Stasi Explained

Agency Name:Ministry for State Security
Nativename:German: Ministerium für Staatssicherheit
Seal:Emblem Stasi.svg
Dissolved:[1]
Agency Type:Secret police
Headquarters:Lichtenberg, East Berlin
Motto:German: Schild und Schwert der Partei (shield and sword of the party)
Employees:
  • 91,705 regular
  • 174,000 informal[2]
Chief1 Name:Wilhelm Zaisser
Chief2 Name:Ernst Wollweber
Chief3 Name:Erich Mielke
Chief4 Name:Wolfgang Schwanitz

The Ministry for State Security (German: Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, pronounced as /de/; abbreviated as "MfS"), commonly known as the German: Stasi|italics=unset (pronounced as /de/), an abbreviation of German: Staatssicherheit, was the state security service and secret police of East Germany (the GDR) from 1950 to 1990.

The Stasi's function in East Germany resembled that of the KGB in the Soviet Union⁠ it served as a means of maintaining state authority, i.e., as the "Shield and Sword of the Party" (German: Schild und Schwert der Partei). This was accomplished primarily through the use of a network of civilian informants who contributed to the arrest of approximately 250,000 people in East Germany.[3] It also had a large elite paramilitary force, the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment, that served as its armed wing.

The Stasi also conducted espionage and other clandestine operations outside the GDR through its subordinate foreign-intelligence service, the Office of Reconnaissance, or Head Office A (German: Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung or HVA). Its operatives also maintained contacts and occasionally cooperated with West German terrorists.[4]

The Stasi had its headquarters in East Berlin, with an extensive complex in Berlin-Lichtenberg and several smaller facilities throughout the city. Erich Mielke, the Stasi's longest-serving chief, controlled the organisation for 32 (1957–1989) of the 40 years of the GDR's existence. The HVA (German: Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung), under Markus Wolf (in office as German: Leiter der HVA from 1952 to 1986), gained a reputation as one of the most effective intelligence agencies of the Cold War.[5] [6]

After the German reunification of 1989–1991, some former Stasi officials were prosecuted for their crimes[7] and the surveillance files that the Stasi had maintained on millions of East Germans were declassified so that all citizens could inspect their personal files on request. The Stasi Records Agency maintained the files until June 2021, when they became part of the German Federal Archives.

Creation

The Stasi was founded on 8 February 1950.[8] Wilhelm Zaisser was the first Minister of State Security of the GDR, and Erich Mielke was his deputy. Zaisser tried to depose SED General Secretary Walter Ulbricht after the June 1953 uprising,[9] but was instead removed by Ulbricht and replaced with Ernst Wollweber thereafter. Following the June 1953 uprising, the Politbüro decided to downgrade the apparatus to a State Secretariat and incorporate it under the Ministry of the Interior under the leadership of Willi Stoph. The Minister of State Security simultaneously became a State Secretary of State Security. The Stasi held this status until November 1955, when it was restored to a ministry.[10] [11] Wollweber resigned in 1957 after clashes with Ulbricht and Erich Honecker, and was succeeded by his deputy, Erich Mielke.

In 1957, Markus Wolf became head of the Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung (HVA) (Main Reconnaissance Administration), the foreign-intelligence section of the Stasi. As intelligence chief, Wolf achieved great success in penetrating the government, political and business circles of West Germany with spies. The most influential case was that of Günter Guillaume, which led to the downfall of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt in May 1974. In 1986, Wolf retired and was succeeded by Werner Grossmann.

Relationship with Soviet Intelligence Services

See also: Eastern Bloc politics, Eastern Bloc information dissemination and Active measures. thumb|right|The Stasi identity card of Vladimir Putin, who worked in Dresden as a KGB liaison officer to the Stasi[12]

Although Mielke's Stasi was superficially granted independence in 1957, the KGB continued to maintain liaison officers in all eight main Stasi directorates at the Stasi headquarters and in each of the fifteen district headquarters around the GDR. The Stasi had also been invited by the KGB to establish operational bases in Moscow and Leningrad to monitor visiting East German tourists. Due to their close ties with Soviet intelligence services, Mielke referred to the Stasi officers as "Chekists". The KGB used 'low-visibility harassment'[13] in order to control the population, and repress politically incorrect people and dissidents. This could involve causing unemployment, social isolation, and inducing mental and emotional health problems. Such methods formed the basis of the Stasi's use of Zersetzung (trans. decomposition) which has been considered to be a perfected version.[14] In 1978, Mielke formally granted KGB officers in East Germany the same rights and powers that they enjoyed in the Soviet Union. The British Broadcasting Corporation noted that KGB officer (and future Russian President) Vladimir Putin worked in Dresden, from 1985–89, as a liaison officer to the Stasi from the KGB.[12] Kremlin spokesperson, Dmitry Peskov responded to the reports by stating that 'The KGB and the Stasi were partner intelligence agencies'.[12]

Operations

See also: Censorship in East Germany.

Personnel and recruitment

See also: Informal collaborator.

Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.[15] In 1989, the Stasi employed 91,015 people full-time, including 2,000 fully employed unofficial collaborators, 13,073 soldiers and 2,232 officers of the GDR army,[16] along with 173,081 unofficial informants inside the GDR[17] and 1,553 informants in West Germany.[18]

Regular commissioned Stasi officers were recruited from conscripts who had been honourably discharged from their 18 months' compulsory military service, had been members of the SED, had had a high level of participation in the Party's youth wing's activities and had been Stasi informers during their service in the Military. The candidates would then have to be recommended by their military unit political officers and Stasi agents, the local chiefs of the District (Bezirk) Stasi and Volkspolizei office, of the district in which they were permanently resident, and the District Secretary of the SED. These candidates were then made to sit through several tests and exams, which identified their intellectual capacity to be an officer, and their political reliability. University graduates who had completed their military service did not need to take these tests and exams. They then attended a two-year officer training programme at the Stasi college (Hochschule) in Potsdam. Less mentally and academically endowed candidates were made ordinary technicians and attended a one-year technology-intensive course for non-commissioned officers.

By 1995, some 174,000 inoffizielle Mitarbeiter (IMs) Stasi informants had been identified, almost 2.5% of East Germany's population between the ages of 18 and 60. 10,000 IMs were under 18 years of age. According to an interview with Joachim Gauck, there could have been as many as 500,000 informers. A former Stasi Colonel who served in the counterintelligence directorate estimated that the figure could be as high as 2 million if occasional informants were included. There is significant debate about how many IMs were actually employed.

