State funerals in Canada explained

State funerals in Canada are public events held to commemorate former governors general, prime ministers, other members of the cabinet who died in office, and, at the cabinet's discretion, other eminent Canadians. With ceremonial, military, and religious elements incorporated, state funerals are offered and executed by the governor general-in-council, who provides a dignified manner for the Canadian people to mourn a national public figure. Provincial and territorial governments may also perform state funerals for citizens in their particular jurisdictions. However, most state funerals are federal affairs.

As Canada shares the person of its monarch with the other Commonwealth realms, funerals for Canada's sovereigns, as well as for their consorts, typically take place in the monarch's oldest and most populous realm, the United Kingdom. In Canada, a commemoration service is conducted by the federal crown-in-council and sometimes by provincial crowns, as well.

Process

State funerals are not required by any law and the family of the deceased may opt not to have such an event take place. Should the family agree to a state funeral, the Department of Canadian Heritage (DCH) will work in close consultation with them, as well as with other government departments and elements of the private sector, the degree of involvement depending on the size and complexity of the event. Similarly, the timeline varies on a case-by-case basis, most lasting between five and six days, during which the national flag is flown at half-mast on the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill in Ottawa and at other federal crown-owned installations across the country.

A formal statement issued by the governor general-in-council is typically broadcast by the media to notify the general public of an upcoming state funeral, while the DCH issues invitations according to the order of precedence, with foreign heads of state and government included.[1]

Meanwhile, in the days leading up to the funeral, the body is transported from the place of death to Ottawa, whereupon the casket is met by a guard of honour—drawn from the Governor General's Foot Guards for a former governor general and from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for a former prime minister, other ministers, or honoured individuals—and escorted by it to the Centre Block of the parliament buildings. There, the remains lie in state for a period of two days, with four members of the accordant guard of honour maintaining a constant vigil; for the remains of governors general, this takes place in the Senate chamber, in the Hall of Honour for those of prime ministers, and in other rooms for other individuals. On both days, designated hours are set for public viewing. The coffin is then escorted from the Centre Block to a waiting hearse as a gun salute is fired; 21 guns for a governor general, 19 guns for a prime minister, and 15 guns for others. The casket is then either transported to another location in the country for further memorials or to the place of burial.

State funeral memorial services are typically held in churches. The choice of host church is dependent on the religious faith of the deceased. However, since 1968, all state funerals held in Ottawa have included a service at the Anglican Church of Canada's Christ Church Cathedral; its five state funerals are the most of any venue. Three other churches have hosted two state funerals: All Saints Anglican Church, Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica, and St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, all in Ottawa. The state funeral of Jack Layton, held in 2011 at Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto, is the only Canadian state funeral to have been held outside of a church.

Similar to a state funeral is a commemoration ceremony, which is a religious and/or memorial service to mark the passing of Canada's monarch (see Monarchy of Canada#Commemorative ceremonies) or a royal consort (both of whom typically have their state funerals in the United Kingdom), an individual from a family that did not wish a state funeral, or a foreign dignitary. For instance, a commemoration ceremony was held in Ottawa in 2002 for the death of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, the consort of King George VI. A service was held in 2013 for Nelson Mandela, the former President of South Africa. Nevertheless, these commemorations may be classified as state funerals by the Canadian government.[2] Provinces will also conduct their own commemoration ceremonies for the passing of the country's sovereign or a royal consort.

Not all who lie in state at parliament, nor all for whom flags are flown at half-mast, receive a state funeral. The exception was made for the funeral of Retired Sergeant Ernest Smith, the last living Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross from the Second World War.

In planning a state funeral, the government makes “every effort to accommodate the wishes of the family” and the family may decline the honour. A state funeral was offered for assassinated Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte in 1970 but his widow declined.[3] A state funeral was also offered for Chief Justice Bora Laskin by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau but his family declined, saying that Laskin “liked things very simple.” Instead, Laskin was honoured with a lying in state on Parliament Hill.[4]

History

The first state funeral in Canada was held for Thomas D'Arcy McGee after his assassination in April 1868. The first Governor General of Canada to receive a state funeral was the Lord Tweedsmuir in 1940, who died in office. Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada's first prime minister was also the first to receive a state funeral. Jack Layton was the first Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition who was not also a former prime minister to be honoured with a state funeral;[2] after lying in state in the foyer of the House of Commons, the funeral service took place at Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto.

