Savile placed on Edward Colston's plinth . Grimshaw . Emma . BristolLive . 11 July 2020.
  88. News: 15 July 2020 . Jen Reid: Statue of Black Lives Matter protester appears on Colston plinth. BBC News . 15 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200715073652/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53414463 . live .
  89. News: Bland . Archie . Edward Colston statue replaced by sculpture of Black Lives Matter protester . 15 July 2020 . The Guardian . 15 July 2020 . 15 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200715071457/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/15/edward-colston-statue-replaced-by-sculpture-of-black-lives-matter-protester . live .
  90. Web site: A joint statement from Marc Quinn and Jen Reid . Marc Quinn . 15 July 2020 . 29 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210829132744/http://marcquinn.com/studio/news/a-joint-statement-from-marc-quinn-and-jen-reid . live .
  91. News: Black Lives Matter protester statue removed. 16 July 2020 . BBC News . 16 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200716054348/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-53427014 . 16 July 2020 . live.
  92. News: Marc Quinn's BLM protestor statue could be reinstalled on Bristol plinth that held slave trader monument . Harris . Gareth . The Art Newspaper. 22 March 2021 .
  93. Web site: Colston Statue Appeal Dismissed . Speechlys . Charles Russell . Lexology . 1 November 2021 .
  94. News: Darth Vader figure appears on Colston plinth in Bristol. Murray. Robin. Farell-Roig. Estel. 2 December 2020. Bristol Post. 2 December 2020. 5 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201205033110/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/darth-vader-figure-appears-colston-4756100. live.
  95. https://www.bristol.gov.uk/policies-plans-strategies/we-are-bristol-history-commission We Are Bristol History Commission, Bristol City Council
  96. https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/we-bristol-history-commission-extreme-4561975 Tristan Cork, "'We Are Bristol' History Commission has 'extreme lack of Bristolians' involved", Bristol Post, 30 September 2020
  97. News: Morris . Steven . 28 May 2021 . Statue of slave trader Edward Colston to go on display in Bristol museum . The Guardian . 31 May 2021 . 30 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210530234006/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/may/28/statue-of-slave-trader-edward-colston-to-go-on-display-in-bristol-museum . live .
  98. News: Edward Colston statue to go on display in Bristol exhibition . 4 June 2021 . BBC News . 4 June 2021 . 3 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213418/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-57350650 . live .
  99. News: Cork . Tristan . How Edward Colston's statue will be displayed in Bristol . 4 June 2021 . BristolLive . 3 June 2021 . en . 29 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210829132810/https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/how-edward-colstons-statue-displayed-5487946 . live .
  100. News: Humphries. Will. Bristol's protracted debate over angle of Edward Colston statue. The Times. 4 June 2021. subscription. 4 June 2021. 4 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210604075640/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bristols-protracted-debate-over-angle-of-edward-colston-statue-k27gbhvx0. live.
  101. Web site: The Colston Statue: What next? . Bristol Museums . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604093508/https://exhibitions.bristolmuseums.org.uk/the-colston-statue/. 4 June 2021. live.
  102. News: Campaigners try to block Edward Colston display at Bristol museum . Gayle . Damien . The Guardian . 7 June 2021 . 7 June 2021 . 7 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210607150629/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/07/campaigners-try-to-block-edward-colston-display-at-bristol-museum . live .
  103. News: Adams . Geraldine Kendall . 8 June 2021 . Changes made after Colston exhibition hit by blockbooking protests . Museums Association News. 25 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210625024018/https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2021/06/changes-made-after-colston-exhibition-hit-by-blockbooking-protests/ . live .
  104. https://exhibitions.bristolmuseums.org.uk/the-colston-statue/ "The Colston Statue: What next?", Bristol Museums
  105. https://www.theplanner.co.uk/decision/appeal-inspector-rejects-replacement-sculpture-for-deposed-colston-statue Huw Morris, "Appeal: Inspector rejects replacement sculpture for deposed Colston statue", The Planner, 10 August 2021
  106. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-60247092 "Colston statue should be displayed in museum, public says", BBC News, 3 February 2022
  107. News: Edward Colston statue goes on permanent display in Bristol museum. BBC News. 14 March 2024 . 16 March 2024.

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