Infiltration

thumb|right|The main entrance to the Stasi headquarters in BerlinFull-time officers were posted to all major industrial plants (the extent of any surveillance largely depended on how valuable a product was to the economy) and one tenant in every apartment building was designated as a watchdog reporting to an area representative of the Volkspolizei (Vopo). Spies reported every relative or friend who stayed the night at another's apartment. Tiny holes were drilled in apartment and hotel room walls through which Stasi agents filmed citizens with special video cameras. Schools, universities, and hospitals were extensively infiltrated, as were organizations, such as computer clubs where teenagers exchanged Western video games.[19]

The Stasi had formal categorizations of each type of informant, and had official guidelines on how to extract information from, and control, those with whom they came into contact. The roles of informants ranged from those already in some way involved in state security (such as the police and the armed services) to those in the dissident movements (such as in the arts and the Protestant Church). Information gathered about the latter groups was frequently used to divide or discredit members. Informants were made to feel important, given material or social incentives, and were imbued with a sense of adventure, and only around 7.7%, according to official figures, were coerced into cooperating. A significant proportion of those informing were members of the SED. Use of some form of blackmail was not uncommon. A large number of Stasi informants were tram conductors, janitors, doctors, nurses and teachers. Mielke believed that the best informants were those whose jobs entailed frequent contact with the public.[20]

The Stasi's ranks swelled considerably after Eastern Bloc countries signed the 1975 Helsinki accords, which GDR leader Erich Honecker viewed as a grave threat to his regime because they contained language binding signatories to respect "human and basic rights, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and conviction". The number of IMs peaked at around 180,000 in that year, having slowly risen from 20,000 to 30,000 in the early 1950s, and reaching 100,000 for the first time in 1968, in response to Ostpolitik and protests worldwide. The Stasi also acted as a proxy for the KGB to conduct activities in other Eastern Bloc countries, such as Poland, where the Soviets were despised.

The Stasi infiltrated almost every aspect of GDR life. In the mid-1980s, a network of IMs began growing in both German states. By the time that East Germany collapsed in 1989, the Stasi employed 91,015 employees and 173,081 informants.[21] About one out of every 63 East Germans collaborated with the Stasi. By at least one estimate, the Stasi maintained greater surveillance over its own people than any secret police force in history.[22] The Stasi employed one secret policeman for every 166 East Germans. By comparison, the Gestapo deployed one secret policeman per 2,000 people. As ubiquitous as this was, the ratios swelled when informers were factored in: counting part-time informers, the Stasi had one agent per 6.5 people. This comparison led Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal to call the Stasi even more oppressive than the Gestapo.[23] Stasi agents infiltrated and undermined West Germany's government and spy agencies.

In some cases, spouses even spied on each other. A high-profile example of this was peace activist Vera Lengsfeld, whose husband, Knud Wollenberger, was a Stasi informant.[20]

Zersetzung (Decomposition)

See main article: Zersetzung. The Stasi perfected the technique of psychological harassment of perceived enemies known as Zersetzung (pronounced as /de/) – a term borrowed from chemistry which literally means "decomposition".

By the 1970s, the Stasi had decided that the methods of overt persecution that had been employed up to that time, such as arrest and torture, were too crude and obvious. Such forms of oppression were drawing significant international condemnation. It was realised that psychological harassment was far less likely to be recognised for what it was, so its victims, and their supporters, were less likely to be provoked into active resistance, given that they would often not be aware of the source of their problems, or even their exact nature. International condemnation could also be avoided. Zersetzung was designed to side-track and "switch off" perceived enemies so that they would lose the will to continue any "inappropriate" activities.[24] Anyone who was judged to display politically, culturally, or religiously incorrect attitudes could be viewed as a "hostile-negative"[25] force and targeted with Zersetzung methods. For this reason members of the Church, writers, artists, and members of youth sub-cultures were often the victims. Zersetzung methods were applied and further developed in a "creative and differentiated"[26] manner based upon the specific person being targeted i.e. they were tailored based upon the target's psychology and life situation.[27]

Tactics employed under Zersetzung usually involved the disruption of the victim's private or family life. This often included psychological attacks, such as breaking into their home and subtly manipulating the contents, in a form of gaslighting i.e. moving furniture around, altering the timing of an alarm, removing pictures from walls, or replacing one variety of tea with another etc. Other practices included property damage, sabotage of cars, travel bans, career sabotage, administering purposely incorrect medical treatment, smear campaigns which could include sending falsified, compromising photos or documents to the victim's family, denunciation, provocation, psychological warfare, psychological subversion, wiretapping, bugging, mysterious phone calls or unnecessary deliveries, even including sending a vibrator to a target's wife. Increasing degrees of unemployment and social isolation could and frequently did occur due to the negative psychological, physical, and social ramifications of being targeted.[28] Usually, victims had no idea that the Stasi were responsible. Many thought that they were losing their minds, and mental breakdowns and suicide were sometimes the result. Direct physical attacks were not part of the process, even covertly; in 2000, the research group Projektgruppe Strahlen refuted claims that the Stasi had used X-ray projection against victims.[29]

One great advantage of the harassment perpetrated under Zersetzung was that its relatively subtle nature meant that it was able to be plausibly denied, including in diplomatic circles. This was important given that the GDR was trying to improve its international standing during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in conjunction with the Ostpolitik of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt massively improving relations between the two German states. For these political and operational reasons Zersetzung became the primary method of repression in the GDR.[30]

International operations

See also: Main Directorate for Reconnaissance. After German reunification, revelations of the Stasi's international activities were publicized, such as its military training of the West German Red Army Faction.[31]

Examples

Fall of the Soviet Union

Recruitment of informants became increasingly difficult towards unification, and after 1986 there was a negative turnover rate of IMs. This had a significant impact on the Stasi's ability to survey the populace in a period of growing unrest, and knowledge of the Stasi's activities became more widespread. Stasi had been tasked during this period with preventing the country's economic difficulties becoming a political problem, through suppression of the very worst problems the state faced, but it failed to do so.