Every prime minister of Canada has been accorded a state funeral except for two. Following the death of Canada's second prime minister, Alexander Mackenzie, flags were flown at half-mast across the country and parliament adjourned following speeches commemorating the former prime minister but while a state funeral was suggested, it was not ordered. Mackenzie's funeral occurred at the Jarvis Street Baptist Church with representatives of the federal cabinet in attendance as well as Opposition leader Wilfrid Laurier and almost all members of the Ontario legislature.[5] [6] [7]

Former Prime Minister R. B. Bennett did not have a state funeral as he had moved to England after leaving Canadian politics. He was buried in England in St. Michael's Churchyard, Mickleham in "a simple private service".[8]

Ceremonies for monarchs

To mark the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, the federal crown-in-council arranged for gun salutes to take place on Parliament Hill, in the national capital, as well as at armouries across the country. The day of her funeral in the United Kingdom, 2 February, was declared a national day of mourning. When King Edward VII died in 1910, his funeral date, 20 May, was set as a national holiday, during which military parades and tributes were held across the country.

The death of King George V was officially recognized on the day of his funeral in the UK, 28 January 1936, by a royal proclamation from Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir, urging Canadians to attend church services and drape public buildings in black crepe. Between the King's death and his funeral, courthouses were closed. As George's successor, Edward VIII, abdicated his position as king of Canada by the end of 1936, no ceremonies marked his death in 1972. At the time, Queen Elizabeth II, received messages of condolence from Governor General, Roland Michener, and Prime Minister, Pierre Trudeau, and the federal parliament passed a motion expressing sympathy. None made mention of the Duke’s previous role as Canada's king, only his time as Prince of Wales. Prime Minister Louis St Laurent laid a wreath at the Centre Block, in Ottawa, on 15 February 1952, the day of the burial of George VI. The day was an official holiday only in some provinces, while, in others, it was left to municipalities to decide how to commemorate the King.

When Queen Elizabeth II died on 8 September 2022, after a 70 year reign as Queen of Canada, the country immediately entered a period of official mourning. A federal holiday was declared for the funeral,[9] [10] while the provinces made a variety of arrangements for holidays.

A national commemoration ceremony for Elizabeth II took place at Christ Church Cathedral in Ottawa on 19 September, preceded by a parade of the Canadian Armed Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police through downtown Ottawa, as well as a 96-gun salute. Commemoration services took place in several provinces on the same day: in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Saskatchewan. In Ontario, a memorial service was held in Toronto on 20 September. On the advice of his cabinet, the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec did not authorize any official service of remembrance.

List of state funerals in Canada

Canadian state funerals
State position !Name !Date of funeral !Place of funeral !SourcesState positionNameDate of funeralPlace of funeralVenueSources
Minister 1868 Ottawa, Ontario[11] [12] [13]
Prime minister 1891 Ottawa, Ontario [14] [15]
Prime minister 1893 Montreal, Quebec[16]
Prime minister 1895 St Mary's Basilica[17] [18]
Prime minister 1915 Halifax, Nova Scotia [19]
Prime minister 1917 Bridge Street Methodist Church [20]
Prime minister 1919 Ottawa, Ontario [21] [22] [23]
Minister 1929 Valleyfield United Church[24]
Minister 1932 Ottawa, Ontario Chalmers United Church[25]
Prime minister 1937 Ottawa, Ontario [26]
Minister 1938 Ottawa, Ontario[27]
Governor general 1940 Ottawa, Ontario
Minister 1941 [28] [29]
Minister 1942 Montreal, Quebec [30]
Prime minister 1950 Ottawa, Ontario
Minister 1950 Ottawa, Ontario [31]
Minister 1955 Cathedral of Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste[32] [33]
Minister 1959 Ottawa, Ontario Chalmers United Church[34]
Prime minister 1960 Toronto, Ontario St. Andrew's United Church
Minister 1964 North Bay, Ontario[35]
Governor general 1967 Ottawa, Ontario
Governor general 1968 Ottawa, Ontario [36]
Prime minister 1972 Ottawa, Ontario Christ Church Cathedral
Prime minister 1973 Quebec City, Quebec
Prime minister 1979Ottawa, Ontario Christ Church Cathedral[37]
Governor general 1980 [38] [39]
Minister 1980 [40]
Governor general 1991 Ottawa, Ontario Christ Church Cathedral[41]
Governor general 1993 Montreal, Quebec [42]
Prime minister Pierre Trudeau
(article) 		2000 Montreal, Quebec
Governor general 2002Ottawa, Ontario Christ Church Cathedral[43]
Governor general 2009 Saint-Thomas de Memramcook Church [44] [45] [46]
Leader of the Opposition Jack Layton
(article) 		2011 Toronto, Ontario [47]
Minister 2014 Toronto, Ontario [48]
Prime Minister 2020 Toronto, Ontario [49]
Privy Councillor2024 Ottawa, OntarioDominion-Chalmers United Church[50]
Prime MinisterBrian Mulroney
(article)		2024Montreal, QuebecNotre-Dame Basilica[51]

