St. Louis Lambert International Airport Explained

St. Louis Lambert International Airport
Image2-Width:250
Iata:STL
Icao:KSTL
Faa:STL
Wmo:72434
Type:Public
Owner-Oper:City of St. Louis Government
Location:Berkeley and Bridgeton, Missouri, U.S.
Elevation-F:605
Elevation-M:184
Coordinates:38.7472°N -90.3614°W
Image Map Caption:FAA airport diagram
Mapframe:yes
Mapframe-Zoom:10
Mapframe-Wikidata:yes
R1-Number:12R/30L
R1-Length-F:11,020
R1-Length-M:3,359
R1-Surface:Concrete
R2-Number:12L/30R
R2-Length-F:9,013
R2-Length-M:2,747
R2-Surface:Concrete
R3-Number:11/29
R3-Length-F:9,000
R3-Length-M:2,743
R3-Surface:Concrete
R4-Number:6/24
R4-Length-F:7,603
R4-Length-M:2,317
R4-Surface:Concrete
Stat-Year:2023
Stat1-Header:Aircraft operations
Stat1-Data:162,113
Stat2-Header:Total passengers
Stat2-Data:14,886,000
Footnotes:Source: St. Louis Lambert International Airport[1]

St. Louis Lambert International Airport is the primary international airport serving metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Commonly referred to as Lambert Field or simply Lambert, it is the largest and busiest airport in the state of Missouri. The airport covers 3793acres[2] [3] of land. STL is located 14miles northwest of downtown St. Louis in unincorporated St. Louis County between Berkeley and Bridgeton. The airport provides nonstop service to airports throughout the United States and to the Caribbean, Mexico, Canada, and Europe. In 2019, it served nearly 16 million passengers. In 2023 there were more than 270 daily departures to 80 nonstop domestic and international locations.[4]

Named for Albert Bond Lambert, an Olympic medalist and prominent St. Louis aviator, the airport rose to international prominence in the 20th century thanks to its association with Charles Lindbergh, its groundbreaking air traffic control (ATC), its status as the primary hub of Trans World Airlines (TWA), and its iconic terminal.

St. Louis Lambert International Airport is connected by the MetroLink mass transportation rail system to other parts of the St. Louis metropolitan area, including a future connection to the region's secondary commercial airport, MidAmerica St. Louis Airport about to the east.[5]

History

Beginnings

The airport had its beginnings in 1909, when the Aero Club of St. Louis created a balloon launching base called the "Permanent Aviation Field and Dirigible Harbor" in Kinloch Park, a suburban development of the 1890s.[6] In October 1910, the airfield hosted the first International Air Meet, attracting "many famous persons," including the Wright brothers, who brought six airplanes and their Exhibition Team. President Theodore Roosevelt accepted the club's telegraphed invitation to attend, and after initially ruling out a flight,[7] took off on October 11 with pilot Arch Hoxsey, becoming the first U.S. president to fly.[8] The following year, the airfield—generally called "Kinloch Field"—was the takeoff point for what is generally regarded as the first parachute jump from an airplane.[9] The club's lease on the land expired in 1912, and the field was closed and its grandstand demolished. Efforts to revive the facility were unsuccessful.[8]

In June 1920, a nearby 170-acre field[8] was leased to the Missouri Aeronautical Society,[10] which named its facility the "St. Louis Flying Field." Among the Society's leading members was Albert Bond Lambert, an Olympic silver medalist golfer in the 1904 Summer Games, president of Lambert Pharmaceutical Corporation (which made Listerine),[11] and the first person to receive a pilot's license in St. Louis. So vigorous was Lambert in his efforts to promote St. Louis aviation that in 1923 the field was renamed "Lambert-St. Louis Flying Field."[8] "Major" Lambert (his "rank" was given by the Aero Club and not the military) purchased the field outright in February 1925, and added hangars and a passenger terminal. In the late 1920s, the airport became the first with an air traffic control system–albeit one that communicated with pilots via waving flags. The first controller was Archie League.[12]

Charles Lindbergh's first piloting job was flying airmail for Robertson Aircraft Corporation from the airfield. He stopped at the airport during his cross-country San Diego to New York flight about a week before his record-breaking flight to Paris in 1927. In February 1928, the City of St. Louis leased the airport for $1. Later that year, Lambert sold the airport to the city after a $2 million bond issue was passed, making it one of the first municipally owned airports in the United States.[13]

In 1925, the airport became home to Naval Air Station St. Louis, a Naval Air Reserve facility that became an active-duty installation during World War II.[14]

In 1930, the airport was officially christened "Lambert–St. Louis Municipal Airport" by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd. The first terminal building opened in 1933, and within the decade, the airport was served by Robertson Air Lines, Marquette Airlines, Eastern Air Lines, and Transcontinental & Western Air (later renamed TWA).[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]

In August 1942, voters passed a $4.5 million bond issue to expand the airport by and build a new terminal.

During World War II, the airport became a manufacturing base for the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation (later McDonnell Douglas, now Boeing) and Curtiss-Wright.[23] [24]

After World War II: expansion, Ozark Air Lines hub

After the war, NAS St. Louis reverted to a reserve installation, supporting carrier-based fighters and land-based patrol aircraft. When it closed in 1958, most of its facilities were acquired by the Missouri Air National Guard and became "Lambert Field Air National Guard Base." Some other facilities were retained by non-flying activities of the Naval Reserve and Marine Corps Reserve, while the rest was redeveloped to expand airline operations at the airport.

Ozark Air Lines began operations at the airport in 1950.

To handle increasing passenger traffic, Minoru Yamasaki was commissioned to design a new terminal, which began construction in 1953. Completed in 1956 at a total cost of $7.2 million, the three-domed design preceded terminals at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in New York City and Paris–Charles de Gaulle Airport. A fourth dome was added in 1965 following the passage of a $200 million airport revenue bond.[25] [26]

The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 44 weekday TWA departures; American, 24; Delta, 16; Ozark, 14; Eastern, 13; Braniff, 6 and Central, 2. The first scheduled jet was a TWA 707 to New York on July 21, 1959.[27] [28]

In 1971, the airport became "Lambert–St. Louis International Airport."

In the 1970s, St. Louis city officials proposed to replace Lambert with a new airport in suburban Illinois. After Missouri residents rejected that, Lambert in 1977 received a $290-million expansion that lengthened the runways, increased the number of gates to 81, and boosted its capacity by half. (In 1997, MidAmerica St. Louis Airport would open in Mascoutah, Illinois, far from the site proposed in the 1970s.) Concourse A and Concourse C were rebuilt into bi-level structures with jet bridges as part of a $25 million project in the mid-1970s designed by Sverdrup. The other concourses were demolished. Construction began in the spring of 1976 and was completed in September 1977.[29] A $20 million, 120000square feet extension of Concourse C for TWA and a $46 million, 210000square feet Concourse D for Ozark Air Lines (also designed by Sverdrup) were completed in December 1982.[30] [31]

Ozark established its only hub at Lambert in the late 1950s. The airline grew rapidly, going from 36 million revenue passenger miles in 1955, to 229 million revenue passenger miles in 1965. The jet age came to Ozark in 1966 with the Douglas DC-9-10 and its network expanded to Denver, Indianapolis, Louisville, Washington, D.C., New York City, Miami, Tampa, and Orlando. With the addition of jets, Ozark began its fastest period of growth, jumping to 653 million revenue passenger miles in 1970 and 936 million revenue passenger miles in 1975;[32] Ozark soon faced heavy competition in TWA's new hub at Lambert.

In 1979, the year after airline deregulation, STL's dominant carriers were TWA (36 routes) and Ozark (25), followed by American (17) and Eastern (12).[33] In April 1980, British Caledonian began a nonstop flight to London's Gatwick Airport using a Boeing 707. This was the airport's first transatlantic service.[34] The company later partnered with Ozark so that the latter's network could feed the flights.[35] British Caledonian severed the link in October 1984.[36] [37]

Trans World Airlines hub

After airline deregulation in 1978, airlines began to change their operations to a hub and spoke model. Trans World Airlines (TWA) was headquartered in New York City but its main base of employment was at Kansas City International Airport (KCI) and had large operations at Chicago O'Hare International Airport (ORD) as well as St. Louis. TWA deemed Kansas City's terminals unsuitable to serve as a primary hub. TWA reluctantly ruled out Chicago, as its Chicago operation was already losing $25 million a year under competition from American Airlines and United Airlines. This meant that St. Louis was the carrier's only viable option. TWA downsized in Chicago and built up in St. Louis, swapping three Chicago gates for five of American's St. Louis gates. By December 1982, St. Louis accounted for 20% of TWA's domestic capacity. Lambert's terminal was initially too small for this operation, and TWA was forced to use temporary terminals, mobile lounges and airstairs to handle the additional flights.[38] Concourse D was completed in 1985.[39] In April 1985, TWA began service from Lambert to London-Gatwick, Frankfurt, and Paris. It operated the flight to London with Boeing 747s and the ones to Paris and Frankfurt with 767s.[40] [41]

TWA's hub grew again in 1986 when the airline bought Ozark Air Lines, which operated its hub from Lambert's B, C, and D concourses. In 1985, TWA had accounted for 56.6% of boardings at STL while Ozark accounted for 26.3%, so the merged carriers controlled over 80% of the traffic.[42] The carriers were merged on October 26, 1986 at which time TWA served STL with nonstop service to 84 cities, an increase from 80 cities served by TWA and/or Ozark in 1985, before the merger.

