Indian summer explained

An Indian summer is a period of unseasonably warm, dry weather that sometimes occurs in autumn in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Several sources describe a true Indian summer as not occurring until after the first frost, or more specifically the first "killing frost".[1] [2] [3]

Etymology

The late 19th-century lexicographer Albert Matthews made an exhaustive search of early American literature in an attempt to discover who coined the expression.[4] The earliest reference he found dated to 1851. He also found the phrase in a letter written in England in 1778, but discounted that as a coincidental use of the phrase.

Later research showed that the earliest known reference to Indian summer in its current sense occurs in an essay written in the United States around 1778 by J. Hector St. John de Crevecœur, describing the character of autumn and implying the common usage of the expressionThe essay was first published in French around 1788, but remained unavailable in the United States until the 1920s.[5]

Although the exact origins of the term are uncertain,[6] it was perhaps so-called because it was first noted in regions inhabited by Native Americans, or because the natives first described it to Europeans,[7] or it had been based on the warm and hazy conditions in autumn when Native Americans hunted.[6] John James Audubon wrote about "The Indian Summer that extraordinary phenomenon of North America" in his journal on November 20, 1820. He mentions the "constant Smoky atmosphere" and how the smoke irritates his eyes. Audubon suspects that the condition of the air was caused by "Indians, firing the Prairies of the West". Audubon also mentions in many other places in his writings the reliance Native Americans had on fire. At no point does Audubon relate an Indian summer to warm temperatures during the cold seasons.

Because the warm weather is not a permanent gift, a connection has been made to the pejorative term Indian giver.[8] Native-American legends mention the god or "Life-Giver" bestowing warm autumnal weather to various warriors or peoples, enabling them to survive after great misfortune, such as loss of crops.[9] [10]

Usage

Weather historian William R. Deedler wrote that "Indian summer" can be defined as "any spell of warm, quiet, hazy weather that may occur in October or November", though he noted that he "was surprised to read that Indian summers have been given credit for warm spells as late as December and January". Deedler also noted that some writers use Indian summer in reference to the weather in only New England, "while others have stated it happens over most of the United States, even along the Pacific coast".

In literature and history, the term is sometimes used metaphorically. The title of Van Wyck Brooks' New England: Indian Summer (1940) suggests an era of inconsistency, infertility, and depleted capabilities, a period of seemingly robust strength that is only an imitation of an earlier season of actual strength.[11] William Dean Howells' 1886 novel Indian Summer uses the term to mean a time when one may recover some of the happiness of youth. The main character, jilted as a young man, leads a solitary life until he rediscovers romance in early middle age.

In British English, the term is used in the same way as in North America. In the UK it was first used in the early 19th century, there was an early example in The Guardian which ran an article explaining the phrase "Indian summer" to its readers in 1837, written by someone who had lived in the US but questioned whether Native Americans had influenced the origins.[12] The UK Met Office Meteorological Glossary published in 1916 defines an Indian summer "a warm, calm spell of weather occurring in autumn, especially in October and November",[12] while The Indian Summer of a Forsyte is the metaphorical title of the 1918 second volume of The Forsyte Saga by John Galsworthy. However, early 20th-century climatologists Gordon Manley and Hubert Lamb used it only when referring to the American phenomenon, and the expression did not gain wide currency in Great Britain until the 1950s. In former times, variations of "Saint Martin's summer" were widely used across Europe to describe warm weather surrounding autumn feast days of St. Martin and Saint Luke.[13] [14]

In the English translation of Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago, the term is used to describe the unseasonably warm weather leading up to the October Revolution.[15]

Other names and similar phenomena

Similar weather conditions with local variations also exist. A warm period in autumn is called German: Altweibersommer ("old women's summer") in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Lithuania, Hungary (Hungarian: vénasszonyok nyara), Estonia (Estonian: [[:et:vananaistesuvi|vananaistesuvi]]), and in a number of Slavic-language countries—for example, in the Czech Republic, Ukraine,[16] Poland, Slovakia, Russia[17] and Slovenia, – it is known as "(old) women's summer" (Czech: babí léto, Ukrainian: бабине літо|p=babyne lito, Polish: babie lato, Slovak: babie leto, Russian: бабье лето|p=ˈbabʲjə ˈlʲetə. In Bulgaria, it is known as "gypsy summer" or "poor man's summer", and in Serbia it is known as "Miholjsko leto" because Saint Michael or "Miholjdan" is celebrated on October 12. In Sweden, there's "Brittsommar" (out of "Birgitta" and "Britta", having their name days around the time, on October 7). In Finland,[18] the period is today called Finnish: intiaanikesä, a direct translation, but historically a warm period in autumn was named after Bartholomew, his saint day being in late August. In Irish, the phenomenon is called Irish: fómhar beag na ngéanna ("little autumn of the geese").[19] In Spain is also known as Spanish; Castilian: el veranillo del [[Cydonia oblonga|membrillo]] ("little summer of the quince tree") or Spanish; Castilian: el sol del membrillo ("the sun of the quince tree").

In temperate parts of South America—such as southernmost Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay—the phenomenon is known as "Veranico", "Veranito" or "Veranillo" (literally, "little summer"), and usually occurs in early autumn, between late April and mid-May, when it is known as "Veranico de Maio" ("May's little summer") or as "Veranito de San Juan" ("Saint John's little summer"). Its onset and duration are directly associated with the occurrence of El Niño.