Other funerals for prime ministers

Non-state funerals for prime ministers
State position !Name !Date of funeral !Place of funeral !SourcesState positionNameDate of funeralPlace of funeralVenueSources
Prime minister 1892 Toronto, Ontario[52] [53]
Prime minister 1947 Mickleham, Surrey, England

List of national commemoration ceremonies in Canada

National commemoration ceremonies
State position !Name !Date of ceremony !Place of ceremony !SourcesState positionNameDate of ceremonyPlace of ceremonyBuildingSources
Queen consort (article)Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother9 April 2002Ottawa, Ontario Christ Church Cathedral
President of South AfricaNelson Mandela2013Ottawa, Ontario Parkdale United Church [54]
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh17 April 2021Ottawa, Ontario Christ Church Cathedral[55]
Queen of CanadaElizabeth II19 September 2022Ottawa, OntarioChrist Church Cathedral[56] [57]

List of provincial state funerals in Canada

Alberta

State position Name Date of funeral Place of funeral Building Sources
Lieutenant governorGrant MacEwan2000EdmontonRobertson-Wesley United Church[58]
Premier 2012 Edmonton [59]
Premier 2016 Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium [60]

Ontario

State position Name Date of funeral Place of funeral Building Sources
Premier 1982 Toronto [62] [63]
Lieutenant governor 26 October 2012
Lieutenant governor 30 January 2023 Toronto Yorkminster Park Baptist Church[64]
Mayor 14 February 2023 Paramount Fine Foods Centre[65]

Quebec

State funerals in Quebec are reserved for former premiers. "National" funerals may be held for other distinguished Quebecers. Unlike state funerals, these are only partially subsidized by the government.[66]

State position Name Date of funeral Place of funeral Building Sources
Premier 1959 De l'Assomption (Immaculée-Conception) Cathedral[67] [68]
Premier 1968 Quebec City [69] [70]
Premier 1980 Quebec City Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec[71] [72]
Premier 1987 Quebec City Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec [73]
Premier 1996 Montreal [74]
Premier 2015 Montreal Église Saint-Germain [75]
Premier 2018 Montreal Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal [76]

National funerals

Occupation Name Date of funeral Place of funeral Building Sources
Athlete 2000 Montreal Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal [77]
Union leader 2002 Montreal [78]
Athlete 2014 Montréal Basilique Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde [79]
Music producer and agent 2016 Montreal Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal
AthleteGuy Lafleur2022MontrealBasilique Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde

List of provincial commemoration ceremonies in Canada

Nova Scotia

State position Name Date of ceremony Place of ceremony Building Sources
Prince consortPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh17 April 2021HalifaxAll Saints Cathedral[80]
Queen of CanadaElizabeth II19 September 2022HalifaxAll Saints Cathedral

Ontario

State position Name Date of ceremony Place of ceremony Building Sources
Prince consortPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh17 April 2021TorontoCathedral Church of St James
Queen of CanadaElizabeth II20 September 2022TorontoCathedral Church of St James