Lambert again grew in importance for TWA after the airline declared bankruptcy in 1992 and the following year moved its headquarters to St. Louis from Mount Kisco, New York.[43] TWA increased the number of cities served and started routing more connecting passengers through its hub at Lambert. The total number of passengers departing Lambert jumped almost 20% in a year, from 19.9 million passengers in 1993 to 23.4 million in 1994. Growth continued, to 27.3 million by 1997 and the airport's all-time peak of 30.6 million in 2000.[44]

By September 1999, Lambert was TWA's main hub, with 103 destinations served by 515 daily flights: 352 on TWA mainline aircraft and 163 on Trans World Express flights operated by its commuter airline partners. Lambert became the eighth-busiest U.S. airport by flights. Congestion caused delays during peak hours and was exacerbated when bad weather reduced the number of usable runways from three to one, and traffic projections made in the 1980s and 1990s predicted enough growth to strain the airport and the national air traffic system.[45] As a result, city leaders decided to build a 9000foot runway, dubbed Runway 11/29, parallel to the two larger existing runways. At $1.1 billion, it was the costliest public works program in St. Louis history.[46] It required moving seven major roads and destroying about 2,000 homes, six churches, and four schools in Bridgeton.[47] [48] Work began in 1998 and continued even as traffic at the airport declined after the 9/11 attacks, the collapse of TWA and its subsequent purchase by American, and American's flight reductions several years later.[49] [50]

American Airlines and hub closure

As TWA entered the new millennium, its financial condition deteriorated; it was purchased by American Airlines in April 2001.[51] The last day of operations for TWA was December 1, 2001, including a ceremonial last flight to TWA's original and historic hometown of Kansas City before returning to St. Louis one final time. The following day, TWA was officially absorbed into American Airlines.[52] [53] The plan for Lambert was to become a reliever hub for the existing American hubs at Chicago–O'Hare and Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW). American was looking at something strategic with its new St. Louis hub to potentially offload some of the pressure on O'Hare as well as provide a significant boost to the airline's east/west connectivity.[54] [55]

The September 11 attacks depressed air service nationwide: total airline industry domestic revenue passenger miles dropped 20% in October 2001 and 17% in November 2001.[56] Overnight, American no longer had the same need for a hub that bypassed its hubs at Chicago and Dallas/Fort Worth, which suddenly became less congested.[57] As a result of this and the ongoing economic recession, service at Lambert was reduced to 207 flights by November 2003.[58] [59] [60] Total passenger traffic dropped to 20.4 million that same year. On the international front, American dropped flights to London-Gatwick in October 2003, leaving St. Louis without transatlantic service.[61] [62]

In 2006, the United States Air Force (USAF) announced plans to turn the 131st Fighter Wing of the Missouri Air National Guard into the 131st Bomb Wing. The wing's 20 F-15C and F-15D aircraft were moved to the Montana Air National Guard's 120th Airlift Wing at Great Falls International Airport/Air National Guard Base, Montana and the Hawaii Air National Guard's 154th Wing at Hickam AFB, Hawaii. The pilots and maintainers moved to Whiteman AFB, Missouri to fly and maintain the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber as the first Air National Guard wing to fly the aircraft. Lambert Field Air National Guard Base formally shut down on June 13, 2009, when the final two F-15C Eagles did a low approach over the field and then flew away, ending an 86-year chapter of Lambert's history.[63] [64]

2006 also saw the completion of the W-1W airport expansion after eight years of work. The culmination of this program was the opening of Runway 11/29, the airport's fourth, on April 13, 2006, when American Airlines Flight 2470 became the first commercial airliner to land on the new runway.[65]

