St. Ignatius Institute Explained

The Saint Ignatius Institute (SII) is an undergraduate program at the University of San Francisco (USF), a private university operated by the USA West Province of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order) in San Francisco, California, United States.[1]

In the 25 years after its inception in 1976, the SII granted its Certificate of Liberal Arts to approximately 1,000 students.[2] During these years the SII generated both controversy and accolades due to its greater advocacy for Catholic doctrine within a diverse, more liberal Jesuit institution. It has since changed into a less dogmatic living-learning community, with Catholic doctrine playing a smaller part in its curriculum.[3]

Founding and Great Books curriculum

In 1976 a group of educators[4] founded what their leader, the Rev. Joseph Fessio, S.J., called "a completely integrated liberal arts program in the Jesuit tradition."[5] Fessio described SII as adhering to a more traditional Jesuit approach to education.[6]

The four-year-long sequence of studies in the liberal arts was designed to follow a method of seminars and lectures based on the students' reading of the Great Books of the Western World, in a roughly historical order.[7] The reading list mostly resembled those at other undergraduate colleges offering Great Books programs such as St. John's College[8] in Annapolis, Maryland, and Santa Fe, New Mexico, and at Thomas Aquinas College,[9] in Santa Paula, California.

SII students would read and discuss the same works from the official reading list of Great Books authors chosen for their impact on the intellectual life of Western Civilization, from various religious and philosophical traditions. For instance, in their first semester, freshmen read works by ancient Greeks and Semites, including Homer, Aristophanes, Sappho, and the Epic of Gilgamesh.[10] At the same time, the SII also drew upon and emphasized Roman Catholic contributions to the Western tradition, as represented by such Catholic authors as the early Church Fathers, St. Augustine, Boethius, St. Thomas Aquinas, Dante, Chaucer and Miguel de Cervantes, as well as more recent Catholic thinkers like John Henry Newman, G. K. Chesterton, and the fathers of the Second Vatican Council.

Like Thomas Aquinas College, the SII espoused academic freedom by not limiting admissions to applicants of any religious or philosophical belief.[11] Students tended to be Catholic, but some non-Catholics became students[12] and faculty members.

Unlike some other institutions with Great Books curricula, the SII operates within a larger university and does not constitute an alternative to the obligatory major that USF students declare before graduation. The original program was strong in the humanities (languages, literature, composition (language), philosophy, theology) but had a weaker offering in mathematics and the natural sciences.[13] Students who fulfilled the requirements of the SII were awarded a Certificate in the Liberal Arts, by which USF and the SII certified that the student had achieved USF's core education requirements toward an undergraduate degree.[14]

Controversies

For its first quarter-century, the SII was a lightning rod of controversy within the university and among more progressive members of the Roman Catholic Church. Some members of the university criticized what one scholar called a "parti pris"[15] approach to education with a narrow Catholic – mostly papal – perspective.

Faculty of the SII clashed with members and friends of USF's Department of Theology who objected to SII's practice of hiring theology professors for SII classes rather than relying upon the Department of Theology to provide these faculty.[16] The SII rejected interference by the Department of Theology because it wanted to maintain a strong adherence to theological positions loyal to the current Pope and Magisterium of the Roman Catholic Church, especially on moral matters such as contraception, abortion, and homosexuality.[17] Eventually the differences between the SII and the Department of Theology were symbolized by their contrasting responses to Ex Corde Ecclesiae issued by Pope John Paul II in 1990.[18] The papal document called for a mandatum to be signed by professors of Catholic doctrine as a testament to the instructor's orthodoxy. The SII faculty signed the mandatum as a self-defining act.[19] But USF and the Department of Theology resisted signing the mandatum, as did theologians in many other U.S. Catholic universities in a controversy that continued for over a decade.[20]

Various events also sparked debate, with the SII's continued existence frequently called into question. In 1978, the SII hosted a symposium[21] to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the promulgation of Humanae Vitae, the encyclical by Pope Paul VI condemning contraception.[22] British journalist Malcolm Muggeridge delivered the keynote address, arguing that contraception is a lethal threat to Christian civilization.[23] Another speaker, Fr. Gerald Coleman, dean of St. Patrick's Seminary, Menlo Park, California, delivered a paper for the minority at the symposium, expressing opposition to the keynote address and arguing for "allowing theological dissent and reception of communion by couples practicing artificial birth control."[24]

In 1987, USF's campus minister denied access on Sundays for the SII's popular but controversial chaplain, Fr. Cornelius M. Buckley, to celebrate Mass, alleging that his liturgies fostered a cult-like following. Critics of the decision expressed regret at the loss of variety in styles of liturgical worship at USF caused by the campus minister's ruling. Some described Buckley's liturgical approach as more "simple" and "solemn."[25]

Also in 1987, the SII faced its greatest crisis to date when the university president fired Fr. Fessio from his position as the SII's first director, over a disagreement concerning the use of a $1 million gift that San Francisco benefactress, Mrs. Louise Davies,[26] gave to the SII.[27] [28] Fr. Robert Maloney, S.J., succeeded Fessio as director.[29] Fessio continued to teach theology at USF and in the SII until 1992, when he resigned to spend more time developing Ignatius Press, the lay-run publishing house he directs in San Francisco.[30]

Controversy again erupted in 1988 when the USF student government required that an SII student who was the editor-in-chief of the university's award-winning newspaper, the San Francisco Foghorn, accept a co-editorship arrangement in the interests of journalistic objectivity.[31]

Additional controversies took place during the term of the SII's third director, John Galten. Under his watch the SII's faculty had to design a course in Asian philosophy to satisfy pressure from the university to incorporate non-western sources into the curriculum.[32] A renewed clash was brought on by the transfer of the SII's chaplain, C.M. Buckley, away from San Francisco.[33] Buckley, a published historian and translator with decades of university teaching experience,[34] assigned as chaplain for a Catholic hospital in Duarte, California, where Fessio would be assigned by his Jesuit provincial superior some years later.

Amidst these controversies, some SII faculty members and alumni expressed in print that their experience at USF had been enriched by their participation in the SII's intellectual community.[35] [36]

Removal of John Galten as Director

USF totally revamped the SII in 2001, when the new university president, Jesuit Fr. Stephen A. Privett, dismissed Director John Galten and Associate Director John Hamlon, citing cost savings and describing the two as not qualified to head an academic program, despite their years in the position.[37] Most of the SII's faculty resigned in protest.[38] The affair received national media coverage.[39] Conservative leaders expressed support for Galten, including former U.S. Secretary of Education William J. Bennett and Michael Novak of the American Enterprise Institute, in a full-page ad published in the San Francisco Chronicle and elsewhere.[40] In a memo published nationally, Privett responded to criticism of his decision, stating that the replacement of the SII's leadership would promote "synergies between St. Ignatius Institute and other university programs" and create "efficiencies by consolidating resources."[41] He held a conference with students to assure them that the SII would continue as a Great Books curriculum with qualified instructors.[42]

Within the Catholic Church, the controversy reached Pope John Paul II through a letter of support for the SII signed by Fessio's former PhD thesis advisor Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith who became Pope Benedict XVI) and by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn (archbishop of Vienna and editor of the Catechism of the Catholic Church). Reportedly the letter was personally approved by the pope.[43] Nevertheless, at the pope's behest, an official letter[44] from the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education supported the authority of the then-Archbishop William Levada to resolve tensions between the SII and USF. The archbishop chose not to reverse the firings.[45] [46]

Current Institute

SII now exists as a living-learning community at USF. Students live together in one of the residence halls, participate in monthly community events, and take a humanities-based curriculum designed to introduce them to topics and texts outside their primary fields of study. The current SII bears little resemblance to the original program.[3]

Offspring

The ousting of Director John Galten and his faculty at the SII spawned offspring institutions. Galten, with the assistance of Fessio and his Ignatius Press, launched Campion College of San Francisco in 2002, located just off the USF campus.[43] Friends and alumni of SII also organized a sister college, Campion College of Washington, DC, but it never began operations.[47]

Campion was a two-year Great Books program that effectively transplanted the SII reading list and curriculum,[48] under Galten's watch, to a new junior college granting Associate of Arts degrees to its graduates.[49] Campion operated for two years, graduating fourteen students,[49] before financial constraints forced its closure.[50]

Fessio's participation in the founding of Campion College was viewed by USF authorities and by the Society of Jesus as a direct challenge. Consequently, Fessio's superiors ordered him to have no contact with the new school, and they transferred Fessio to the same Duarte, Calif., hospital where Buckley was chaplain.[50] [51] Fessio later resurfaced as founding chancellor and, later, provost of Ave Maria University, a new Catholic university launched in Naples, Florida, by the mercurial billionaire Thomas S. Monaghan, founder of the Domino's Pizza chain. There Fessio would also run into difficulties with university authorities who stated that they had "irreconcilable differences" with Fessio "over administrative policies and procedures,"[52] and who – according to Fessio – objected to his traditional approach to liturgical worship.[53] Fessio was dismissed from his post, but then rehired to a lesser position at the university.[54]

Notable alumni

Notable faculty and guest lecturers

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: University of San Francisco (USF) - USF Fact Book and Almanac . 2007-09-26 . 2007-09-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070922071224/http://www.usfca.edu/online/about_USF/fact_almanac.html . live .
  2. J. Schall, S.J., "The St. Ignatius Institute", National Catholic Register (January 20, 2001)
  3. Web site: Bain. Rob. 2015-05-08. Centers - St. Ignatius Institute. 2021-07-13. University of San Francisco. en. 2021-07-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20210713175431/https://www.usfca.edu/st-ignatius. live.
  4. The group included John Galten, Fr Francis P. Filice, the Rev. Brian Mullady, OP, et al.
  5. Cornelius M. Buckley, "The Saint Ignatius Institute: A Traditional Catholic College," in America, March 25, 1978.
  6. Cornelius M. Buckley, Ibid; See also: comments by SII Director, Thomas O'Neill, S.J., in Todd Wouters,"A Changing Environment at USF forces Jesuits to Redefine Their Educational Mission," San Francisco Foghorn (Oct. 26, 2006)
  7. http://www.usfca.edu/usfnews/01/04.11.01/fp2b.html "Institute and University Move Forward Together,"
  8. Web site: St. John's College . 2007-09-27 . 2017-07-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170710065000/https://www.stjohnscollege.edu/ . live .
  9. News: A Liberating Education. 2010-11-29. Thomas Aquinas College. 2017-05-29. 2011-06-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20110625095438/http://www.thomasaquinas.edu/curriculum/index.htm. live.
  10. St. Ignatius Institute Prospectus(1984)
  11. As a program within the University of San Francisco, the SII followed the University's non-discrimination policy, as stated in the official USF catalog: "The University of San Francisco admits students of any race, religion, sex, color, handicap, national and ethnic origin to all the rights, privileges, programs, and activities generally accorded or made available to students at the school. It does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, national and/or ethnic origin in administration of its educational policies, admissions policies, scholarships...." in University of San Francisco 1984-85 Catalog, p. 7
  12. "SI Institute: Complex Tapestry," USF Monday Bulletin (Dec. 7, 1987): "Most of the 157 students are Catholic; fewer than 10 percent are not."
  13. "St. Ignatius Institute," in The University of San Francisco Catalogue, 1984
  14. http://www.usfca.edu/usfnews/01/04.11.01/fp2b.html "Institute and University Move Forward Together,"
  15. The phrase was that of the university theologian and critic of the SII, Fr. Bernadicou, see: "St. Ignatius Institute founder fired, future uncertain," National Catholic Register, July 12, 1987, p. 9: Bernadicou asks: "Does the program, as it's now oriented, do justice to the classics they read or are they read from a parti pris position? