Stadio Olimpico Explained

Stadio Olimpico
Native Name:Stadio Olimpico
Native Name Lang:it
Nickname:The Olimpico
Image Upright:1.1
Image Alt:External view of Stadio Olimpico
Former Names:Stadio dei Cipressi (1928–53)
Stadio dei Centomila (1953–60)
Address:Viale dello Stadio Olimpico
City:Rome
Country:Italy
Publictransit:ATAC tram line 2; bus lines 32, 69, 168, 188, 280, 301, 446, 628
Owner:Sport e Salute[1] [2]
Operator:Italian National Olympic Committee
Type:Stadium
Genre:sporting events
Capacity:[3]
Record Attendance: (12 May 1974, Lazio – Foggia 1-0)[4]
Dimensions:105 × 68 m
Field Shape:Rectangular
Surface:Grass
Scoreboard:2, atop of Northern and Southern stands
Currentuse:Association football venue
Athletics venue
Rugby union venue
Concert venue
Broke Ground:1928
Built:1928–53
Opened:[5]
Renovated:1988–90, 2007–08
Cost: ITL (1953)
ITL (1988–90)
€ (2007–08)
Architect:E. Del Debbio (1928)
L. Moretti (1933–37)
C. Valle (1951)
A. Vitellozzi (1951–53, 1988–90)
M. Clerici (1988–90)
Builder:Speroni (1928)
Structural Engineer:A. Frisa, A. Pintonello (1927)
C. Roccatelli (1951–53)
P. Teresi, A.M. Michetti, M. Majowiecki (1988–90)
General Contractor:Co.Ge.Far. (1988–90)
Tenants:
Tenant Clubs:S.S. Lazio
A.S. Roma
Italy (football)
Italy (rugby union)
Tenant Years:1953–present
1953–present
1953–present
1954–present

Stadio Olimpico (English: Olympic Stadium), colloquially known as l'Olimpico (The Olympic), is an Italian multi-purpose sports venue located in Rome. Seating over 70,000 spectators, it is the largest sports facility in Rome and the second-largest in Italy, after Milans San Siro.[6] It formerly had a capacity of over 100,000 people, and was also called Stadio dei Centomila (Stadium of the 100,000). It is owned by Sport e Salute, a government agency that manages sports venues, and its operator is the Italian National Olympic Committee.

The Olimpico is located in northwestern Rome in the Foro Italico sports complex. Construction began in 1928 under Enrico Del Debbio and the venue was expanded in 1937 by Luigi Moretti. World War II interrupted further expansions; after the Liberation of Rome in June 1944, the stadium was used by the Allies as vehicle storage and as a location for Anglo-American military competitions. After the war, the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), appointed as operator of the venue, completed construction, and it was opened on 17 May 1953 with a football game between Italy and Hungary. Since opening, the stadium has been home to the city's principal professional football clubs, S.S. Lazio and A.S. Roma. It changed its name to Olimpico in 1955, when Rome was awarded responsibility for the 1960 Summer Olympics. Before 1990, the venue was almost entirely unroofed, except for the Monte Mario Grandstand (Italian: Tribuna Monte Mario). In 1990, the Olimpico was rebuilt and roofed for the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

The Olimpico was the principal venue for the 1968 and 1980 European Championships as well as the 1990 FIFA World Cup, hosting the grand final for each competition, as well as a group stage and one of the quarter-finals of the 2020 European Championship. The venue hosted two finals of the European Cup, in 1977 and 1984, and two UEFA Champions' League finals, in 1996 and 2009. Since 2008, the Olimpico has hosted the Coppa Italia final. The Olimpico hosted the opening and closing ceremonies and track-and-field events of the 1960 Olympics, the 1974 European Athletics Championships, the 1987 World Championships in Athletics and the 1975 Universiade. In 2024, it hosted the European Athletics Championships. It has hosted the Golden Gala since 1980 and, since 2012, is the usual venue of the Italian rugby union team in the Six Nations championship.

After its 1990 reconstruction, the stadium has also hosted concerts. The record for highest attendance for a musical event at the stadium was set in 1998 when spectators attended a concert of Claudio Baglioni.[7] [8]

History

Stadio dei Cipressi

The 1909 plan for the city, designed by the architect and urban planner Edmondo Sanjust, had no sports venues in the northwestern sector of Rome. In 1926, the fascist regime, which saw sport as an effective propaganda tool, changed the plan to include an area for a sports complex. The 85-hectare area was a swamp at the bottom of a hill called Monte Mario, on the right bank of the river Tiber,[9] in the Della Vittoria quarter.

The Foro Italico sports complex was commissioned by the Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB), a youth organisation established by the Fascist government. Work commenced in 1928 under the supervision of the architect Enrico Del Debbio,[10] and the Stadio dei Cipressi was one of the venues partially completed in time to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the establishment of fascism in Italy. The stadium was opened to the public on 22 October 1932, though without the planned capacity of 100,000. Its main terrace was located on the slope of Monte Mario; because the ground was marshy from rainwater that came down the hill, the playing field was created by raising the ground by 4 meters with two million cubic meters of soil excavated for the foundations.[11] The facility was suitable for both sporting competitions and large gatherings due to its pitch covering ~ square metres.

The official opening took place on the 14th anniversary of the Italian victory in World War I, with a gymnastics exhibition organized by the various youth Fascist associations.

Since the regime intended to apply to host the 1940 Summer Olympics, starting from 1933 the Stadio dei Cipressi was extended. This was completed by architects Luigi Moretti, Angelo Frisa and Achille Pintonello, who designed a concrete structure which hosted a main football pitch and secondary pitches for basketball and weightlifting.[12] The expanded stadium was opened on 9 May 1937, the first anniversary of the Italian Empire. While the capacity of the stadium was less than 60,000, there were plans to raise it to . After the absorption of the ONB by the National Fascist Party's youth branch, the Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), the GIL became the owner of the stadium and the rest of the sports complex.[13]

Despite becoming a multisport venue, the stadium was never used for anything other military exhibitions and mass gatherings. In 1938, it hosted a parade to welcome German dictator Adolf Hitler during his state visit in Rome[14] and, later, to host a gymnastics exhibition organized by the GIL.[15]

In September 1941 the stadium hosted a military celebration of the Tripartite Pact, the political and military alliance between Italy, Germany and Japan.[16]

Planned extensions of the stadium were interrupted by the Italian campaign in WWII and the subsequent fall of Fascism in Italy. When Allied forces entered Rome in 1944, the stadium was used by the Allied troops for vehicle storage and military sports events.[17]

With the fall of the Fascism regime in Italy, the Badoglio government abolished Fascist organizations and reassigned their assets to a new agency, called the Commissariato della Gioventù Italiana (Commission for the Italian Youth), with the provision that after the end of World War II, the Commission's assets would be absorbed into either the Defence Office or the Education Department, depending on their purpose.[18] However, the Commission was never abolished and it retained ownership of the Foro Italico, including the stadium.

Stadio dei Centomila

After World War II, the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) was appointed as operator of the site.[19] CONI chairman Giulio Onesti announced that renewal works would finish in 1950.

The renewal project was led by engineer Carlo Roccatelli and architect Cesare Valle.[20]

The stadium's governance was the subject of a fierce political battle. The Communist Party, through its newspaper, l'Unità, accused the Commission for the Italian Youth, led by Giovanni Valente – a member of the Christian Democracy party – of misuse of the complex to establish a sports organization parallel to CONI to favour sports clubs close to Azione Cattolica, a lay Catholic association.[21] [22] Later in the decade, lUnità also accused Valente of mortgaging the complex for three billion lire (approx. € or $), to finance ENAL[23] that Valente directed in establishing an alternative betting pool to the Totocalcio (organized by CONI).[24] In 1976, the Commission was abolished[25] and its assets were absorbed by the Italian government.[26]

Annibale Vitellozzi replaced Roccatelli in 1951 after the latter's death. In 1952, the stadium's reconstruction was completed, at a cost of lire (approx €).[27]

The new stadium was a square-metre concrete structure, clad with travertine. It was composed of two parallel stands of approximately 140 metres each, the Tevere Grandstand (Italian: Tribuna Tevere) on the eastern side and the Monte Mario Grandstand (Italian: Tribuna Monte Mario) on the western side. The northern and southern stands, (respectively, in Italian, Curva Nord and Curva Sud) were shaped as two hemicycles with a radius of 95 metres. The athletics track was 507 metres long. The stadium was 319 metres long and 189 wide. The height from the pitch to the top of the grandstands was about 18 metres, however the top of the grandstand were only 13 metres above surface level, with the pitch about 4.5 metres below surface level. The sinking of the pitch was done to prevent the stadium from dominating the Foro Italico's skyline, and to match with other buildings.

Visitors could access the stadium through ten gates, two for each hemycicle stand and three for each straight stand. The whole stadium was unroofed except the Monte Mario Grandstand. Atop the grandstand was an 80-meter long steel structure composed off 40 2-meter wide cubicles, for use by radio and TV commentators. There was also a press room, equipped with 54 phone booths, and teletype, wirephoto and telegraph facilities. 572 seats were reserved for the press.