In 2008, Lambert's position as an American Airlines hub faced further pressure due to increased fuel costs and softened demand because of a depressed economy. American cut its overall system capacity by over 5% during 2008.[66] At Lambert, American shifted more flights from mainline to regional.[67] Total passengers enplaned fell 6% to 14.4 million in 2008, then fell another 11% to 12.8 million passengers in 2009. In 2009, American announced that as a part of the airline's restructuring, it would close its St. Louis hub by reducing its operations from about 200 daily flights to 36 daily flights by summer 2010.[68] American's closure of the St. Louis hub coincided with its new "Cornerstone" plan, wherein the airline would concentrate itself in several major markets: Chicago, Dallas/Fort Worth, Miami, New York, and Los Angeles.[69] [70] A 12-gate section of Concourse D closed in 2009 as a result of the hub closure.[71] Further flight reductions led to the closure of Concourse B and the rest of Concourse D in 2010 (though some gates at the east end of Concourse D are now part of Concourse E).[72]

Recent years

In the aftermath of the American hub closure, Southwest Airlines boosted daily departures from 74 to 83, adding six new destinations for a total of 31. Southwest quickly replaced American as the carrier with the most daily flights, and continues to dominate the airport to this day.[73] [74] Southwest Airlines had been growing steadily at Lambert since the mid-1990s. In 1998, the East Terminal (known today as Terminal 2) and Concourse E opened to accommodate Southwest's growth, where they operate today.[75]

On April 22, 2011, a tornado (rated EF4 nearby but not at the airport itself) struck the airport's Terminal 1, destroying jetways and breaking more than half of the windows.[76] [77] [78] [79] The wind damaged a Southwest Airlines aircraft by pushing a baggage conveyor belt into it. Four American Airlines aircraft were damaged, including one that was buffeted by 80mph crosswinds while taxiing after landing.[80] Another aircraft, with passengers still on board, was moved away from its jetway by the storm.[81] The FAA closed the airport at 8:54 pm CDT, and reopened it the following day at temporarily lower capacity.[82] The damage to Concourse C even forced the airport to temporarily reopen some of Concourses B and D for additional gate space. Concourse C underwent renovations and repairs and reopened on April 2, 2012.[83]

In late 2016, officials with the City of St. Louis announced that brand researchers had found that travelers might be confused by the name "Lambert–St. Louis International Airport".[84] They said they might rename it St. Louis International Airport at Lambert Field to freshen up the airport's image and emphasize "St. Louis" in the name. Descendants of Albert Bond Lambert opposed the change, arguing that it de-emphasized the importance of Maj. Lambert to the airport's history and the history of aviation. The proposal was amended, and the St. Louis Airport Commission voted unanimously to change the name to St. Louis Lambert International Airport.[85] [86]

In May 2018, Wow Air began flights between St. Louis and Reykjavík on an Airbus A321. This was the airport's first service to Europe since 2003.[87] [88] Despite strong sales, Wow ended the route in January 2019 amid financial struggles.[89] In June 2022, Lufthansa commenced nonstop service to Frankfurt using Airbus A330s. German firms like Bayer and the Merck Group have a significant presence in St. Louis.[90] [91]

In early 2022, airport officials released a plan that would consolidate both existing terminals into one, at the existing Terminal 1 site.[92] The proposal would gradually demolish Concourses A, B, C and build a single new concourse with 62 gates in its place, while retaining the iconic domed terminal building.[93] Following the completion, Terminal 2 would be demolished or repurposed.

Facilities

Terminals

The airport has two terminals, five concourses, and 54 gates.

Inter-terminal transfers/connections can be made by Terminal Shuttle Buses or on the Metro rail between Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 (rail connection is free between the terminals as of July 2024)

Runways

The airport has four runways: three parallel and one crosswind. The crosswind runway, 6/24, is the shortest of the four at 7607feet. The newest runway is 11/29, completed in 2006 as part of a large expansion program.[97]

scope=col Runwayscope=col Lengthscope=col Width
12R/30L
12L/30R
11/29
6/24

The airport's current ~156feet control tower opened in 1997 at a cost of about $15 million.[98] [99]

Ground transportation

The airport is served by MetroLink, the light rail transportation system serving Greater St. Louis. The Red Line has stations at Terminal 1 and Terminal 2.[100] The Metro lines serve the city of St. Louis, along with cities in St. Louis County, and Illinois suburbs in St. Clair County.

The airport is served by I-70; eastbound leads to downtown St. Louis and Illinois with a north–south connection at I-170 immediately east of the airport, while westbound leads to St. Louis exurbs in St. Charles County with a north–south connection at I-270 immediately west of the airport.