On 7 November 1989, in response to the rapidly changing political and social situation in the GDR in late 1989, Erich Mielke resigned. On 17 November 1989, the Council of Ministers (Ministerrat der DDR) renamed the Stasi the Office for National Security (Amt für Nationale Sicherheit – AfNS), which was headed by Generalleutnant Wolfgang Schwanitz. On 8 December 1989, GDR Prime Minister Hans Modrow directed the dissolution of the AfNS, which was confirmed by a decision of the Ministerrat on 14 December 1989.

As part of this decision, the Ministerrat originally called for the evolution of the AfNS into two separate organizations: a new foreign intelligence service (Nachrichtendienst der DDR) and an "Office for the Protection of the Constitution of the GDR" (Verfassungsschutz der DDR), along the lines of the West German Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. However, the public reaction was extremely negative, and under pressure from the "Round Table" (Runder Tisch), the government dropped the creation of the Verfassungsschutz der DDR and directed the immediate dissolution of the AfNS on 13 January 1990. Certain functions of the AfNS reasonably related to law enforcement were handed over to the GDR Ministry of Internal Affairs. The same ministry also took guardianship of remaining AfNS facilities.

When the parliament of Germany investigated public funds that disappeared after the Fall of the Berlin Wall, it found out that East Germany had transferred large amounts of money to Martin Schlaff through accounts in Vaduz, the capital of Liechtenstein, in return for goods "under Western embargo".

Moreover, high-ranking Stasi officers continued their post-GDR careers in management positions in Schlaff's group of companies. For example, in 1990, Herbert Kohler, Stasi commander in Dresden, transferred 170 million marks to Schlaff for "harddisks" and months later went to work for him.[60] The investigations concluded that "Schlaff's empire of companies played a crucial role" in the Stasi attempts to secure the financial future of Stasi agents and keep the intelligence network alive.[60]

Recovery of Stasi files

During the Peaceful Revolution of 1989, Stasi offices and prisons throughout the country were occupied by citizens, but not before the Stasi destroyed a number of documents (approximately 5%)[61] consisting of, by one calculation, 1 billion sheets of paper.[62]

Storming the Stasi headquarters

With the fall of the GDR, the Stasi was dissolved. Stasi employees began to destroy the extensive files and documents they held, either by hand or by using incineration or shredders. When these activities became known, a protest began in front of the Stasi headquarters.[63] The evening of 15 January 1990 saw a large crowd form outside the gates calling for a stop to the destruction of sensitive files. The building contained vast records of personal files, many of which would form important evidence in convicting those who had committed crimes for the Stasi. The protesters continued to grow in number until they were able to overcome the police and gain entry into the complex. Once inside, specific targets of the protesters' anger were portraits of Erich Honecker and Erich Mielke, which were torn down, trampled upon or burnt. Some Stasi employees were thrown out of upper floor windows and beaten after falling to the streets below, but there were no deaths or serious injuries. Among the protesters were former Stasi collaborators seeking to destroy incriminating documents.

Stasi file controversy

With German reunification on 3 October 1990, a new government agency was founded, called the Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic (German: Der Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik), officially abbreviated "BStU".[64] There was a debate about what should happen to the files, whether they should be opened to the people or kept sealed.

Those who opposed opening the files cited privacy as a reason. They felt that the information in the files would lead to negative feelings about former Stasi members, and, in turn, cause violence. Pastor Rainer Eppelmann, who became Minister of Defense and Disarmament after March 1990, felt that new political freedoms for former Stasi members would be jeopardized by acts of revenge. Prime Minister Lothar de Maizière even went so far as to predict murder. They also argued against the use of the files to capture former Stasi members and prosecute them, arguing that not all former members were criminals and should not be punished solely for being a member. There were also some who believed that everyone was guilty of something. Peter-Michael Diestel, the Minister of Interior, opined that these files could not be used to determine innocence and guilt, claiming that "there were only two types of individuals who were truly innocent in this system, the newborn and the alcoholic". Others, such as West German Interior Minister Wolfgang Schäuble, believed in putting the Stasi past behind them and working on German reunification.

Those on the other side of the debate argued that everyone should have the right to see their own file, and that the files should be opened to investigate former Stasi members and prosecute them, as well as prevent them from holding office. Opening the files would also help clear up some of the rumors circulating at the time. Some believed that politicians involved with the Stasi should be investigated.

The fate of the files was finally decided under the Unification Treaty between the GDR and West Germany. This treaty took the Volkskammer law further and allowed more access and greater use of the files. Along with the decision to keep the files in a central location in the East, they also decided who could see and use the files, allowing people to see their own files.

In 1992, following a declassification ruling by the German government, the Stasi files were opened, leading people to gain access to their files. Timothy Garton Ash, an English historian, after reading his file, wrote The File: A Personal History.[65]

Between 1991 and 2011, around 2.75 million individuals, mostly GDR citizens, requested to see their own files.[66] The ruling also gave people the ability to make duplicates of their documents. Another significant question was how the media could use and benefit from the documents. It was decided that the media could obtain files as long as they were depersonalized and did not contain information about individuals under the age of 18 or former Stasi members. This ruling not only granted file access to the media, but also to schools.

Tracking down former Stasi informers with recovered files

Some groups within the former Stasi community used threats of violence to scare off Stasi hunters, who were actively tracking down ex-members. Though these hunters succeeded in identifying many ex-Stasi, charges could not be brought against anyone merely for being a registered Stasi member. The person in question had to have participated in an illegal act. Among the high-profile individuals arrested and tried were Erich Mielke, Third Minister of State Security of the GDR, and Erich Honecker, GDR head of state. Mielke was sentenced to six years' prison for the 1931 murder of two policemen. Honecker was charged with authorizing the killing of would-be escapees along the east–west border and Berlin Wall. During his trial, he underwent cancer treatment. Nearing death, Honecker was allowed to spend his final years a free man. He died in Chile in May 1994.

Reassembling destroyed files

Reassembling the destroyed files has been relatively easy due to the number of archives and the failure of shredding machines (in some cases, "shredding" meant tearing pages in two by hand, making the documents easily recoverable). In 1995, the BStU began reassembling the shredded documents; 13 years later, the three dozen archivists commissioned to the projects had reassembled only 327 bags. Computer-assisted data recovery is now being used to reassemble the remaining 16,000 bagsrepresenting approximately 45 million pages. It is estimated that the task may require 30 million dollars to complete.[67]

The CIA acquired some Stasi records during the looting of the Stasi's archives. Germany asked for their return and received some in April 2000.[68] See also Rosenholz files.