The Stadio dei Centomila (Stadium of the 100,000), named after its expected capacity, was officially opened on 17 May 1953 by the President of Italy, Luigi Einaudi.[28] An International Cup's football match between Italy and Hungary was held, as well as the finish line of the sixth stage (from Naples to Rome) of the Giro d'Italia. Hungary won 3–0, with a goal by Nándor Hidegkuti, the first ever scorer in the stadium, and two goals from Ferenc Puskás.[29] The sixth leg of the Giro d'Italia was won by Giuseppe Minardi, with the crowd from the football game watching the finish line.[30]

The following Sunday, the stadium hosted its first ever club football match, a Serie A game between SS Lazio and Juventus FC, won by Juventus 1–0 with a goal from Pasquale Vivolo.[31] The next matchday, AS Roma debuted in the stadium, with a draw 0–0 against SPAL.[32]

In 1954, Italy hosted the fifth Rugby Union European Cup. The stadium hosted the final between Italy and France. France won 39–12 in front of an estimated crowd of .[33] [34]

1960 Olympics

In 1955, the International Olympic Committee appointed Rome the host city of the 17th Summer Olympics, to be held in 1960.[35] The decision made works to make the stadium compliant for the event more urgent. By this point, the name 'Dei Centomila' was being slowly replaced by 'Olimpico'. Works were relatively minimal, reflecting the stadium's age. Reserved press seats were raised from 572 to, and four lighting towers were constructed for evening events. Two electronic scoreboards were also installed atop of the northern and southern stands, starting operation on 18 October 1959 with an association football league match between SS Lazio and AS Roma, the two tenant clubs of the venue, won 3–0 by the latter.[36] An autonomous power plant able to produce watts was received.

On 25 August 1960, the stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the 17th Summer Olympics.[37] Three gold medals were won by American sprinter Wilma Rudolph, in the 100 metres, also a world record at the time,[38] 200 metres, with a world record in the semi-final heat,[39] and 4 × 100 relay, also with a world record and together with her team mates Martha Hudson, Lucinda Williams and Barbara Jones.[40]

Other events in track-and-field at the stadium included the 400 metres, won with a world record by American Otis Davis, the 1500 metres, won by Australian Herb Elliott,[41] the men's 4×100 relay, won by the Unified German Team, consisting of Bernd Cullmann, Armin Hary, Walter Mahlendorf and Martin Lauer, and the women's 800 meters, won by Soviet Lyudmila Shevtsova, equalling her previous world record.

After the Olympics

After the games, the Olimpico was used primarily as an association-football venue. In addition to hosting the home games of SS Lazio and AS Roma, the stadium had the first (and, to date, only) play-off for the scudetto in 1963–64; Bologna FC and FC Inter had ended the Italian League season level on points, and a tie-breaker was needed to determine the title. Bologna won their seventh (and most recent) Scudetto, defeating Inter 2–0 with an own goal by Giacinto Facchetti and a goal by Harald Nielsen.[42]

In 1960, UEFA established the European Championship. The host of the finals would be chosen from the four countries who reached the semi-finals. Italy did not reach that stage in the first two editions, but in 1968 it reached the "Final Four" with England, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union and was chosen by UEFA to host the final tournament.[43] Florence and Naples hosted the semi-finals and the Olimpico hosted the title game, which saw the home team facing Yugoslavia. For the first (and only) time in the history of the tournament, a replay was necessary; on 8 June 1968 the match ended 1–1, with a goal by Dragan Džajić equalled in the final minutes by the Italian Angelo Domenghini.[44] Italy defeated Yugoslavia 2–0 two days later, with goals by Luigi Riva and Pietro Anastasi, and became the European champions.[45]

Juventus FC, runner-up in the 1972–73 European Cup, was invited to represent UEFA in the 1973 Intercontinental Cup against the Argentine CA Independiente after European champions AFC Ajax refused to participate in the tournament.[46] Since both teams' schedules were too full for a two-leg match, the Italian football federation suggested a one-off game at the neutral Olimpico; both clubs agreed.[47]

On 28 November 1973, before spectators, Independiente won 1–0 with a goal by Ricardo Bochini.[48] In 1974, the stadium hosted the 11th European Athletics Championships. The event showcased two world-class Italian athletes: sprinter Pietro Mennea (winner of the 200 metres[49] and runner-up in the 100 metres[50] and the 4×100 relay)[51] and high-jumper Sara Simeoni, bronze medalist in the high jump at 1.89 metres.

The Olimpico was chosen in 1975 for the 8th University Games,[52] originally awarded to Belgrade (which was unable to host the games because of financial issues in Yugoslavia in late 1974).[53] Since there was no time to organize a full multi-sport games, the Rome edition consisted only of track-and-field events. Pietro Mennea was again amongst the leading athletes, winning the 100[54] and 200 metres,[55] and Franco Fava won the 5000- and 10,000-metre runs.[56]

In 1977, Rome hosted its first European Cup final. The match was between Borussia Mönchengladbach and Liverpool FC, both seeking their first-ever title.[57] Liverpool won 3–1, with one goal each by Terry McDermott, Tommy Smith and Phil Neal, and the Dane Allan Simonsen scored a temporary equaliser for the German team. At the Olimpico, Liverpool was the second English and the third British side to be crowned European champion.[58]

The 1980 edition of the European Championship was an eight-team tournament whose host country was chosen by UEFA before the qualifying round. Italy hosted the first edition of the renewed competition.[59] [60] The Olimpico held the opening ceremony, which featured an exhibition of calcio storico fiorentino (a medieval form of association football played in Florence)[61] followed by the first game between European champions Czechoslovakia and West Germany; Germany won 1–0, with a goal by Karl-Heinz Rummenigge.[62] Again Czechoslovakia featured in the stadium during the group stage, with a win 3–1 over Greece.[63] Italy drew 0–0 against Belgium, preventing the home side from reaching the final.[64] The fourth game at the Olimpico was the championship final on 22 June 1980, when Belgium faced West Germany. Germany won the match 2–1, with a double by Horst Hrubesch; the Belgian goal was scored by René Vandereycken.[65]

The 1980s were the last decade of the roofless Olimpico. It hosted the third IAAF World Cup in 1981 (an international track-and-field event with national and continental teams)[66] and the 1987 second World Championships in Athletics, when American sprinter Carl Lewis beat his 100-metre 9.93-second world record and Stefka Kostadinova set a record in the women's high jump with ; the latter remains amongst the longest-lasting sports records.[67] [68]

Mid-way between the athletics events was the 1984 European Cup final, well-attended since AS Roma was one of the contestants for the title; the other was Liverpool, the winners at the same venue in 1977. The game, played on 30 May 1984 before spectators, was the first European Cup final decided by a penalty shootout. After extra time, the match was still level at 1–1 with goals by Phil Neal and Roberto Pruzzo.[69] Liverpool won the shootout 4–2 for their fourth European Cup.

One week before the final, FIFA chose Italy to host the 14th World Cup in 1990. In the bid submitted by the Italian football federation to FIFA, Rome was proposed for the tournament's final.[70] [71]

1990 World Cup renovation

In the five years after Italy was chosen to be the World Cup host, the future of Rome's stadiums sparked a mostly-political dispute. The three main proposals were the expansion of Stadio Flaminio, a new stadium in south-western Rome near EUR, or renovation of the Olimpico.The Stadio Flaminio expansion was quickly dropped due to lack of space, and a new stadium would have taken too long; architects opposed hasty construction and poor urban planning.[72] The only feasible proposal was to renovate the Olimpico, and the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) hired architects Vitellozzi (designer of the 1953 stadium) and Clerici and engineers Teresi and Michetti. The plan, presented in early 1987, consisted of a covered stadium with a capacity of via a 6m (20feet) rise of the Tevere and Monte Mario grandstands and rebuilding the Northern and Southern stands. The light towers would be replaced by a light plant integrated into the roof frame. The estimated cost of the renovation was ₤35–40 billion (€17.5–20 million).[73]

CONI appointed the joint venture CO.GE.FAR. as the general contractor ready to begin work. In November 1987, three Italian environmental organizations (Italia Nostra, Legambiente and WWF Italia) filed an appeal in Lazio's Administrative Regional Court, saying the planned 40m (130feet) roof pillars would cause landscape and environmental damage.[74] In January 1988 the Court upheld the appeal and ordered to stop the works.[75]

Fearing other court appeals, CONI stopped work on the Olimpico.[76] New legal issues slowed the work; the Southern Stand worksite was seized by the court, which suspected non-compliance with work-safety rules.[77] The Ministry of Culture demanded a new project which took into account issues raised by the environmental organizations. The architects lowered the pillars and created helical stairs inside each to reach the highest stands, and the appeal was rescinded.[78] Work resumed with a little over 18 months before the World Cup.