Saskatchewan

State position Name Date of ceremony Place of ceremony Building Sources
Queen consortQueen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother9 April 2002
Prince Albert
ReginaSt Paul's Cathedral
Saskatoon
Queen of CanadaElizabeth II19 September 2022ReginaSt Paul's Cathedral

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Government of Canada. Government of Canada. Frequently Asked Questions on State Funerals in Canada. Queen's Printer for Canada. 18 March 2024.
  2. Web site: Past state funerals and national commemorative ceremonies. Government of Canada. Government of Canada. 2024-03-18.
  3. News: MacSween. Joseph. A grieving Quebec buries Laporte. 25 August 2011. Vancouver Sun. 21 October 1970.
  4. News: Bora Laskin buried. 24 August 2011. The Leader-Post. 29 March 1984.
  5. Book: Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Francess G. Halpenny . 658 . 1990 . 9780802034601 . 2016-01-26.
  6. Book: The Hon. Alexander Mackenzie: His Life and Times . William Buckingham . Sir George William Ross . 639 . 1892 . 9780722225745 . 2016-01-26.
  7. Book: Sir George William Ross. William Buckingham. The Hon. Alexander Mackenzie: His Life and Times. 1892. Rose Publishing Company. 641. 9780665038211 . jarvis street baptist church, the route..
  8. Web site: Viscount Bennett . Albert County Museum and RB Bennett Centre . THE ALBERT COUNTY MUSEUM & RB BENNETT COMMEMORATIVE CENTRE . March 2, 2024.
  9. News: Canada announces federal holiday to mark Queen's funeral on Sept 19. Zimonjic. Peter. 13 September 2022. CBC News. 13 September 2022.
  10. News: Do Canadians get a holiday to mourn the Queen? It depends. 13 September 2022. CBC News. 13 September 2022.
  11. News: THOMAS D'ARCY McGEE.; Funeral Services at Ottawa—Thirty Thousand People in Procession.. 23 August 2011. The New York Times. 14 April 1868. New York NY.
  12. Web site: Collections Canada. Collections Canada. 2 May 2005. THOMAS D'ARCY McGEE.. 25 August 2011.
  13. Web site: Government of Canada. Government of Canada. State Funerals in Canada.. 24 August 2011. 25 August 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110827040255/http://www.commemoration.gc.ca/lst--eng.cfm. 27 August 2011.
  14. Book: Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Francess G. Halpenny . 611 . 1990 . 9780802034601 . 2016-01-26.
  15. Web site: ARCHIVED - Afterwards-First Among Equals . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . 2016-01-26.
  16. Web site: Biography – ABBOTT, Sir JOHN JOSEPH CALDWELL – Volume XII (1891-1900) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Biographi.ca . 2016-01-26.
  17. Web site: P.B. Waite . Sir John Sparrow David Thompson - The Canadian Encyclopedia . Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . 2016-01-26.
  18. News: THE STATE FUNERAL: Burial of Sir John Thompson at Halifax SCENES OF THE GREAT EVENT Conveyance of the Remains to Canada Ceremonies at Halifox in Connection With the Interment of the Late Premier THE LEADING FACTS RECALLED REMOVAL OF THE BODY ARRIVAL AT HALIFAX. The Globe (Toronto). 26 January 1895.
  19. News: Interred in Solemn State: Leading Notables of Canada Attend Funeral of Sir Charles Tupper at Halifax. 23 January 2016. The World. Vancouver. 16 November 1915.
  20. Web site: The City of Belleville . City of Belleville . Belleville.ca . 2016-01-26.
  21. News: Thousands mourn Laurier. 24 August 2011. The New York Times. 23 February 1919. New York NY.
  22. News: State funeral for Sir Wilfred on Saturday. 24 August 2011. The Washington Reporter. 18 February 1919. United Press. Washington PA. 1.
  23. News: Sir Wilfrid Laurier's Death. 24 August 2011. Poverty Bay Herald. 18 February 1919. Poverty Bay NZ. 6.
  24. News: Sorrow in Valley field As All Citizens Mourn For Finance Minister: Simple Funeral Service for Hon. James A. Robb This Afternoon. The Globe (Toronto). 13 November 1929.