Museums

There are a number of memorial sites and museums relating to the Stasi in former Stasi prisons and administration buildings. In addition, offices of the Stasi Records Agency in Berlin, Dresden, Erfurt, Frankfurt-an-der-Oder and Halle (Saale) all have permanent and changing exhibitions relating to the activities of the Stasi in their region.[69]

Berlin

Erfurt

Memorial and Education Centre Andreasstraße - a museum in Erfurt which is housed in a former Stasi remand prison. From 1952 until 1989, over 5000 political prisoners were held on remand and interrogated in the Andreasstrasse prison, which was one of 17 Stasi remand prisons in the GDR.[72] [73] On 4 December 1989, local citizens occupied the prison and the neighbouring Stasi district headquarters to stop the mass destruction of Stasi files. It was the first time East Germans had undertaken such resistance against the Stasi and it instigated the take over of Stasi buildings throughout the country.[74]

Dresden

(The Bautzner Strasse Memorial in Dresden) - A Stasi remand prison and the Stasi's regional head office in Dresden. It was used as a prison by the Soviet occupying forces from 1945 to 1953, and from 1953 to 1989 by the Stasi. The Stasi held and interrogated between 12,000 and 15,000 people during the time they used the prison. The building was originally a 19th-century paper mill. It was converted into a block of flats in 1933 before being confiscated by the Soviet army in 1945. The Stasi prison and offices were occupied by local citizens on 5 December 1989, during a wave of such takeovers across the country. The museum and memorial site was opened to the public in 1994.[75]

Frankfurt-an-der-Oder

- A memorial and museum at Collegienstraße 10 in Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, in a building that was used as a detention centre by the Gestapo, the Soviet occupying forces and the Stasi. The building was the Stasi district offices and a remand prison from 1950 until 1969, after which the Volkspolizei used the prison. From 1950 to 1952 it was an execution site where 12 people sentenced to death were executed. The prison closed in 1990. It has been a cultural centre and a memorial to the victims of political tyranny since June 1994, managed by the Museum Viadrina.[76] [77]

Gera

, a memorial and 'centre of encounter' in Gera in a former remand prison, originally opened in 1874, that was used by the Gestapo from 1933 to 1945, the Soviet occupying forces from 1945 to 1949, and from 1952 to 1989 by the Stasi. The building was also the district offices of the Stasi administration. Between 1952 and 1989 over 2,800 people were held in the prison on political grounds. The memorial site opened with the official name "Die Gedenk- und Begegnungsstätte im Torhaus der politischen Haftanstalt von 1933 bis 1945 und 1945 bis 1989" in November 2005.[78] [79]

Halle (Saale)

The Roter Ochse (Red Ox) is a museum and memorial site at the prison at Am Kirchtor 20, Halle (Saale). Part of the prison, built 1842, was used by the Stasi from 1950 until 1989, during with time over 9,000 political prisoners were held in the prison. From 1954 it was mainly used for women prisoners. The name "Roter Ochse" is the informal name of the prison, possibly originating in the 19th century from the colour of the external walls. It still operates as a prison for young people. Since 1996, the building which was used as an interrogation centre by the Stasi and an execution site by the Nazis has been a museum and memorial centre for victims of political persecution.[80]

Leipzig

Magdeburg

- The memorial site at Moritzplatz in Magdeburg is a museum on the site of a former prison, built from 1873 to 1876, that was used by the Soviet administration from 1945 to 1949 and the Stasi from 1958 until 1989 to hold political prisoners. Between 1950 and 1958 the Stasi shared another prison with the civil police. The prison at Moritzplatz was used by the Volkspolizei from 1952 until 1958. Between 1945 and 1989, more than 10,000 political prisoners were held in the prison. The memorial site and museum was founded in December 1990.[84]

Potsdam

The Soviet administration took over the prison in 1945, also using it as a prison for holding political prisoners on remand. The Stasi then used it as a remand prison, mainly for political prisoners from 1952 until 1989. Over 6,000 people were held in the prison by the Stasi during that time. On 27 October 1989, the prison freed all political prisoners due to a nationwide amnesty. On 5 December 1989, the Stasi Headquarters in Potsdam and the Lindenstrasse Prison were occupied by protesters. From January 1990 the building was used as offices for various citizens initiatives and new political groups, such as the Neue Forum. The building was opened to the public from 20 January 1990 and people were taken on tours of the site. It officially became a Memorial site in 1995.

Rostock

The prison closed in the early 1990s. The state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern took ownership of it in 1998, and the memorial site and museum were established in 1999. An extensive restoration of the site began in December 2018.[88]

Stasi officers after the reunification

Recruitment by Russian companies

Former Stasi agent Matthias Warnig (codename "Arthur") is currently the head of Nord Stream.[89] Investigations have revealed that some key Gazprom Germania managers are former Stasi agents.[90] [91]

Lobbying

Former Stasi officers continue to be politically active via the Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung (GRH, Society for Legal and Humanitarian Support). Former high-ranking officers and employees of the Stasi, including the last Stasi director, Wolfgang Schwanitz, make up the majority of the organization's members, and it receives support from the German Communist Party, among others.

The impetus for the establishment of the GRH was provided by the criminal charges filed against the Stasi in the early 1990s. The GRH, decrying the charges as "victor's justice", called for them to be dropped. Today the group provides an alternative if a somewhat utopian voice in the public debate on the GDR's legacy. It calls for the closure of the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial and can be a vocal presence at memorial services and public events. In March 2006 in Berlin, GRH members disrupted a museum event; a political scandal ensued when the Berlin Senator (Minister) of Culture refused to confront them.[92]

Behind the scenes, the GRH also lobbies people and institutions promoting opposing viewpoints. For example, in March 2006, the Berlin Senator for Education received a letter from a GRH member and former Stasi officer attacking the Museum for promoting "falsehoods, anti-communist agitation and psychological terror against minors".[93] Similar letters have also been received by schools organizing field trips to the museum.[94]