Work continued slowly over the following months, as SS Lazio and AS Roma were still playing there during the 1988–89 season. At the end of the season, both clubs moved for a year to neighbouring Stadio Flaminio. Their final match at the old stadium was the 30th match day derby, which ended goalless before spectators; ticket revenue was about ₤1.15 billion (about €).[79] [80]

The renovated stadium, completed in April 1990, seated and was released to FIFA at the end of May (two weeks late[81] and ten days before the start of the World Cup). Little was left of the old Olimpico except a portion of the façade of the Tevere grandstand. The northern and southern stands were rebuilt closer to the short sides of the pitch and the Monte Mario grandstand was extended, replacing the press centre built for the 1987 World Championships in Athletics.

The roof consists of a 13adj=midNaNadj=mid outer steel ring which is above the ground on 12 steel pillars and four external concrete stair blocks which are also pillars; radial bearing and stabilizing cables hold an inner steel ring.[82] The roof itself is a Teflon and fiberglass membrane which is hung from the 88 steel radial cables linking the external and internal rings.The roof, which cost approximately ₤160 billion (about €),[83] was designed by the Majowecki engineering firm in Bologna.

A later analysis determined that the total cost for the Olimpico renovation was about ₤450 billion (€).[84] According to experts appointed by judges at Rome's Court of Appeals, the figure was tainted by possible irregularities in the tender; the contract was awarded to the provider with the highest bid.[85]

Italia '90 and post-World Cup

During the 1990 World Cup, the Olimpico hosted six games in the group and the knockout stages. Italy won three group-stage matches, against Austria,[86] the United States,[87] and Czechoslovakia.[88] The "Azzurri" then played at the Olimpico in the round of 16, defeating Uruguay 2–0[89] and Ireland in the quarter-final before losing to Argentina in the semi-final in Naples.[90]

In the 8 July 1990 final at the Olimpico, West Germany defeated Argentina with an Andreas Brehme penalty kick with six minutes remaining.[91] The Olimpico was the first venue to see a player sent off during a World Cup final; red cards were issued to Argentine players Pedro Monzón and Gustavo Dezotti.[92]

At the end of its first season at the renovated Olimpico, AS Roma reached the 1990–91 UEFA Cup final (an Italian derby against Inter). At the time, the UEFA Cup was the only European competition with a two-leg final. Inter won the first leg, 2–0, at the San Siro in Milan. AS Roma won 1–0 at the Olimpico before a crowd of, but Inter won the cup 2–1 on aggregate.[93] Five of the German players who had won the World Cup the year before on the same pitch played in the UEFA Cup final: Andreas Brehme, Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann for Inter, and Thomas Berthold and Rudi Völler for AS Roma.

In September 1995 the Olimpico hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the First Military World Games and the games' track-and-field events.[94] It hosted the Italian rugby union team later that year for the third time (and the first since 1986), against world champions South Africa. In addition to the 1954 European Cup final, Italy played at the Olimpico in 1986, when the team drew 15–15 against England XV in front of 40,000 spectators.[95] Although the Stadio Flaminio was their usual venue in Rome, Italy played at the Olimpico because the match was a fundraiser for children's aid organizations which wanted a larger stadium.[96] South Africa won their first match after their World Cup victory 40–21, after Italy led 21–17 with 15 minutes left.[97] Attendance was about, and ticket prices were between and lire (€2.5–15).

Rome hosted the European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) final for the third time several months later, with the Italian club Juventus FC facing the Dutch side AFC Ajax.[98] The match ended in a 1–1 draw, with goals by Fabrizio Ravanelli and Jari Litmanen, necessitating a tie-breaker from the penalty spot. Juventus won the shootout 4–2 (as Liverpool had in 1984) for their second European championship.[99]

In the new millennium, the issue of the stadium's ownership was resolved. The Olimpico had been owned since 1976 by the Ministry of Finance (later the Ministry of Economy and Finance), which established Coni Servizi (a government agency to manage public sports venues) in 2002.[100] Subsequently, the Ministry transferred to the newborn entity the ownership of the whole Foro Italico on 3 February 2004.[101] Coni Servizi, renamed Sport e Salute in 2019, is the owner of the stadium.

2007–2008 renovation

In October 2006, Rome was chosen to host the 2009 Champions League final. Rome's fourth selection spurred CONI to speed up the Olimpico's planned maintenance and renovation, 16 years after the last project.[102]

Although the stadium's shape and structure were unaffected, changes were made to the Authority Room in the Monte Mario grandstand[103] and more-comfortable seats were installed: wide in the Northern and Southern stands, in the Tevere grandstand and in the hospitality area of the Monte Mario grandstand). VIP areas were installed in the Monte Mario grandstand. The renovation reduced the Olimpico's capacity by about seats. A 600m2 press room was built, and the locker-room area was doubled.[104] Two brand new scoreboards were also installed atop of The Northern- and Southern-stand scoreboards were replaced by digital, high-definition versions; the benches were moved slightly back from the pitch, and the plexiglas barriers between the stands and the pitch were partially removed. The Olimpico now had a capacity of, making it Italy's second-largest stadium (after the San Siro in Milan).

The 2009 Champions League final was held on 27 May 2009 between FC Barcelona and Manchester United. Barcelona won the game 2–0 before spectators, with goals by Samuel Eto'o and Lionel Messi.[105] [106] The single-leg Coppa Italia final has been played at the Olimpico since 2008[107] except for 2021, when it was played in Reggio Emilia because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[108]

To celebrate the 60th anniversary of the European Championship, UEFA said that the 2020 edition would have no host country and the tournament would be played in 11 UEFA-member cities.[109] Rome hosted three group stage matches (including the opener) and a quarter-final game.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tournament was postponed until June and July 2021.[110] The 11 June 2021 opening ceremony at the Olimpico was followed by a game between Italy and Turkey. The Azzurri won 3–0 before spectators, a smaller crowd for public-health reasons.[111] After their first win, Italy defeated Switzerland 3–0[112] and Wales 1–0.[113] The fourth Olimpico match was the quarter-final between Ukraine and England; England won 4–0, with goals by Jordan Henderson and Harry Maguire and a double by Harry Kane.[114]

The European Athletic Association chose Rome in August 2022 for the June 2024 26th European Athletics Championships, 50 years after the Olimpico last hosted the event.[115] On 22 March 2023, the Women's Champions League quarter-final between AS Roma and FC Barcelona was played before a crowd of, setting an attendance record for a women's association football match in Italy.[116] The Italy national football team had played 53 matches at the Olimpico in 70 years by December 2023, the most recent of which was a 5–2 win in the EURO 2024 qualifying game against North Macedonia.[117]

Other recurring sports events

Golden Gala

Italian Athletics Federation president Primo Nebiolo created the Golden Gala, a recurring summer athletics event at the Olimpico, in 1980.[118] The event was held in the middle of a heated political debate at the international level, because several domestic Olympic boards were divided about whether to follow the U.S. Olympic Committee in their boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics because of Soviet involvement in the Afghan war Aware of those political controversies, Nebiolo said that his event should not be seen as an "alternative Olympiad", although it featured world-class athletes from both of the era's geopolitical blocks.

The first Golden Gala took place on 5 August 1980, a few days after the closing of the Soviet Olympics, and featured many first-class Italian athletes prevented from going to Moscow because of their status as enlisted in the armed forces; this included Mariano Scartezzini, a Guardia di Finanza constable who won the 3000-metre steeplechase and set an Italian record.[119] Amongst the civilian athletes who also competed in Moscow was Pietro Mennea, who won the 200-metre dash with a faster time than his gold-medal final in the Soviet Union few days before.About spectators attended the event, of whom paid. The difference in attendance was due to the fact that several hours into the event, its organizers opened the gates of the Olimpico's two curved stands to those without tickets.[120]

The Golden Gala did not take place in 1981 because of the IAAF World Cup. It returned in 1982, and has been part of the international calendar ever since.[121] The event was not held at the Olimpico early in the stadium's renovation for the 1990 World Cup, and was held in Florence and Verona. The Golden Gala was renamed in 2013 for Pietro Mennea, who died in March of that year.[122] In addition to being a key Italian athletics event, the Golden Gala has been part of the Diamond League (the World Athletics world tour) since 2010.[123]

Six Nations Championship and rugby union

Italy played its Six Nations Championship home matches at Stadio Flaminio for 11 seasons after 2000, a -seat city-owned venue built for the football tournament of the 1960 Olympics across the Tiber a few hundred metres from the Olimpico. However, it did not meet Six Nations Rugby's stadium guidelines.[124] The Italian Rugby Federation first planned to expand Stadio Flaminio to seats,[125] [126] using the Olimpico in 2012 as temporary venue.