  25. News: CANADA'S TRIBUTE PAID TO STATESMAN: Thousands Line Ottawa Streets as Sir George Foster's Funeral Is Held COLLEAGUES DO HONOR. The Globe (Toronto). 4 January 1932.
  26. News: Thousands Join in Sorrowful Tribute to Late Sir Robert Borden. 24 August 2011. Ottawa Citizen. 14 June 1937. Ottawa ON. 9.
  27. News: Highest Tributes Paid Late Sir Geo. Perley. 23 January 2016. Ottawa Citizen. 8 January 1938.
  28. News: Flaherty. Frank. Bells Toll Last Lapointe Salute. 23 August 2011. The Leader-Post. 29 November 1941. The Canadian Press. Regina SK. 1.
  29. News: A State Funeral For Hon. Ernest Lapointe. 23 January 2016. The Sherbrooke Telegram. 27 November 1941.
  30. News: Canadian. Press. Crowds Hushed For Dandourand. 4 September 2011. Calgary Herald. 16 March 1942.
  31. News: Canada Pays Last Tribute To Mitchell. 24 August 2011. The Windsor Daily Star. 4 August 1950. The Canadian Press. Windsor ON. 18.
  32. News: Canada's Postmaster-General Hon. Alcide Cote, Died Sunday. 24 August 2011. The Shawinigan Standard. 10 August 1955. Shawinigan QC. 2.
  33. News: Hon Alcide Cote is Widely Mourned. 23 January 2016. The News and Eastern Townships Advocate. 11 August 1955.
  34. Web site: SIDNEY SMITH FUNERAL; 1,000 Attend Ottawa Rites for Canadian Official .
  35. News: PM Leads Mourners: Crowds Line Streets For Garland Funeral. The Globe and Mail. 18 March 1964.
  36. News: Final Tribute Paid Vincent Massey. 23 August 2011. Montreal Gazette. 5 January 1968. Montreal QC. 1.
  37. News: State funeral set for Diefenbaker. 23 January 2016. The Globe and Mail. 17 August 1979.
  38. News: Bauch. Hubert. Canada pays last respects to Leger. 23 August 2011. Montreal Gazette. 28 November 1980. Montreal QC. 1.
  39. News: Mourners stand in freezing rain as Leger buried. 23 January 2016. Montreal Gazette. 29 November 1980.
  40. Web site: The Honourable Daniel J. MacDonald. Veterans Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 23 January 2016.
  41. News: Michener memorial service attended by PM, dignitaries. The Globe and Mail. The Canadian Press. 15 August 1991.
  42. News: Contenta. Sandro. 1,000 mourn Sauve, a woman of 'firsts'. https://archive.today/20130131183328/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/519037481.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+31,+1993&author=Sandro+Contenta+TORONTO+STAR&pub=Toronto+Star&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=1,000+mourn+Sauve,+a+woman+of+'firsts'. dead. 31 January 2013. 23 August 2011. Toronto Star. 31 January 1993. Toronto ON. A1.
  43. News: Ray Hnatyshyn lies in state. CBC. 2021-07-12 . 2002-12-23.
  44. Web site: Government of Canada. Government of Canada. List of state funerals in Canada. 26 June 2009. Queen's Printer for Canada. 4 February 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110827040255/http://www.commemoration.gc.ca/lst-eng.cfm. 27 August 2011.
  45. News: LeBlanc's rites N.B.'s first state funeral. 23 August 2011. Times & Transcript. 4 July 2009. Moncton NB. A7.
  46. Web site: LeBlanc's state funeral draws thousands. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2016-01-26.
  47. News: Canada News: Layton wanted funeral to be a celebration of his life. And it was . Toronto Star . August 17, 2011 . August 28, 2011 . Toronto . Colin . Perkel.
  48. News: Jim Flaherty to have state funeral Wednesday. 11 April 2014.
  49. Web site: Former prime minister John Turner to be honoured with state funeral 6 Oct..
  50. News: Former NDP leader Ed Broadbent will receive a state funeral on Jan. 28 . January 15, 2024 . CBC News . January 15, 2024.
  51. News: Wayne Gretzky to deliver eulogy at Brian Mulroney's state funeral in Montreal . March 15, 2024 . CBC News . March 15, 2024.
  52. Book: Sir George William Ross. William Buckingham. The Hon. Alexander Mackenzie: His Life and Times. 1892. Rose Publishing Company. 641. 9780665038211 . jarvis street baptist church, the route..