Stasi agents

Alleged informants

See also

Explanatory notes

General bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Vilasi, Antonella Colonna. The History of the Stasi. 9 March 2015. AuthorHouse. 9781504937054.
  2. Ellen . Hinsey . Eternal Return: Berlin Journal, 1989–2009 . New England Review . 2010 . 31 . 1 . 124–134 . 25699473.
  3. https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-42890464.amp Germans campaign for memorial to victims of communism
  4. Blumenau . Bernhard . 2018 . Unholy Alliance: The Connection between the East German Stasi and the Right-Wing Terrorist Odfried Hepp . Studies in Conflict & Terrorism . 43 . 47–68 . 10.1080/1057610X.2018.1471969 . free. 10023/19035 . free .
  5. Book: Blumenau, Bernhard. The United Nations and Terrorism: Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s. Palgrave Macmillan . 978-1-137-39196-4 . Basingstoke. 29–32 . 2 September 2014.
  6. Book: Volodarsky . Boris Borisovich . Boris Volodarsky . 30 June 2023 . The Murder of Alexander Litvinenko: To Kill a Mockingbird . Barnsley, South Yorkshire . White Owl . 9781399060196 . 18 July 2023 . Suddenly, the East German Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MFS), better known as the Stasi, came to light, and specifically its Chief Directorate 'A' (Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung, HVA) under Markus 'Misha' Wolf. It was one of the most effective spy agencies of the Cold War. . 18 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230718052827/https://books.google.com/books?id=XMzKEAAAQBAJ . live.
  7. Book: Willis . Jim . 24 January 2013 . Daily Life behind the Iron Curtain . The Greenwood Press Daily Life through History Series . Santa Barbara, California . ABC-CLIO . 9780313397639 . 18 July 2023 . The Stasi destruction of many records, plus the German statute of limitations on crimes, plus the desire by some politicians to leave the divisive past behind have resulted in few prosecutions of former Stasi officials and the actual imprisonment of even fewer. . 18 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230718052827/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-I99V70m0sC . live.
  8. Book: Glees, Anthony. Reinventing Germany: German political development since 1945. 1996. Berg. 978-1-85973-185-7. 213.
  9. Book: The East German Leadership, 1946-73: Conflict and Crisis . 53–85 . 9780719054983 . Grieder . Peter . 1999 . Manchester University Press .
  10. Book: Gieseke, Jens . 2014 . The History of the Stasi: East Germany's Secret Police, 1945-1990 . . 1st . . 41–42 . 978-1-78238-254-6 .
  11. Book: Ghouas, Nessim . 2004 . The Conditions, Means and Methods of the MfS in the GDR; An Analysis of the Post and Telephone Control. . 1st . Cuvillier Verlag . 80 . 3-89873-988-0 .
  12. News: Putin's Stasi spy ID pass found in Germany . BBC News . 11 December 2018 . 8 April 2023 . 24 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220324084844/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-46525543 . live .
  13. Book: Guriev, Sergei; Treisman, Daniel . Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century . 4 April 2023 . Princeton University Press . Princeton . 978-0691224473 . 49.
  14. Book: Guriev, Sergei; Treisman, Daniel . Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century . 4 April 2023 . Princeton University Press . Princeton . 978-0691224473 . 49–51.
  15. Web site: Political prisoners in the German Democratic Republic. 2020-11-24. Political prisoners in the German Democratic Republic Communist Crimes. en. 25 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200925070547/https://communistcrimes.org/en/political-prisoners-german-democratic-republic. live.
  16. Gieseke 2001, pp. 86–87
  17. Müller-Enbergs 1993, p. 55
  18. Gieseke 2001, p. 58
  19. News: Video Games in East Germany: The Stasi Played Along . Gießler . Denis . 2018-11-21 . Die Zeit . 2018-11-30 . de . 6 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220206223049/https://www.zeit.de/digital/games/2018-11/computer-games-gdr-stasi-surveillance-gamer-crowd/komplettansicht . live .
  20. Book: Sebetsyen, Victor. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. Pantheon Books. New York City. 2009. 978-0-375-42532-5. registration.
  21. Gieseke 2001, p. 54
  22. Computers to solve stasi puzzle -BBC, Friday 25 May 2007.
  23. News: Stasi. The New York Times. 18 February 2017. 12 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180212125706/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/koehler-stasi.html. live.
  24. 'The MfS dictionary summarised the goal of operational decomposition as 'splitting up, paralysing, disorganising and isolating hostile-negative forces in order, thorough preventive action, to foil, considerably reduce or stop completely hostile-negative actions and their consequences or, in a varying degree, to win them back both politically and ideologically.' Book: Dennis . Mike . The Stasi: Myth and Reality . 2003 . Pearson Education Limited . 0582414229 . 112 . Tackling the enemy: quiet repression and preventive decomposition.
  25. Book: Dennis . Mike . The Stasi: Myth and Reality . 2003 . Pearson Education Limited . 0582414229 . 112 . Tackling the enemy: quiet repression and preventive decomposition.
  26. Book: Dennis . Mike . The Stasi: Myth and Reality . 2003 . Pearson Education Limited . 0582414229 . 114 . Tackling the enemy: quiet repression and preventive decomposition.
  27. Book: Dennis . Mike . The Stasi: Myth and Reality . 2003 . Pearson Education Limited . 0582414229 . 109–115 . Monitor and firefighter.
  28. Book: Dennis . Mike . The Stasi: Myth and Reality . 2003 . Pearson Education Limited . 0582414229 . 115 . Tackling the enemy: quiet repression and preventive decomposition.
  29. Grashoff . Udo . Zersetzung (GDR) in Global Encyclopaedia of Informality, Volume 2: Understanding Social and Cultural Complexity . jstor.org . UCL Press . 22 August 2021 . 452–455 . j.ctt20krxgs.13 . 22 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210822233450/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt20krxgs.13 . live .
  30. 'In the age of detente, the Stasi's main method of combating subversive activity was 'operational decomposition' (operative Zersetzung) which was the central element in what Hubertus Knabe has called a system of 'quiet repression' (lautlose Unterdrukung). This was not a new departure as 'dirty tricks' had been widely used in the 1950s and 1960s. The distinctive feature was the primacy of operational decomposition over other methods of repression in a system to which historians have attached labels such as post-totalitarianism and modern dictatorship.' Book: Dennis . Mike . The Stasi: Myth and Reality . 2003 . Pearson Education Limited . 0582414229 . 112 . Tackling the enemy: quiet repression and preventive decomposition.