The renovation never began, however; Pier Luigi Nervi's heirs received the Flaminio's legalintellectual property rights, giving them veto power over any changes.[127] The Italian Rugby Federation then decided to return the Flaminio's management rights to Roma Capitale and request permanent use of the Olimpico.[128] [129] [130]

The stadium first hosted the Six Nations Championship on 11 February 2012 during an unusual icy weekend, on a pitch frozen after snow fell on Rome the day before. England won, 19–15, after trailing for almost one hour.[131]

By the end of the 2023 Six Nations tournament, 39 test matches had been played by Italy in the venue since their first in 1954. In addition to the 30 in the 12 tournament seasons played so far, Italy played four matches at the Olimpico before their admission to the Six Nations and five more after 2000. Apart from the Six Nations sides, the most frequent guests at the Olimpico are New Zealand's All Blacks, whom have played four test matches there.[132]

Music events

With its roof, the Olimpico became a suitable venue for concerts. Its first performers were Miles Davis and Pat Metheny in July 1991, who played to a crowd estimated at .[133] The first Italian artist at the Olimpico was Zucchero Fornaciari in June 1993 during his l'Urlo tour, who played to an audience of .[134]

The record attendance for musical events is held by Claudio Baglioni during his Da me a te tour. On 6 June 1998, the first of Baglioni's two concerts in Rome sold tickets; people were also admitted free of charge.[135] The record was possible because CONI president Mario Pescante allowed Baglioni to install a 112adj=midNaNadj=mid, 72adj=midNaNadj=mid stage on the pitch, and CONI had planned to replace the turf soon after the concert. The audience did not sit only in the southern stand, as usual, but throughout the stadium.

The Olimpico's most-frequent performer is Italian singer-songwriter Vasco Rossi, with 23 concerts between 1991 and 2023.[136] Luciano Ligabue performed 13 times at the stadium between 1996 and 2023.[137]

The record number of concerts at the Olimpico by non-Italian acts was held in 2023 by the British group Depeche Mode, who performed there five times between 2006 and 2023; their most recent appearances were during their Global Spirit[138] and Memento Mori World Tours.[139] The Irish band U2 has played four concerts at the stadium since 2005, most recently as part of their 2017 Joshua Tree Tour.[140] David Bowie and Tina Turner performed at 1996 Rome's Live Rock Festival in the Olimpico's southern stand,[141] and R.E.M. appeared during the band's 2005 Around the Sun Tour.[142]

Sports events

Competitions

Matches

Attendance

The table below reports the average season attendance at league matches held at the Stadio Olimpico for Lazio and Roma.[143] The stadium's attendance record is, set on 12 May 1974 for the 29th matchday of the 1973–74 Serie A between Lazio and Foggia. The home side won 1-0 for their first scudetto, one matchday in advance.[144] SS Lazio's season-ticket holders for that season were ; paying spectators for that matchday numbered, for a total attendance of .

width=20%Season width=20%Roma width=20%Lazio
1961–6230,176 20,730
1962–6337,248 17,523
1963–6431,26924,979
1964–6530,176 20,730
1965–6628,897 21,486
1966–6735,375 21,680
1967–6835,902 15,586
1968–6946,32321,935
1969–7050,625 34,883
1970–7145,551 37,979
1971–7247,990 26,132
1972–7344,31045,591
1973–7447,59749,833
1974–7553,935 44,846
1975–7644,607 40,859
1976–7736,89937,920
1977–7840,956 38,786
1978–7948,768 41,059
1979–8044,58931,560
1980–8151,10324,148
1981–8245,289 21,634
1982–8354,51034,234
width=20%Season width=20%Roma width=20%Lazio
1983–8452,79346,908
1984–8551,421 38,544
1985–8650,15125,872
1986–8749,138 30,945
1987–8842,755 29,790
1988–8934,913 32,125
1989–90N/A[145]
1990–9143,57036,371
1991–9251,609 39,499
1992–9350,306 49,105
1993–9452,615 50,149
1994–9556,356 48,715
1995–9653,146 46,326
1996–9750,557 38,699
1997–9852,813 46,058
1998–9954,309 53,184
1999–200058,915 51,956
2000–0163,37048,498
2001–0259,402 42,684
2002–0357,160 44,129
2003–0455,413 49,341
2004–0549,631 37,516
width=20%Season width=20%Roma width=20%Lazio
2005–0639,726 27,872
2006–0738,68925,048
2007–0835,98221,607
2008–0939,396 34,626
2009–1040,925 36,154
2010–1133,952 29,122
2011–1236,219 32,410
2012–1340,179 31,992
2013–1440,436 31,905
2014–1540,135 34,949
2015–1635,182 21,025
2016–1732,638 20,453
2017–1837,450 30,990
2018–1938,62237,191
2019–2039,39742,393
2020–210[146]
2021–2241,91124,110
2022–2362,04345,641
2023–24