Art and historical pieces

Black Americans in Flight is a mural that depicts African American aviators and their contributions to aviation since 1917. It is located in Terminal 1 / Main Terminal on the lower level near the entrance to gates C and D and baggage claim. The mural consists of five panels and measures tall and long. The first panel includes Albert Edward Forsythe and C. Alfred Anderson, the first black pilots to complete a cross-country flight; the Tuskegee Institute and the Tuskegee Airmen; Eugene Bullard; Bessie Coleman; and Willa Brown, the first African American woman commercial pilot. The second panel shows Benjamin O. Davis Jr., Clarence "Lucky" Lester, and Joseph Ellesberry. The third panel shows Gen. Daniel "Chappie" James, Capt. Ronald Radliff, and Capt. Marcella Hayes. The fourth and fifth panels show Ronald McNair, who died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986, Guion Bluford, who in 1983 became the first African American in space, and Mae Jemison, the first African American woman in space. Spencer Taylor and Solomon Thurman created the mural in 1990.[101] [102] The mural had a re-dedication ceremony in 2012.[103]

One aircraft from the Missouri History Museum currently hangs from Lambert's ceilings. This aircraft, a red Monocoupe 110 Special manufactured in St. Louis in 1931, hangs in the ticketing hall of Terminal 2.[104] The airport has also played host to two other aircraft. A Monocoupe D-127 hung near the eastern security checkpoint in Terminal 1. Charles Lindbergh bought it in 1934 from the Lambert Aircraft Corporation and flew it as his personal aircraft. It was removed in 2018 and returned to the Missouri Historical Society, from which the aircraft had been on loan since 1979, for preservation purposes.[105] Until 1998, a Ryan B-1 Brougham, a replica of the Spirit of St. Louis, hung next to the D-127.[106]

Airlines and destinations

Cargo

Statistics

Top destinations

Busiest domestic routes from STL
RankCityPassengersCarriers
1 Denver, Colorado513,430Frontier, Southwest, United
2 Atlanta, Georgia461,360Delta, Southwest
3 Orlando, Florida344,420Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
4 New York–LaGuardia, New York304,930American, Delta, Southwest
5 Las Vegas, Nevada293,840Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
6 Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Arizona260,070American, Southwest
7 Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois256,820American, United
8 Charlotte, North Carolina255,660American, Southwest
9 Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas251,370American, Frontier
10 Dallas–Love, Texas230,920Southwest
Busiest international routes from STL [107]
RankCityPassengersCarriers
1 Cancún, Mexico217,344American, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
2 Punta Cana, Dominican Republic35,789Frontier
3 Montego Bay, Jamaica10,844Frontier, Southwest
4 Toronto–Pearson, Canada7,673Air Canada
5 Frankfurt, Germany6,025Lufthansa

Airline market share

Busiest airlines serving STL
(May 2023 – April 2024)[108]
RankAirlinePassengersShare
1Southwest Airlines9,345,00064.16%
2American Airlines1,595,00010.95%
3Delta Air Lines1,313,0009.02%
4United Airlines630,0004.32%
5Frontier Airlines349,0002.39%
6Others1,334,0009.16%

Annual traffic

Historical Passenger Activity at STL 1990-Present[109] [110] ! Year! Passengers! Year! Passengers! Year! Passengers! Year! Passengers
199020,065,737200030,558,991201012,331,42620206,302,402
199119,151,278200126,695,019201112,526,150202110,351,533
199220,984,782200225,626,114201212,688,726202213,665,517
199319,923,774200320,431,132201312,570,128202314,886,000
199423,362,671200413,396,028201412,384,0152024
199525,719,351200514,697,263201512,752,3312025
199627,274,846200615,205,944201613,959,1262026
199727,661,144200715,384,557201714,730,6562027
199828,700,622200814,431,471201815,632,5862028
199930,188,973200912,796,302201915,878,5272029