  31. Kinzer. Steven. Spy Charges Widen in Germany's East. The New York Times. 28 March 1991. 18 February 2017. 20 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160720185901/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/28/world/spy-charges-widen-in-germany-s-east.html. live.
  32. http://www.economist.com/node/9867981 A brave woman seeks justice and historical recognition for past wrongs
  33. Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi's Spy-Tech World. Kristie Macrakis. P. 166–171.
  34. The Culture of Conflict in Modern Cuba. Nicholas A. Robins. P. 45.
  35. Rafiq Hariri and the Fate of Lebanon (2009). Marwān Iskandar. P. 201.
  36. News: Gunter Guillaume, 68, Is Dead; Spy Caused Willy Brandt's Fall. Craig R. Whitney. The New York Times. 12 April 1995. 18 February 2017. 11 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230411012916/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/obituaries/gunter-guillaume-68-is-dead-spy-caused-willy-brandt-s-fall.html. live.
  37. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE5D6123CF931A2575BC0A966958260&pagewanted=5 Where Have All His Spies Gone?
  38. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/olympiakos-soccer-chief-was-spy-for-stasi-661893.html Olympiakos soccer chief was 'spy for Stasi'
  39. Koehler (1999), The Stasi, pages 387-401.
  40. http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/eastgermany/nazis1.html E. Germany Ran Antisemitic Campaign in West in '60s
  41. Neo-Nazism: a threat to Europe? Jillian Becker, Institute for European Defence & Strategic Studies. P. 16.
  42. Book: Blumenau, Bernhard. The United Nations and Terrorism: Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s.. Palgrave Macmillan. 2014. 978-1-137-39196-4. Basingstoke. 16.
  43. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,627342,00.html The Truth about the Gunshot that Changed Germany
  44. http://www.economist.com/node/13745822?story_id=E1_TPSQVRNN The gunshot that hoaxed a generation
  45. News: East German Stasi Spy Killed Protester, Ohnesorg, in 1967. Nicholas. Kulish. 26 May 2009. The New York Times. 18 February 2017. 24 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170224222744/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/27/world/europe/27germany.html. live.
  46. Web site: Karl-Heinz Kurras: Erschoss er Benno Ohnesorg? Gab Mielke den Schießbefehl?. 23 May 2009. 18 December 2013. 27 May 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090527100942/http://www.bild.de/BILD/politik/2009/05/24/karl-heinz-kurras-schiessbefehl/benno-ohnesorg-stasi.html. live.
  47. Koehler, John O. (1999) Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police .
  48. https://web.archive.org/web/20100324175920/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no4/soviet-bloc-intelligence-and-its-aids.html Operation INFEKTION - Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign
  49. "KGB ordered Swiss explosion to distract attention from Chernobyl." United Press International. 27 November 2000.
  50. https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2000/1123/00112300085.html Stasi accused of Swiss disaster
  51. Sehnsucht Natur: Ökologisierung des Denkens (2009). Johannes Straubinger.
  52. News: Thomas. Hall. Svensk tv-reporter mördades av DDR. Dagens Nyheter. 25 September 2003. sv. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20041216032510/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=147&a=185847. 16 December 2004.
  53. News: Leif. Svensson. Misstänkt mördare från DDR gripen. Dagens Nyheter/Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå. 26 September 2003. sv. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20041216033953/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=147&a=186255. 16 December 2004.
  54. News: Misstänkte DDR-mördaren släppt. Dagens Nyheter/Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå. 17 December 2003. sv. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20041217175335/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=148&a=215428. 17 December 2004.
  55. Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi's Spy-Tech World. Kristie Macrakis. P. 176.
  56. Web site: Stasi Files Implicate KGB in Pope Shooting. Deutsche Welle. 18 March 2011. 28 January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120128021436/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1538173,00.html. live.
  57. http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/219342/kremlins-killing-ways-ion-mihai-pacepa The Kremlin's Killing Ways—A long tradition continues
  58. Web site: Stasi Aid and the Modernization of the Vietnamese Secret Police. 20 August 2014. 16 October 2017. 19 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019184423/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/stasi-aid-and-the-modernization-the-vietnamese-secret-police. live.
  59. Stasi: Shield and Sword of the Party (2008). John C. Schmeidel. P. 138.
  60. News: The Schlaff Saga / Laundered funds & 'business' ties to the Stasi. 7 September 2010. Haaretz. 18 March 2011. 19 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100919020658/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/special-report-the-schlaff-saga/the-schlaff-saga-laundered-funds-business-ties-to-the-stasi-1.312799. live.
  61. Piecing Together the Dark Legacy of East Germany's Secret Police. Wired. 18 January 2008. 11 March 2017. 20 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140320173755/https://www.wired.com/politics/security/magazine/16-02/ff_stasi. live.
  62. Book: Murphy, Cullen . 17 January 2012 . God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . 978-0-618-09156-0 . 3 January 2014 .
  63. http://www.stasimuseum.de/en/enindex.htm The Stasi Headquarters
  64. http://www.bstu.bund.de/cln_029/nn_710332/EN/Office/office__node.html__nnn=true Functions of the BStU
  65. http://www.timothygartonash.com/books.html The File
  66. News: Germans piece together millions of lives spied on by Stasi. Helen. Pidd. 13 March 2011. www.theguardian.com. The Guardian. 16 December 2016. 1 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170301070207/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/13/east-germany-stasi-files-zirndorf. live.
  67. Wired

    "Piecing Together the Dark Legacy of East Germany's Secret Police"

  68. News: Stasi files return to Germany. BBC News. 5 April 2000. 12 December 2022. 5 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230305215645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/703303.stm. live.
  69. https://www.bstu.de/assets/bstu/en/Downloads/BStU-Image2018-EN_O.pdf Stasi Records Agency. History of the Records
  70. https://www.stasimuseum.de/en/enindex.htm Stasi Museum Berlin.
  71. https://www.stiftung-hsh.de/history/ Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen. History
  72. Book: Wüstenberg . Jenny . Civil Society and Memory in Postwar Germany . 2017 . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge . en . 978-1-1071-7746-8.
  73. https://www.stiftung-ettersberg.de/en/andreasstrasse/ Stiftung Ettersberg. Andreasstrasse
  74. https://www.thelocal.de/20141204/how-ordinary-people-smashed-the-stasi How ordinary people smashed the Stasi
  75. https://www.bautzner-strasse-dresden.de/ The Bautzner Straße Memorial in Dresden website
  76. Rost, Susanne (25 May 2002) Frankfurt (Oder) baut sein altes Gefängnis zum Kulturzentrum um / Gedenkstättenbeirat entsetzt Der einstige Hinrichtungsraum wird ein Café . Retrieved 18 August 2019
  77. http://www.museum-viadrina.de/museum/gedenkstatte/ Museum Viadrina. Gedenk- und Dokumentationsstätte „Opfer politischer Gewaltherrschaft“
  78. http://www.torhaus-gera.de/index.php/de/ Torhaus Gera
  79. https://geschichtsverbund-thueringen.de/mitglieder/gedenkstaette-amthordurchgang-gera-e-v/ Geschichtsverbund Thüringen Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur. Gedenkstätte Amthordurchgang Gera e.V.
  80. https://gedenkstaette-halle.sachsen-anhalt.de/ Stiftung Gedenkstätten Sachsen-Anhalt. Gedenkstätte Roter Ochse Halle (Saale)
  81. http://www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de/index.php?id=76&L=1 Runde Ecke Leipzig (in English)
  82. http://www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de/index.php?id=253&L=1 Runde Ecke Leipzig. Stasi Bunker Museum
  83. http://www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de/index.php?id=72&L=1 Runde Ecke Leipzig. Execution site
  84. https://gedenkstaette-magdeburg.sachsen-anhalt.de/geschichte/gedenkstaette/ Gedenkstätte Moritzplatz Magdeburg. Zur Geschicte der Gedenkstätte
  85. https://www.gedenkstaette-lindenstrasse.de/ Stiftung Gedenkstaette Lindenstrasse
  86. https://www.ddr-museum.de/de/blog/archive/dokumentations-und-gedenkstaette-der-ehemaligen-u-haft-der-stasi-rostock DDR Museum. Dokumentations- und Gedenkstätte in der ehemaligen U-Haft der Stasi in Rostock
  87. Vilasi, Antonella Colonna (2015). The History of the Stasi. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse.
  88. https://www.bbl-mv.de/sanierung-einer-dokumentations-und-gedenkst%C3%A4tte-in-rostock+2400+1024349 BBL-MV. Sanierung einer Dokumentations- und Gedenkstätte in Rostock
  89. http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35128 Nord Stream, Matthias Warnig (codename "Arthur") and the Gazprom Lobby
  90. http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35034 Gazprom's Loyalists in Berlin and Brussels
  91. Web site: Police investigate Gazprom executive's Stasi past. 7 May 2008. 18 March 2011. 19 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110719093819/http://www.thelocal.de/money/20080507-11753.html. live.
  92. Berliner Morgenpost 16 March 2006. Stasi_Offiziere_leugnen_den_Terror
  93. Web site: Backmann . Christa . Stasi-Anhänger schreiben an Bildungssenator Böger . Berliner Morgenpost . 25 March 2006 . Stasi supporters write to Education Senator Böger . 2006-04-04 . dead . https://archive.today/20120710083042/http://morgenpost.berlin1.de/content/2006/03/25/berlin/818994.html . 10 July 2012.
  94. Schomaker, Gilbert. Die Welt, 26 March 2006. Ehemalige Stasi-Kader schreiben Schulen an
  95. News: I regret nothing, says Stasi spy. BBC. 20 September 1999. 15 September 2005. 14 June 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060614221147/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/09/99/britain_betrayed/451366.stm. live.
  96. Web site: Aris, Helmut * 11.5.1908, † 22.11.1987 Präsident des Verbandes der Jüdischen Gemeinden. Bernd-Rainer Barth. Jan Wielgohs. Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken. 7 December 2014. Bernd-Rainer Barth. 9 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141209181106/http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=68. live.
  97. Book: Lothar Mertens . Lexikon der DDR-Historiker. Biographien und Bibliographien zu den Geschichtswissenschaftlern aus der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik . K. G. Saur, München . 2006 . 3-598-11673-X. 114.
  98. Web site: Mandatsentzug läßt Beck kalt: "Ich bin ein Schlachtroß". 29 April 1999. Rhein-Zeitung. 5 March 2019. 6 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043133/http://archiv.rhein-zeitung.de/on/99/04/29/topnews/almupor.html. dead.
  99. Neues Maueropfer. Die SED-Nachfolgepartei PDS nutzt den Freitod eines Genossen für den Versuch, die Stasi-Debatte abzuwürgen. Die SED-Nachfolgepartei PDS nutzt den Freitod eines Genossen für den Versuch, die Stasi-Debatte abzuwürgen.. 24 February 1992. 9/1992. Der Spiegel (online). 5 March 2019. 15 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190415144108/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13681063.html. live.
  100. News: Perfektes Dopen mit der Stasi . . Perfect doping with the Stasi . 3 August 2013 . de . 5 March 2019 . 2 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190302025001/https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/meldung100924.html . live .
  101. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE3DB1131F932A25751C0A964958260 February 11, 1992 New York Times article on Czudaj's espionage involvement.
  102. Web site: H-Soz-u-Kult / Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft. hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de. 22 November 2007. 18 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110818025455/http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/REZENSIO/buecher/2001/SpGi1201.htm. live.
  103. News: Pleil . Ingolf . 11 June 2018 . Was der Geheimdienst der DDR mit dem Sport zu tun hatte . de . . . Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack GmbH & Co. KG . 22 November 2020 . 29 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201129225335/https://www.dnn.de/Dresden/Lokales/Was-der-Geheimdienst-der-DDR-mit-dem-Sport-zu-tun-hatte . live .
  104. News: Mielkes Rächer unbestraft. welt.de. Jörg Winterfeldt. Die Welt. 22 March 2000. 26 June 2009. 1 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161201035344/https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article508213/Mielkes-Raecher-unbestraft.html. live.
  105. News: Spying Who's Who. BBC. 22 September 1999. 2 October 2008. 11 January 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090111182452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/09/99/britain_betrayed/452253.stm. live.
  106. Web site: Das Stasi-Geheimnis der Hotelchefin Uta Felgner. Uwe Müller. 22 November 2009. WeltN24 GmbH, Berlin. 5 March 2019. 2 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202051405/http://investigativ.welt.de/2009/11/22/das-stasi-geheimnis-der-hotelchefin-uta-felgner/. live.