Notable international association football matches

UEFA Euro 2020

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. . Decreto 3 febbraio 2004. Conferimento di beni immobili patrimoniali dello Stato, ai sensi dell'art. 8, comma 6, del decreto-legge 8 luglio 2002, n. 138, convertito in legge, con modificazioni, nella legge 8 agosto 2002, n. 178 . Decree of 3 February 2004: assignment of the estate owned by the State . 39 . 17 February 2004 . 14 June 2023 . Ravvisata l'opportunità di individuare tra gli immobili da conferire in proprietà alla CONI Servizi S.p.A. quelli facenti parte del complesso del Foro Italico, in Roma, non aventi requisiti storico-artistici e quindi suscettibili di alienazione ai sensi del decreto del Ministro del tesoro, del bilancio e della programmazione economica […] . Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato . Rome . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212160401/https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2004/02/17/04A01550/sg . live .
  2. Official Gazette of the Italian Republic . Decreto del Presidente del consiglio dei ministri 17 giugno 2021. Modalità di attuazione del trasferimento di beni immobili destinati al Comitato olimpico nazionale italiano (CONI) . 214 serie generale . Prime Minister's decree of 17 June 2021: implementation of the transfer of real estate assigned to the Italian National Olympic Committee . 7 September 2021 . 25 November 2023 . . Rome . […] conseguentemente, ogni richiamo alla Coni Servizi S.p.a. contenuto in disposizioni normative vigenti deve intendersi riferito alla Sport e Salute S.p.a. […] . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212065215/https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2021/09/07/21A05271/sg . live .
  3. Web site: it . Impianti di serie A – stagione 2017/2018 . Serie A venues season 2017/2018 . Osservatorio Nazionale sulle Manifestazioni Sportive del Ministero dell'Interno . 25 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230405193445/https://osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/web/?uamfiletype=attachment&uamgetfile=https://osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/web/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/stadi-Serie-A.pdf . 5 April 2023 . Rome .
  4. Web site: it . Lazio-Foggia 1974. Il Guinness dell'Olimpico . Giorgio . Bicocchi . 19 November 2012 . Centro studi Nove Gennaio Millenovecento . 7 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225448/https://www.novegennaiomillenovecento.it/lazio-foggia-1974-il-guinness-dellolimpico/ . 20 July 2018 . .
  5. News: it . In 100.000 allo Stadio Olimpico . 4 . 17 May 1953 . . . 25 November 2023 . at the Olympic Stadium . Gianni . Puccini . 11 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211115109/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1953/05/17/page_004.pdf . live .
  6. Web site: it . Impianti di serie A – stagione 2017/2018 . Serie A venues season 2017/2018 . Osservatorio Nazionale sulle Manifestazioni Sportive del Ministero dell'Interno . 25 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230405193445/https://osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/web/?uamfiletype=attachment&uamgetfile=https://osservatoriosport.interno.gov.it/web/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/stadi-Serie-A.pdf . 5 April 2023 . Rome .
  7. News: Baglioni, strada facendo c'è il record all'Olimpico . Baglioni, along the way there's the attendance record at the Olympic Stadium . Marinella . Venegoni . . 6 June 1998 . 13 . 21 June 2023 . it . . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212091219/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,13/articleid,0549_01_1998_0153_0013_10997050/ . live .
  8. News: Tutto Baglioni in concerto . https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135154/https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/15_maggio_21/tutto-baglioni-concerto-a1577a8a-ff8a-11e4-8e1b-bb088a57f88b.shtml . 27 May 2023 . All Baglioni in concert . Mario . Luzzatto Fegiz . 21 May 2015 . 21 June 2023 . . .
  9. News: Il popolo italiano esalta oggi nella Vittoria le gloriose virtù della stirpe auspicio del sicuro domani . 4 November 1932 . La Stampa . 1 . it . The Italian people today hails in the Victory the glorious virtues of the lineage as a hope for a bright tomorrow . 14 June 2023 . Turin . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212153943/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,1147_01_1932_0263_0001_24365267/ . live .
  10. News: Dove sorge il Foro Mussolini . Where does the Foro Mussolini stands . Diego . Angeli . La Stampa . Turin . 23 October 1932 . 3 . 14 June 2023 . 15 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215210641/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,3/articleid,1147_01_1932_0253_0003_24899616/ . live .
  11. News: it . Lo Stadio dei Cipressi . 3 . The Stadium of Cypresses . Stampa Sera . 27 October 1932 . 14 June 2023 . Turin . 11 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211113225/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,3/articleid,1627_02_1932_0256_0003_22389198/ . live .
  12. News: it . Le nuove opere che l'O.N.B. inaugurerà al Foro Mussolini . La Stampa . Turin . 16 April 1937 . 2 . The new venues to be opened by ONB at the Foro Mussolini . 14 June 2023 . 9 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209190112/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,2/articleid,1132_01_1937_0091_0002_24922389/ . live .
  13. Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Italy . Regio decreto-legge 27 ottobre 1937-XV, n. 1839. Istituzione della Gioventù italiana del Littorio . https://web.archive.org/web/20240105000355/https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/gu/1937/11/12/262/sg/pdf . 5 January 2024 . Royal decree of 27 October 1937: Establishment of the Italian Youth of the Lictor . 262 . 12 November 1937 . 5 January 2024 . 4058 . Le istituzioni, le scuole, le accademie, i collegi appartenenti all'Opera nazionale Balilla, passano, nella attuale situazione di fatto e di diritto, alla Gioventù italiana del Littorio [All the institutions, schools, academies, colleges owned by Opera Nazionale Balilla are taken over, in the state as they are, by the Italian Youth of the Lictor] . Ministero di Grazia e Giustizia . Rome .
  14. News: it . La fervida attesa di Roma . The ardent waiting of Rome . La Stampa . Turin . 3 May 1938 . 2 . 14 June 2023 . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212083324/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,2/articleid,1130_01_1938_0104_0002_16726216/ . live .
  15. News: it . Il Duce assiste allo Stadio Olimpiaco al saggio conclusivo del X Campo DUX . Duce attends the final gymnastics exercises of the X Campo DUX . 14 June 2023 . . 29 August 1938 . 1 . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212135155/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=3311&p=1#page/1/mode/2up . live .
  16. News: L'opera di un anno per la creazione di un nuovo ordine . it . La Stampa . 28 September 1941 . 14 June 2023 . 6 . The work of a year for the establishment of a new order . Turin . 11 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211143856/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,6/articleid,1124_01_1941_0232_0006_22216000/ . live .
  17. News: Con cavalleresca emulazione gli Atleti Alleati hanno concluso le gare al "Foro d'Italia" . . 1 . 17 July 1944 . 10 July 2023 . Rome . With great chivalry the Allied forces have closed the games at the Foro d'Italia . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212144954/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=8552&p=1#page/1/mode/1up . live .
  18. News: Roghi . Bruno . Bruno Roghi . 24 January 1951 . Il CONI è entrato allo Stadio cappello in mano e borsa aperta . CONI entered the stadium hat in hand with open pockets . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212131213/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,4/articleid,0045_01_1951_0019_0004_11103574/ . 12 December 2023 . 14 June 2023 . La Stampa . Turin . 4 . it.
  19. News: it . Stadio dei Centomila costruito a rate . Stadio dei Centomila built in small steps . Stampa Sera . 14 October 1949 . 4 . 14 June 2023 . Turin . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212094355/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,4/articleid,1604_02_1949_0243_0004_22356770/ . live .
  20. News: Così le Olimpiadi hanno cambiato Roma . it . Thus the Olympics transformed Rome . Gabriele . Isman . 14 June 2023 . . 24 August 2010 . Rome . 9 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209165109/http://temi.repubblica.it/repubblicaroma-olimpiadi-roma-1960/2010/08/24/titolo-articolo-2/?h=1 . live .
  21. News: it . Governo, scuola, C.O.N.I e sport . Arrigo . Morandi . . 20 July 1951 . 14 June 2023 . 4 . Government, school, CONI and sports . Rome . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120090937/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1951/07/20/page_004.pdf . live .
  22. News: it . Rome . l'Unità . I beni ex-GIL . 14 September 1951 . 14 June 2023 . The ex-GIL estate . Arrigo . Morandi . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120065956/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1951/09/14/page_004.pdf . live .
  23. [Acronym]
  24. News: it . Ipoteca di tre miliardi sugli impianti del Foro italico per finanziare la speculazione clericale ENAL-Lotto . Three-billion mortgage over the Foro Italico complex to finance the clerical speculation Enal-Lotto . Flavio . Gasparini . Antonio . Perria . 14 June 2023 . 9 February 1958 . 1 . l'Unità . Rome . 25 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231225052720/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1958/02/09/page_001.pdf . live .
  25. Web site: Commissariato per la Gioventù Italiana . Ministero della Cultura . 12 June 2023 . it . 14 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230614162936/http://dati.san.beniculturali.it/SAN/produttore_SIAS_san.cat.sogP.29031 . live .
  26. Tabella dei beni immobili di proprietà della Gioventù Italiana trasferiti al demanio ai sensi dell'articolo 2 . Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana . 117 . 13 . 16 January 1976 . 373 . Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato . Rome . 14 June 2023 . List of the estate owned by the Gioventù Italiana transferred to the State according to the Article 2 . it . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120064605/https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/gu/1976/01/16/13/sg/pdf . live .
  27. .
  28. News: In 100.000 allo Stadio Olimpico . 4 . 17 May 1953 . it . l'Unità . 15 June 2023 . 100,000 at the Olympic Stadium . Gianni . Puccini . Rome . 11 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211115109/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1953/05/17/page_004.pdf . live .