Accidents and incidents

Accidents

In popular culture

Television

Film

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: CY2023 Passenger & Operation Statistics. St. Louis. St. Louis City Airport Commission. February 2, 2024. February 9, 2022. August 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805080632/https://www.flystl.com/about-us/public-notices-and-reports. live.
  2. . Effective May 16,2024.
  3. Web site: STL airport data at skyvector.com. skyvector.com. May 31, 2023. May 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230528162606/https://skyvector.com/airport/STL/St-Louis-Lambert-International-Airport. live.
  4. January 29, 2019 . Departure Statistics . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110327/https://www.flystl.com/newsroom/stl-news/2019/stl-growth-holds-strong-to-surpass-15-6-million-passengers-in-2018 . January 30, 2019 . January 29, 2019 . St. Louis. St. Louis City Airport Commission.
  5. News: Illinois to pay for long-sought MetroLink extension to MidAmerica Airport. November 2, 2021. Schlinkmann. Mark. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Lee Enterprises. St. Louis. November 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211102130441/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/illinois-to-pay-for-long-sought-metrolink-extension-to-midamerica-airport/article_473ea616-75fc-57d1-a131-6ae83a69eea2.html. live.
  6. News: Gonzales. Daniel. 2018-01-02. At St. Louis' Kinloch Field, Theodore Roosevelt became the first U.S. President to travel by plane. 2022-01-06. St. Louis Magazine. St. Louis. en-us. February 7, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240207060049/https://www.stlmag.com/history/where-the-president-first-flew-kinloch-field-and-early-flight/. live.
  7. Book: Wright, John Aaron. Kinloch: Missouri's First Black City. 2000. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-0777-4. en. January 10, 2022. February 7, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240207060048/https://books.google.com/books?id=K2_ZMVtnsd0C&q=+kinloch+field#v=snippet&q=kinloch%20field&f=false. live.
  8. Web site: Gonzales. Daniel. 2018-01-02. At St. Louis' Kinloch Field, Theodore Roosevelt became the first U.S. President to travel by plane. 2022-01-06. www.stlmag.com. en-us. February 7, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240207060049/https://www.stlmag.com/history/where-the-president-first-flew-kinloch-field-and-early-flight/. live.
  9. News: Reichhardt. Tony. Berry's Leap. 2021-11-01. Air & Space/Smithsonian. Washington. Smithsonian Institution. November 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211101024042/https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/berrys-leap-111412656/. live.
  10. Web site: Lambert History. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110822210016/http://www.lambert-stlouis.com/flystl/about-lambert/history/. August 22, 2011. February 3, 2011. Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport.
  11. Book: Christensen, Lawrence O.. Dictionary of Missouri Biography. University of Missouri Press. 1999. 0-8262-1222-0. 469. October 12, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20140630135304/http://books.google.com/books?id=6gyxWHRLAWgC&pg=PA469&lpg=PA469&dq=Albert+Bond+Lambert+Listerine&source=bl&ots=D9Noyxq7eZ&sig=hpa2FWaeROxj69SG9gQ3i2mMHL8&hl=en&ei=yyq3TdmtCpS5tgein6ibAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Albert%20Bond%20Lambert%20Listerine&f=false. June 30, 2014. live.
  12. News: Mola. Roger. Aircraft Landing Technology. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031538/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/landing_navig/Tech32.htm. September 30, 2007. July 24, 2007. Centennial of Flight Commission. Washington. mdy.
  13. Web site: The History of Lambert – St. Louis International Airport . https://web.archive.org/web/20050204222910/http://lambert-stlouis.com/index/about_History.html . Lambert-St. Louis International Airport . December 26, 2012. 2005 . February 4, 2005.
  14. Web site: The Navy at Lambert Field, 1925–1958 by George Everding, LCDR USN (ret) . Usgennet.org . November 22, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110824005020/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/aviation/navy.htm . August 24, 2011 .
  15. Web site: Lambert – St. Louis International Airport > About Lambert > History > Timeline. https://web.archive.org/web/20120722025401/http://www.flystl.com/AboutLambert/History/Timeline.aspx. 2012-07-22. July 22, 2012. November 16, 2018.
  16. Web site: Robertson Air Lines. www.timetableimages.com. November 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160322125451/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/rob3004.htm. March 22, 2016. live.
  17. Web site: Robertson Air Lines. www.timetableimages.com. November 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160322113002/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/robert.htm. March 22, 2016. live.
  18. Web site: Timetable . www.timetableimages.com . JPG . September 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080815050851/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/rac28/rac28-1.jpg . August 15, 2008 . live .
  19. Web site: Timetable . www.timetableimages.com . JPG . September 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080815050618/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/rac28/rac28-2.jpg . August 15, 2008 . live .
  20. Web site: Timetable . www.timetableimages.com . JPG . September 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164847/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/marq39/marq39-1.jpg . September 10, 2018 . live .
  21. Web site: Timetable . www.timetableimages.com . JPG . September 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164935/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/marq39/marq39-2.jpg . September 10, 2018 . live .
  22. Web site: Timetable . www.timetableimages.com . JPG . September 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164944/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/ea39/ea39-3.jpg . September 10, 2018 . live .
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