In other countries, it is associated with autumnal name days or saint days, such as Teresa of Ávila (Portugal, Spain and France), St. Martin's Summer (Spain, France, Italy, Portugal and Malta), St. Michael's summer (Spanish; Castilian: Veranillo de San Miguel in Spain, Serbian: Miholjsko leto, Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina), St. Martin's Day (Netherlands and Italy), St. Demetrius (Greece and Cyprus), Bridget of Sweden in Sweden, and Saint Michael the Archangel in Wales (Welsh: haf bach Mihangel). In Turkey, it is called Turkish: [[pastırma]] yazı, meaning "pastrami summer", since the month of November was considered to be the best time to make Turkish: pastırma (the meat that, though slightly different, pastrami originated from).[20]

The American Meteorological Society (AMS) also notes that a similar phenomenon may be referred to poetically as halcyon days, a term that originated in Greek mythology. Halcyon days in Greece take place in winter, usually 16–31 of January and last around 4–7 days with extremely warm and sunny days.[1] [21] "All-hallown summer" or "All Saints' summer" is also referenced in English folklore and by Shakespeare, but its use appears to have died out.[1] [22]

In media

Board games

Books

Comics

Music

Painting

In 1875 Józef Chełmoński painted a picture Indian Summer with a wide landscape panorama.

In 1922 Willard Leroy Metcalf painted Indian Summer, Vermont

Poetry

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 25 October 2020. Second summer- Glossary of Meteorology, American Meteorological Society .
  2. Web site: 1 November 2021. What Is "Indian Summer" Or "Second Summer"?.
  3. Web site: Deedler . William . Fall 1996 . Just What Is Indian Summer And Did Indians Really Have Anything To Do With It? . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141009005228/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dtx/stories/i-summer.php . October 9, 2014 . September 24, 2014 . National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office . Detroit/Pontiac, MI.
  4. Matthews . Albert . February 1902 . The Term Indian Summer . Monthly Weather Review . 30 . 2 . 69–80 . 1902MWRv...30...69M . 10.1175/1520-0493-30.2.69c . free.
  5. Book: Sweeting, Adam W. . Beneath the Second Sun: A Cultural History of Indian Summer . New Hampshire . 2003 . 978-1-58465-314-1 . 14–15.
  6. News: Hints of an Indian Summer . BBC News . September 19, 2015 .
  7. Web site: Indian summer . September 19, 2015 . Online Etymology Dictionary.
  8. September 17, 2018 . Who put the 'Indian' in Indian summer? . Christian Science Monitor.
  9. Web site: Indian Summer . May 13, 2021 . www.powwows.com. July 21, 2011 .
  10. Web site: Native American Indian Weather Legends from the Myths of Many Tribes . www.native-languages.org.
  11. News: Commager . Henry Steele . August 18, 1940 . In New England's Lesser Days . The New York Times . October 6, 2012.
  12. News: Rodrigues . Jason . 2014-09-08 . What is an Indian summer? . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-10-18 . 0261-3077.
  13. Web site: October 1, 2011 . Indian summer: What exactly is it? . September 24, 2014 . BBC.
  14. Web site: Summer weather during autumn . 2023-10-18 . Met Office . en.
  15. Book: Pasternak . Boris Leonidovich . El doctor Zhivago . Gutiérrez . Fernando . 1994 . RBA . 844730681X . Barcelona . 434433796.
  16. Khavrus . Vyacheslav . Gabovich . Alexander . 13 December 2022 . Warm wall in autumn: how to use the solar irradiation in full? . European Journal of Physics . 44 . 1 . 015803 (18pp) . 2023EJPh...44a5803K . 10.1088/1361-6404/aca2ff . 253560674 .
  17. Web site: БАБЬЕ ЛЕТО . Большая российская энциклопедия . September 17, 2021.
  18. Web site: Kallio . Jussi . October 13, 2009 . Intiaanikesä . September 12, 2015 . Kotimaisten kielten keskus . fi.
  19. Web site: Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (Ó Dónaill) . November 11, 2017 . ga.
  20. Web site: İstanbul'a kış 20 Ocak'ta gelecek! . November 11, 2014 . tr.
  21. Web site: 13 November 2021 . Halcyon days . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society .
  22. Web site: 13 November 2021 . All-hallown summer . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society .
  23. https://vmirror.imslp.org/files/imglnks/usimg/e/e3/IMSLP12858-Herbert_-_Indian-summer.pdf
  24. Web site: Cooke . Chris . March 4, 2013 . Sweat It Out Records founder dies . September 12, 2019 . . he launched his own label Sweat It Out Records, which signed the likes of Indian Summer, Loot & Plunder and Yolanda Be Cool.
  25. Web site: Jai Wolf - Indian Summer . SoundCloud.
  26. Web site: Too Much Rock Single Series . toomuchrock.com.
  27. Sandeen . Ernest . December 1967 . Delight deterred by retrospect: Emily Dickinson's Late-Summer Poems . The New England Quarterly . 40 . 4 . 483–500 . 10.2307/363554 . 363554.
  28. Web site: Sigourney. Lydia. Illustrated Poems. 1849 . Carey & Hart.

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