  53. Book: Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Francess G. Halpenny . 658 . 1990 . 9780802034601 . 2016-01-26.
  54. Web site: Senator Don Meredith . Donmeredith.sencanada.ca . 2016-01-26.
  55. Web site: Commemoration for His Royal Highness Prince Philip, The Duke of Edinburgh . 18 March 2024 .
  56. Web site: Commemorative events . 8 September 2022 .
  57. Web site: Canada is the country it is today because of Queen Elizabeth, Mulroney says at memorial service . . 2022-09-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034811/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/national-commemorative-ceremony-live-1.6585991 . 2023-03-26 . live . Tasker . John.
  58. Web site: State Funeral for Grant MacEwan. CBC News. CBC News. 20 June 2000. CBC News.
  59. News: Bennett . Dean . Two flags drape Peter Lougheed's coffin as mourners pay respects . 16 April 2019 . The Globe and Mail . The Globe and Mail Inc. . 16 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190416014720/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/two-flags-drape-peter-lougheeds-coffin-as-mourners-pay-respects/article4548381/ . 16 April 2019.
  60. News: State funeral planned for Prentice . 16 April 2019 . iPolitics . iPolitics . 19 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190416015158/https://ipolitics.ca/2016/10/19/state-funeral-planned-for-prentice/ . 16 April 2019.
  61. News: John Crosbie: Political 'giant,' family man and N.L. icon remembered at state funeral . 16 January 2020 . CBC News . 16 January 2020.
  62. News: Robarts gets state funeral. 24 August 2011. Ottawa Citizen. 21 October 1982.
  63. News: Robarts buried with state honors. The Globe and Mail. 22 October 1982.
  64. News: Former Lt. Gov. David Onley to be remembered at state funeral on Jan. 30 . January 22, 2023 . CityNews . January 19, 2023.
  65. Web site: Office of the Premier . Members of the Public Invited to Honour the Late Hazel McCallion . Province of Ontario . King's Printer for Ontario . 2 February 2023 . Toronto ON . 2 February 2023.
  66. News: René Angélil's 'national' funeral 'over the top,' says Francine Pelletier. 21 January 2016. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 July 2016.
  67. Book: Paulin, Marguerite. Maurice Duplessis: powerbroker, politician. 2005. Dundurn Press Ltd. 1-894852-17-6.
  68. News: Duplessis Is Buried in Simple Ceremony. The Globe and Mail. 11 September 1959.
  69. News: Quebec mourns premier at state funeral. 24 August 2011. Star-Phoenix. 30 September 1968.
  70. News: Thousands pay final tribute: Daniel Johnson buried in simple village ceremony. The Globe and Mail. 2 October 1968.
  71. News: Quebec bids adieu to Jean Lesage. 24 August 2011. Calgary Herald. 16 December 1980.
  72. News: PM leads mourners at Lesage funeral. The Globe and Mail. 16 December 1980.
  73. News: Burns. John F.. René Lévesque, Ex-Premier of Quebec, Dies at 65. 24 August 2011. The New York Times. 3 November 1987.
  74. Web site: Remembering Bourassa. CBC Digital Archives. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 August 2011.
  75. News: Mourners gather for funeral of former premier Jacques Parizeau. 9 June 2015. Montreal Gazette. 9 June 2015.
  76. News: Authier . Philip . Bernard Landry to be honoured with state funeral . 8 November 2018 . Montreal Gazette . 6 November 2018.
  77. News: Rocket to get state funeral. 28 May 2000. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 October 2012.
  78. News: Quebec labour legend will have state funeral. Thanh Ha. Tu. 20 July 2002. The Globe And Mail. 18 January 2016.
  79. News: Béliveau to get Quebec state funeral. Thompson. Elizabeth. 3 December 2014. iPolitics. 19 December 2014.
  80. Web site: 'Quite fitting.' Prince Philip's funeral an online event for all but a few in Canada. MacDonald. Michael. 16 April 2021. Toronto Star. 16 April 2021.

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