  107. News: . 27 August 2000 . Cottbus-Trainer Geyer horchte Kirsten und Sammer aus . de . . Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG . Hamburg . 7 November 2020 . 20 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210120161855/https://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/details-aus-stasi-akten-cottbus-trainer-geyer-horchte-kirsten-und-sammer-aus-a-90878.html . live .
  108. News: . 1 June 2018 . Dynamo-Vereinslegenden treten als Ehrenspielführer zurück - wegen Ede Geyer . German . . Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG . Hamburg . 18 July 2021 . 17 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210717232707/https://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/eduard-geyer-dynamo-dresden-vereinslegenden-treten-als-ehrenspielfuehrer-wegen-ex-trainer-zurueck-a-1210749.html . live .
  109. http://www.zeit.de/2003/25/KA-H_9arbuch25 Ich war der Goebbels der Defa
  110. Web site: Vaterlandsverräter. Film homepage. IT WORKS! Medien GmbH. 11 August 2013. 21 July 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130721200623/http://vaterlandsverraeter.com/. live.
  111. Martin Sabrow: Das Diktat des Konsenses: Geschichtswissenschaft in der DDR 1949–1969. Oldenbourg, München 2001,, pp. 172-173.
  112. Book: De Gruyter. 3110161346. Klaus Marxen, Gerhard Werle (eds.). Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht: Dokumentation. Berlin; New York. 2000. 19–20. de.
  113. News: Eine Stasi-Debatte, die nicht beendet wurde. Rogalla. Thomas. Berliner Zeitung. de-DE. 2017-01-05. 29 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170129022015/http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/eine-stasi-debatte--die-nicht-beendet-wurde-16532176. dead.
  114. News: DDR: Birthler-Behörde ließ Stasi-Spitzel einladen - WELT. DIE WELT. 2017-01-05. 2007-09-25. Müller. Uwe. 7 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170107213854/https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article1212415/Birthler-Behoerde-liess-Stasi-Spitzel-einladen.html. live.
  115. News: Heinz Kahlau ist tot. Dichter und Drehbuchautor .... Er zählte zu den bekanntesten Lyrikern der DDR: Heinz Kahlau ist im Alter von 81 Jahren an Herzschwäche gestorben. Berühmt wurde der Autor unter anderem durch seine Liebesgedichte - doch er verfasste auch kritische Verse.. Der Spiegel (online). 9 April 2012. 5 March 2019. 30 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201130122905/https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/dichter-und-drehbuchautor-heinz-kahlau-ist-tot-a-826435.html. live.
  116. Web site: Kamnitzer, Heinz * 10.5.1917, † 21.5.2001 Präsident des PEN-Zentrums DDR. Bernd-Rainer Barth. Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken. 20 December 2014. Bernd-Rainer Barth. 20 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141220124523/http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363;-1424.html?ID=1632. live.
  117. News: Olympiakos soccer chief was 'spy for Stasi'. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/olympiakos-soccer-chief-was-spy-for-stasi-9272830.html . 24 May 2022 . subscription . live. 24 February 2002. The Independent.
  118. Web site: Socrates Kokkalis and the STASI. cryptome.org. 13 September 2017. 5 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171005133027/https://cryptome.org/kokkalis-stasi.htm. live.
  119. News: Stasi spy claims hit Greek magnate. 20 February 2002. BBC News. 13 September 2017. 13 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170913233937/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1832174.stm. live.
  120. Web site: Luft, Christa geb. geb. Hecht * 22.02.1938 Stellv. Vorsitzende des Ministerrats u. Ministerin für Wirtschaft. Wer war wer in der DDR?. Helmut Müller-Enbergs. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. 5 November 2018. Helmut Müller-Enbergs. 5 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160955/https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=2169. live.
  121. Web site: Biography: Lothar de Maizière - Biographies - Chronik der Wende. www.chronikderwende.de. 7 February 2017. 17 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200317090115/https://www.chronikderwende.de/english/biography_jsp/key=e_de+maizi%25e8re_lothar.html. live.
  122. Web site: Stellungnahme Homepage . Opinion Homepage . 2014-11-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213218/http://www.thomas-nord.de/fileadmin/nord/Sonstige_Bilder/Fuer_Website/Stellungnahme%20Homepage.pdf . 2013-10-04 .
  123. Web site: Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung. 5 March 2019. 12 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200412164019/https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-. live.
  124. News: Respected lecturer's double life. BBC News. 20 September 1999. 2 October 2008. 11 January 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090111160759/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/09/99/britain_betrayed/450921.stm. live.
  125. News: Wie ein Jenaer Stasi-Spitzel Menschen verriet, die ihm eigentlich vertrauen. Thueringer Allgemeine. 27 October 2014. de. 5 March 2019. 28 October 2014. https://archive.today/20141028031210/http://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/startseite/detail/-/specific/Wie-ein-Jenaer-Stasi-Spitzel-Menschen-verriet-die-ihm-eigentlich-vertrauen-1200276943. dead.
  126. News: Reyburn. Scott. Former Stasi Agent Bernd Runge Gets Phillips Top Job (Update1). Bloomberg. 26 January 2009. 11 March 2017. 21 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150521131806/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=abl_Be6_sq6g&refer=muse. live.
  127. News: The Schlaff Saga / Laundered funds & 'business' ties to the Stasi . 7 September 2010 . Haaretz . 18 March 2011 . 19 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100919020658/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/special-report-the-schlaff-saga/the-schlaff-saga-laundered-funds-business-ties-to-the-stasi-1.312799 . live .
  128. News: Palmer. Carolyn. E.German Stasi informant wins battle to conceal past. Reuters. 25 March 2008. 2 July 2017. 8 September 2012. https://archive.today/20120908202834/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/03/25/us-germany-stasi-idUSL2587786520080325. live.
  129. Web site: Court Decision Paves Olympics Way for Stasi-linked Coach - Germany - DW - 06.02.2006. Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2008. 12 March 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080312124432/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1893878,00.html. live.
  130. News: Projektgruppe moralische Entsorgung: Linke Gesinnungswächter denunzieren die Gauck-Behörde. Klaus Schroeder. Frankfurter Allgemeine (Feuilleton section). 16 July 1999. Klaus Schroeder. 3 June 2020. 27 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150527201532/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/rezensionen/2.1715/rezension-sachbuch-projektgruppe-moralische-entsorgung-11310752.html. live.
  131. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/8929252/Christa-Wolf.html Christa Wolf obituary

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Stasi".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.