  29. News: it . Ungheria – Italia 3–0 . Hungary 3:0 Italy . Giuseppe . Signori . l'Unità . Rome . 15 June 2023 . 3 . 18 May 1953 . 2 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231202184103/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1953/05/18/page_003.pdf . live .
  30. News: l'Unità . 15 June 2023 . 18 May 1953 . 6 . Minardi vince la Napoli-Roma . Minardi wins the Naples – Rome stage . Attilio . Camoriano . Rome . 26 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231226094249/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1953/05/18/page_006.pdf . live .
  31. News: it . Juventus – Lazio 1–0 (1–0) . Vittorio . Finizio . 25 May 1953 . 1 . 15 June 2023 . . Rome . 29 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529185313/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&f=9318&p=1&c=1#page/1/mode/2up . live .
  32. News: Roma – Spal 0–0 . 1 June 1953 . 15 June 2023 . Corriere dello Sport . 1 . Rome . it . 29 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529193829/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&f=9324&p=1&c=1#page/1/mode/2up . live .
  33. News: it . Cronache dello sport . La Stampa . Turin . 25 April 1954 . Sports reports . 27 August 2012 . 4 . 12 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150212143057/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0004/articleid,0052_01_1954_0099_0004_14426398/ . live .
  34. News: l'Unità . Rome . 7 . Ai "tricolori" di Francia la Coppa Europa di rugby . To the Tricolours of France the rugby union European Cup . Remo . Gherardi . 29 July 2019 . 25 April 1954 . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212043132/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1954/04/25/page_007.pdf . live .
  35. News: it . Stampa Sera . 16 June 1955 . Deciso stamane: Olimpiadi a Roma . Decided this morning: the Olympics to Rome . 4 June 2011 . Turin . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212140327/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1590_02_1955_0142_0005_22111813/ . live .
  36. News: Un derby sdrammatizzato dal tabellone luminoso . A derby lightened up by the new scoreboard . Alberto . Marchesi . Corriere dello Sport . 19 October 1959 . 2 . Rome .
  37. News: it . Aperti i giochi olimpici . The Olympic Games have been opened . 1 . l'Unità . 26 August 1960 . 15 June 2023 . Rome . 22 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231222125227/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1960/08/26/page_001.pdf . live .
  38. News: it . Le medaglie di ieri: sei USA e tre URSS . Yesterday's medals: six for the USA and three for the USSR . 1–2 . Rome . l'Unità . 3 September 1960 . 15 June 2023 . 11 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211114509/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1960/09/03/page_002.pdf . live .
  39. News: Remo . Gherardi . 6 September 1960 . Rudolph: splendido bis nei 200 m . Rudolph wonderfully repeats herself on the 200 metres . 15 June 2023 . l'Unità . Rome . it . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120074747/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1960/09/06/page_006.pdf . live .
  40. News: it . "Mondiale" delle ragazze USA: 44"4 . World record of the USA girls: 44"4 . l'Unità . 8 September 1960 . 15 June 2023 . 6 . Rome . 21 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231221220544/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1960/09/08/page_006.pdf . live .
  41. News: it . In nessuno stadio del mondo si erano mai viste cose simili . In no stadium such things were seen before . l'Unità . 5 . 7 September 1960 . 16 June 2023 . Rome . 11 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211112638/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1960/09/07/page_005.pdf . live .
  42. News: Bologna – Inter 2 a 0. I rossoblù campioni d'Italia . it . Bologna v Inter 2–0: The Red and Blues are Italian champions . Vittorio . Pozzo . Vittorio Pozzo . 7 . Stampa Sera . 8 June 1964 . 16 June 2023 . Turin . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212084003/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,7/articleid,0097_02_1964_0134_0007_5595632/ . live .
  43. News: Mullery a challenge to Stiles . . . 10 May 1968 . 23 . 29 November 2023 . Albert . Barham . 1 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231201011659/https://theguardian.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-mullery-a-challenge-to-stil/135988525/ . live .
  44. News: England were the most effective team in Rome . 30 November 2023 . 10 June 1968 . The Guardian . Albert . Barham . 15 . London . 1 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231201011658/https://theguardian.newspapers.com/image/259814139/?match=1&clipping_id=135989018 . live .
  45. News: Italy are the new champions of Europe . 11 June 1968 . 29 November 2023 . The Guardian . 15 . 1 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231201011658/https://theguardian.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-italy-are-the-new-champions/135990073/ . live .
  46. News: Juventus Independiente forse finale Intercoppa . Juventus v Independiente probable Inter-Cup final . it . 26 October 1973 . 12 . Stampa Sera . Turin . 16 June 2023 . 9 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209163413/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,12/articleid,1508_02_1973_0250_0012_21235398/ . live .
  47. News: Juventus, sì all'Independiente . Juventu say "yes" to Independiente . 12 . Stampa Sera . Turin . 31 October 1973 . 16 June 2023 . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212192825/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,12/articleid,1508_02_1973_0254_0012_21236420/ . live .
  48. News: it . È già Natale per i Gauchos . For the Gauchos is already Christmas . 29 November 1973 . La Stampa . 18 . 16 June 2023 . Giovanni . Arpino . Giovanni Arpino . Turin . 15 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215220213/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,18/articleid,1118_01_1973_0281_0018_16222098/ . live .
  49. News: it . Vince Mennea, festa all'Olimpico . Mennea wins, the Olympic stadium celebrates . 7 September 1974 . l'Unità . Rome . 16 June 2023 . Oreste . Pivetta . 12 . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120070802/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1974/09/07/page_012.pdf . live .
  50. News: it . Borzov "brucia" Mennea e Bieler nei 100 . Borzov freezes Mennea and Bieler in the 100 metres . Oreste . Pivetta . 4 September 1974 . 12 . Rome . 29 November 2023 . 27 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231227083532/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1974/09/04/page_012.pdf . live .
  51. News: it . 9 September 1974 . l'Unità . 16 June 2023 . Oreste . Pivetta . 10 ori alla Germania Democratica! . 10 gold medals to the DDR! . 6 . Rome . 16 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230616220436/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1974/09/09/page_006.pdf . live .
  52. News: it . I Giochi mondiali di atletica a Roma . The athletics University Games to Rome . 26 February 1975 . 17 June 2023 . l'Unità . Rome . 10 . 15 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215230558/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1975/02/26/page_010.pdf . live .
  53. News: Jugoslavia: rinuncia definitiva alle Universiadi . it . Yugoslavia definitely resigns the organization of the Universiads . 29 November 1974 . 17 June 2023 . . Rome . 10 . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120084307/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1974/11/29/page_010.pdf . live .
  54. News: Mennea sfreccia nei 100 metri . it . Mennea sprints in the 100 metres . 12 . 20 September 1975 . 17 June 2023 . Remo . Musumeci . l'Unità . Rome . 28 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231228103857/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1975/09/20/page_012.pdf . live .
  55. News: 17 June 2023 . Remo . Musumeci . l'Unità . Rome . Mennea: disinvolto bis nei 200. Fava: esaltante bis nei 5.000 . 9 . Mennea: comfortable sprint in the 200 metres. Fava: brilliant extra in the 5,000 metres . it . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120083317/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1975/09/22/page_009.pdf . live .
  56. News: A Fava i 10.000 m. Bottiglieri-record . Fava wins the 10,000 metres. Bottiglieri marks a record . Remo . Musumeci . 19 September 1975 . 10 . 17 June 2023 . it . l'Unità . Rome . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120090421/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1975/09/19/page_010.pdf . live .
  57. News: The Guardian . 25 May 1977 . 24 . Up, up and away . London . David . Lacey .
  58. News: Smith goal ends an era with triumph . David . Lacey . David Lacey . The Guardian . 26 May 1977 . 22 . London . 29 November 2023 . 1 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231201011659/https://theguardian.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-rome-25-may-1977-liverpoo/101155506/ . live .
  59. News: it . In Italia le finali della Coppa Europa di calcio del 1980 . To Italy the 1980 Euro final tournament . 14 November 1977 . 10 January 2023 . l'Unità . Rome . 14 . 20 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120091019/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1977/11/13/page_014.pdf . live .
  60. News: No breathing space for the new England manager . 14 November 1977 . The Guardian . London . 18 .
  61. News: it . l'Unità . Menicucci è tornato all'Olimpico . Menicucci back to the Olympic Stadium . 12 June 1980 . 17 June 2023 . 19 . Loris . Ciullini . Rome . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120100921/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1980/06/12/page_019.pdf . live .
  62. News: l'Unità . RFT, primo passo verso il titolo? . FRG, first step to the title? . Giuliano . Antognoli . 12 June 1980 . 17 June 2023 . 19 . Rome . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120100921/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1980/06/12/page_019.pdf . live .
  63. News: l'Unità . 15 June 1980 . 23 June 2023 . La Cecoslovacchia punta alla "piccola" finale . Czechoslovakia eyes the bronze final . Loris . Ciullini . 15 . Rome . it . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120111543/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1980/06/15/page_015.pdf . live .
  64. News: it . Rome . Azzurri bocciati, Belgio in finale . Azzurri rejected. Belgium reaches the final . Bruno . Panzera . l'Unità . 3 December 2023 . 19 June 1980 . 16 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231216141233/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1980/06/19/page_014.pdf . live .
  65. News: it . l'Unità . Rome . 23 June 1980 . 17 June 2023 . Il Belgio non blocca la marcia della RFT . Belgium cannot stop FRG's march . 9 . Giuliano . Antognoli . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120091745/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1980/06/23/page_009.pdf . live .
  66. News: it . "Coppa" tutta da vivere . A must-see Cup . l'Unità . 4 September 1981 . 17 June 2023 . Remo . Musumeci . 10 . Rome . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212082645/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1981/09/04/page_010.pdf . live .
  67. News: Olimpico, nasce la fantatletica . it . Olimpico, the athletics fiction is born . 9 . 31 August 1987 . l'Unità . 17 June 2023 . Ronaldo . Pergolini . Rome . 15 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215214418/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1987/08/31/page_009.pdf . live .
  68. Web site: it . Atletica leggera, tutti i record del mondo: l'elenco completo . International Olympic Committee . 17 June 2023 . 28 May 2023 . Track and field, the complete list of world records . Evelyn . Watt . https://web.archive.org/web/20230617142927/https://olympics.com/it/notizie/atletica-record-mondo-elenco-completo . 17 June 2023.
  69. News: Kennedy exacts full penalty . David . Lacey . 31 May 1984 . 24 . The Guardian . London.
  70. News: it . L'Italia soffia il Mundial all'URSS . Italy snatch World Cup to U.S.S.R. . 20 May 1984 . La Stampa . Torino . 13 January 2023 . Bruno . Perucca . 26 . 10 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200610225107/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,26/articleid,1015_01_1984_0119_0028_14467816/ . live .
  71. News: Italy to host World Cup . The Guardian . 21 May 1984 . 24 . London .
  72. News: it . l'Unità . Ecco perché farlo alla Magliana sarebbe comunque un "tradimento" . Piero . Ostilio Rossi . That's why building [the Stadium] at Magliana would be a treason anyway . 5 February 1987 . 19 . 17 June 2023 . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120071027/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1987/02/05/page_019.pdf . live .
  73. News: l'Unità . it . Rome . L'Olimpico cambia look per i Mondiali: ci saranno 85mila posti tutti coperti . Look change for the Olimpico: 85,000 roofed seats . Rosanna . Lampugnani . 11 April 1987 . 17 June 2023 . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120111229/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1987/04/11/page_017.pdf . live .
  74. News: Ancora un ricorso al TAR . it . A new appeal to the Administrative Court . 22 November 1987 . 14 . 17 June 2023 . l'Unità . Rome . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120092331/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1987/11/22/page_014.pdf . live .
  75. News: Stop per lo stadio Olimpico. In perìcolo la finale mondiale . it . A stop for the Olimpico: now the final is put at risk . l'Unità . Rome . 26 . 28 January 1988 . 17 June 2023 . Roberto . Della Seta . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120142456/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1988/01/28/page_026.pdf . live .
  76. News: it . E il Coni ora blocca tutti i lavori dell'Olimpico . And now CONI stops any works in the Olimpico . Ronaldo . Pergolini . 4 February 1988 . 17 June 2023 . 26 . l'Unità . Rome . 15 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215215518/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1988/02/04/page_026.pdf . live .
  77. News: it . "Il Mundial non vale la vita" . Rome . 7 September 1988 . 17 June 2023 . l'Unità . Rossella . Ripert . The World Cup is not worth one's life . 11 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211142511/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1988/09/07/page_019.pdf . live .
  78. News: it . Tutto ok per lo stadio. Parola del CONI . 20 . 28 October 1988 . 17 June 2023 . l'Unità . Everything is ok for the stadium, CONI guarantees . Rome . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212170257/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1988/10/28/page_020.pdf . live .
  79. News: it . Roma – Lazio, un incasso quasi record . Roma v Lazio, almost record revenue . 29 May 1989 . 17 June 2023 . La Stampa . 21 . Turin . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212043132/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,21/articleid,0935_01_1989_0119_0021_24127949/anews,true/ . live .
  80. News: it . All'Olimpico un derby color invidia . 24 . Stampa Sera . Turin . 29 May 1989 . Massimo . Gramellini . Massimo Gramellini . At the Olimpico a derby coloured envy . 1 December 2023 . 11 December 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131211084719/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,24/articleid,0935_02_1989_0138_0024_18590171/ . live .
  81. News: it . Una "corona" piena di spine . 30 May 1990 . 27 . 18 June 2003 . l'Unità . A crown plenty of thorns . Renato . Pallavicini . Rome . 9 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209204558/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1990/05/30/page_027.pdf . live .
  82. Stadio Olimpico 90: una copertura sospesa . it . https://web.archive.org/web/20221115181945/https://www.majowiecki.com/userfiles/Progetto/files/1990_Roma_Copertura_Stadio_Olimpico/Articoli/1990_-_Stadio_olimpico_90_una_copertura_sospesa__Parte_I__ITA_ENG.pdf . 18 June 2023 . Acciaio . Stadio Olimpico 90: A Floating Roof . August 1990 . 311–14 . Rita . Finzi . Massimo . Majowiecki . 15 November 2022 .
  83. Web site: it . Roma – Copertura Stadio Olimpico . Rome – Roofing of Stadio Olimpico . MJW Structures . 18 June 2023 . 15 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221115183839/https://www.majowiecki.com/userfiles/Progetto/files/1990_Roma_Copertura_Stadio_Olimpico/1990_-_Roma_-_Copertura_Stadio_Olimpico.pdf .
  84. News: it . Facciamo i conti: i Mondiali dello spreco, spesi 1248 miliardi per gli stadi . https://web.archive.org/web/20210426154033/https://www.eurosport.it/calcio/facciamo-i-conti-i-mondiali-dello-spreco-spesi-1248-miliardi-per-gli-stadi_sto7764548/story.shtml . . 18 June 2023 . 4 June 2020 . Enrico . Turcato . Let's do the math: the World Cup of waste, 1,248 billion € spent on stadiums . 26 April 2021 .
  85. News: it . Mondiali 1990. Stadio Olimpico, appalto irregolare . 20 March 1997 . . . 22 June 2023 . 1990 World Cup: Stadio Olimpico, irregular tender . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212064511/http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/1997/marzo/20/MONDIALI_1990_Stadio_Olimpico_appalto_ga_0_9703208911.shtml . live .
  86. News: it . Ci pensa Totò . Totò fixes it . l'Unità . 18 June 2023 . 10 June 1990 . 23 . Ronaldo . Pergolini . Rome . 11 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211135701/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1990/06/10/page_023.pdf . live .
  87. News: it . Giannini, poi il buio . Giannini, then the dark . Rome . l'Unità . 18 June 2023 . 15 June 1990 . 27 . Ronaldo . Pergolini . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212170257/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1990/06/15/page_027.pdf . live .
  88. News: it . 1 . Gianpaolo . Ormezzano . La Stampa . 20 June 1990 . 17 June 2023 . L'Italia vince e diverte . Italy win and entertain . Turin . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212080005/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,0907_01_1990_0141_0001_12432922/ . live .
  89. News: it . 26 June 1990 . Un Serena per amico . A Serena as friend . Rome . 18 June 2023 . l'Unità . 25 . Ronaldo . Pergolini . 9 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209183222/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1990/06/25/page_025.pdf . live .
  90. News: Schillaci ci prende gusto . 23 . 1 July 1990 . 18 June 2023 . Schillaci is enjoying it . Ronaldo . Pergolini . Rome . 26 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231226231030/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1990/07/01/page_023.pdf . live .
  91. News: Brutta, sporca e cattiva . Ugly, dirty and bad . Ronaldo . Pergolini . 18 June 2023 . 9 July 1990 . l'Unità . Rome . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212195911/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1990/07/09/page_025.pdf . live .
  92. News: The Guardian . 9 July 1990 . David . Lacey . Argentina finally punished . 1 December 2023 . 2 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231202103040/https://theguardian.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian/23430429/ . live .
  93. News: Trap, coppa dell'addio . Trap, farewell Cup . 24 May 1991 . 18 June 2023 . La Stampa . Giorgio . Gandolfi . 29 . Turin . 11 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211152320/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,29/articleid,0868_01_1991_0112_0029_12124926/ . live .
  94. News: Military Games in Rome, 6,000 athletes moving on . Giochi militari a Roma. Seimila atleti in marcia . 26 September 2023 . 31 August 1995 . 34 . Marco . Ventimiglia . it . Rome . 9 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209163414/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1995/08/31/page_034.pdf . live .
  95. News: L'Italia pareggia 15 a 15 con la grande Inghilterra . 22 . Italy draws 15–15 against the great England . Remo . Musumeci . 11 May 1986 . 20 June 2023 . l'Unità . Rome . 13 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221113111632/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1986/05/11/page_022.pdf . live .
  96. News: it . 23 September 2011 . Antonio . Conti . 12 November 1995 . Turin . 35 . Italia – Sudafrica, polemica per i biglietti omaggio . Italy v South Africa, controversy over the free tickets . La Stampa . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212132431/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0035/articleid,0683_01_1995_0305_0041_9243065/ . live .
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  98. News: Juve-Ajax, arrivederci a Roma per la finale . Juve v Ajax, see you together in Rome for the final . 18 June 2023 . 8 December 1995 . La Stampa . Roberto . Beccantini . Roberto Beccantini . 37 . Turin . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212155653/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,33/articleid,0686_01_1995_0331_0037_9298049/ . live .
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  100. Official Gazette of the Italian Republic . Testo del decreto-legge 8 luglio 2002, n. 138 (in Gazzetta Ufficiale – serie generale – n. 158 dell'8 luglio 2002), coordinato con la legge di conversione 8 agosto 2002, n. 178 (in questo stesso supplemento ordinario alla pag. 5), recante: «Interventi urgenti in materia tributaria, di privatizzazioni, di contenimento della spesa farmaceutica e per il sostegno dell'economia anche nelle aree svantaggiate» . . Rome . 10 August 2002 . 187 S.G . 31 . Art. 8. Riassetto del CONI […] È costituita una società per azioni con la denominazione «CONI Servizi S.p.a.» […] (Art. 8. Reorganization of CONI […]) A new public limited company is established with the denomination "Coni Servizi Spa" . 2 December 2023 . 16 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231216141232/https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/gu/2002/08/10/187/so/168/sg/pdf . live .
  101. News: Il Coni è "padrone" dello stadio Olimpico: delusi i club romani . Coni is "owner" of the Olympic Stadium: disappointment amongst Lazio and Roma . Roberto . Stracca . https://web.archive.org/web/20151221220821/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/febbraio/07/Coni_padrone_dello_stadio_Olimpico_co_10_040207040.shtml . 54 . . 7 February 2004 . 9 August 2023 . Milan . 21 December 2015 .
  102. News: 4 October 2006 . CONI: Finale di Champions 2009 allo Stadio Olimpico, riconoscimento per lo sport italiano . CONI: "2009 UEFA Champions League final is a reward to the whole Italian sport" . 18 June 2023 . Italian National Olimpic Committee . Rome . 18 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230618223856/https://www.coni.it/it/news/5060-coni-finale-di-champions-2009-allo-stadio-olimpico,-riconoscimento-per-lo-sport-italiano.html . live .
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  104. News: Presentato il piano ristrutturazione per la Champions League 2009 . The new plan for the Champions League final presented . 8 May 2007 . Quotidiano Nazionale . https://web.archive.org/web/20230618202533/https://www.quotidiano.net/sport/2007/05/10/10538-presentato_piano_ristrutturazione.shtml . 17 June 2023 . 18 June 2023 . .
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  106. News: . Barcelona 2–0 Man Utd . London . Phil . McNulty . 19 June 2023 . 27 May 2009 . 2 April 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120402050130/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/8060878.stm . live .
  107. Web site: Comunicato ufficiale n. 139 del 6 dicembre 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221223223340/https://img.legaseriea.it/vimages/16fdc2e19ab2c71c/cu139.pdf . Professionals National League . 6 December 2007 . 19 June 2023 . it . Milan . 23 December 2022 .
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  112. News: L'Italia batte la Svizzera 3–0. Azzurri già agli ottavi . 16 June 2021 . ANSA . 19 June 2023 . it . Rome . Italy beat Switzerland 3–0 and qualifies for the round of 16 . 20 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230620040300/https://www.ansa.it/europei_2020/notizie/2021/06/16/euro-2020-italia-svizzera_5481af7e-acd9-4880-9a86-a4e9cdccc39a.html . live .
  113. News: it . Europei, Italia-Galles 1–0: Pessina regala il primo posto agli azzurri . European Championship, Italy v Wales 1–0: Pessina gives Italy the lead of the group . Jacopo . Manfredi . 19 June 2023 . la Repubblica . 20 June 2021 . Rome . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212163244/https://www.repubblica.it/dossier/sport/europei-di-calcio-/2021/06/20/news/europei_italia-galles_1-0_pessina_regala_il_primo_posto_agli_azzurri-306925270/ . live .
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  118. News: L'atletica italiana vuole andare a Mosca . Italian athletics wants to go to Moscow . 30 April 1980 . 20 June 2023 . l'Unità . 14 . Rome . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212043134/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1980/04/30/page_014.pdf . live .
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  120. News: Quei quattro formidabili record . Remo . Musumeci . Those four astonishing records . 7 August 1980 . l'Unità . 20 June 2023 . 13 . Rome . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212092212/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1980/08/07/page_013.pdf . live .
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  122. Web site: Golden Gala intitolato a Mennea . Golden Gala named after Mennea . 22 March 2013 . 20 June 2023 . Italian Athletics Federation . https://web.archive.org/web/20130325071256/https://www.fidal.it/content/Golden-Gala-intitolato-a-Mennea/51189 . 25 March 2013 .
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  124. News: Per ristrutturare lo stadio Flaminio 18 mesi di lavori . . 21 January 2007 . 22 May 2011 . Michela . Giachetta . 18-months works to renew Stadio Flaminio . 16 February 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100216095257/http://www.ilgiornale.it/roma/per_ristrutturare_stadio_flaminio__18_mesi_lavori/21-01-2007/articolo-id=150969-page=0-comments=1 . Milan . it .
  125. News: Il Sei Nazioni 2012 allo stadio Olimpico . 2012 Six Nations at the Olimpico . 12 July 2011 . 15 September 2011 . . Milan . it . 15 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110915193343/http://www.gazzetta.it/Rugby/12-07-2011/sei-nazioni-2012-801997037161.shtml . live .
  126. News: it . Stadio Flaminio addio, il 6 Nazioni trasloca all'Olimpico . Claudia . Voltattorni . 12 July 2011 . Goodbye Stadio Flaminio. The Six Nations relocates to the Olimpico . 17 December 2011 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20110715133527/https://roma.corriere.it/roma/notizie/sport/11_luglio_12/sei-nazioni-trasloca-stadio-olimpico-1901076505983.shtml . Milan . 15 July 2011 .
  127. News: it . Allarme degrado al Flaminio. Gli eredi di Nervi: "Stadio in rovina" . Corriere della Sera . Milan . 20 April 2012 . Decay alarm at the Flaminio. Nervi's heirs: "The stadium is in ruin" . https://web.archive.org/web/20120620122353/https://roma.corriere.it/roma/notizie/sport/12_aprile_20/allarme-flaminio-stadio-rovina-2004152868539.shtml . 20 June 2012 .
  128. News: . Pancalli, "Stadio Flaminio alla Figc? Parola fine a uno stato di degrado" . Pancalli, "Stadio Flaminio at FIGC? Full stop to a state of decay" . 27 February 2014 . 11 July 2014 . Rome . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065544/http://www.adnkronos.com/fatti/sport/2014/05/10/calcio-pancalli-stadio-flaminio-alla-figc-parola-fine-uno-stato-degrado_9jmq2Eysm1ytg54t5y8T5N.html . live .
  129. Web site: Estratto dal verbale delle deliberazioni della Giunta Capitolina – Deliberazione n. 36 . Roma Capitale, Resolution no 36 . . 26 February 2014 . 11 July 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112500/http://www.comune.roma.it/servizi/DeliberazioniAttiWeb/showPdfDoc?fun=deliberazioniAtti&par1=R0NE&par2=MTUwMA. 4 March 2016 .
  130. News: Stadio Flaminio in concessione alla Federcalcio . 27 February 2014 . 11 July 2014 . . Rome . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134646/http://www.iltempo.it/sport/calcio/2014/02/27/stadio-flaminio-in-concessione-alla-federcalcio-1.1223953 . 14 July 2014 .
  131. News: Italia, un regalo di troppo. L'Inghilterra passa 15–19 . Italy waste too much. England win 15–19 . 11 February 2012 . Nicola . Melillo . 19 June 2023 . Milan . la Gazzetta dello Sport . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212040136/https://www.gazzetta.it/Rugby/6-nazioni/11-02-2012/italia-regalo-troppo-inghilterra-passa-15-19-81311365775.shtml . live .
  132. Book: 346–47 . Rugby 2023 . Le città azzurre (The Azzurri's cities) . 2022 . Paolo . Pacitti . Francesco . Volpe . Zesi . Rome . it .
  133. News: Elettrico jazz all'Olimpico con Davis e Pat Metheny . Electric jazz at the Olimpico with Davis and Metheny . 20 June 2023 . 25 July 1991 . l'Unità . Luca . Gigli . 21 . Rome . it . 15 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215215518/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1991/07/25/page_021.pdf . live .
  134. News: Ma la stagione rock non "ingrana" . But the rock season struggles to start . Alba . Solaro . 23 June 1993 . 21 June 2023 . l'Unità . 20 . it . Rome . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120084827/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1993/06/23/page_020.pdf . live .
  135. News: it . Tutto Baglioni in concerto . https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135154/https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/15_maggio_21/tutto-baglioni-concerto-a1577a8a-ff8a-11e4-8e1b-bb088a57f88b.shtml . All Baglioni in concert . Mario . Luzzatto Fegiz . 21 May 2015 . 21 June 2023 . Corriere della Sera . Milan . 27 May 2023 .
  136. News: Vasco a Roma: "Città meravigliosa ed eterna" . 21 June 2023 . 17 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230621205047/https://www.rainews.it/articoli/2023/06/vasco-a-roma-citta-meravigliosa-ed-eterna-0a6b3824-b97a-41db-992c-5645cad58366.html . Vasco in Rome: "Wonderful and eternal city" . . 21 June 2023 . Rome . it .
  137. News: Scaletta Ligabue a Roma-Stadio Olimpico, 14 luglio 2023 . 4 July 2023 . Luca . Landoni . RadioMusik . https://web.archive.org/web/20230704075848/https://www.radiomusik.it/scaletta-ligabue-a-roma-stadio-olimpico-14-luglio-2023/ . 23 July 2023 . Milan . it . 4 July 2023 .
  138. News: Depeche Mode, trionfo all'Olimpico di Roma . 11 June 2023 . 26 June 2017 . Depeche Mode triumph at the Olimpico . Carlo . Moretti . la Repubblica . it . Rome . 22 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230622012102/https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2017/06/26/news/depeche_mode_trionfo_all_olimpico_di_roma-169148199/ . live .
  139. News: Roma, Depeche Mode in concerto all'Olimpico: ecco la scaletta, lo show alle 21:30 . 12 July 2023 . Corriere della Sera . Milan . Rome: Depeche Mode at the Olimpico, here the track list . 12 July 2023 . 12 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230712214633/https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/23_luglio_12/roma-depeche-mode-in-concerto-all-olimpico-ecco-la-scaletta-lo-show-alle-21-30-851e270e-3984-4d00-ab0c-1a42dfe0dxlk.shtml .
  140. U2 a Roma con The Joshua Tree Tour 2017: ecco la scaletta del concerto . . 1723-6673 . U2 in Rome with their Joshua Tree Tour. Here comes the track list . Andrea . Annaratone . 14 July 2017 . 17 June 2023 . . . it . https://web.archive.org/web/20201120235634/https://www.vanityfair.it/music/concerti-eventi/2017/07/14/u2-roma-scaletta-concerto-the-joshua-tree-tour-2017-bono . 20 November 2020 .
  141. News: it . Turin . 20 . La Stampa . 9 July 1996 . David Bowie arriva a Roma . David Bowie comes to Rome . 21 June 2023 . 15 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215233656/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,20/articleid,0651_01_1996_0187_0020_8971510/ . live .
  142. News: Gino . Castaldo . 10 June 2005 . R.E.M.: in quelle canzoni ombre di metropoli, scenari dell'America . R.E.M.: in those songs there are shades of metropolis and scenarios of America . la Repubblica . it . Rome . 21 June 2023 . 16 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231216103643/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/06/10/in-quelle-canzoni-ombre-di-metropoli.html . live .
  143. Web site: Football stadium attendance . 9 June 2023 . it . StadiaPostcards . 26 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190626054809/http://www.stadiapostcards.com/ . live .
  144. News: it . Gli incassi della stagione . l'Unità . Rome . 13 May 1974 . 7 December 2023 . 7 .
  145. Both teams played at Stadio Flaminio.
  146. The whole season was played behind closed door because of COVID-19 pandemic.

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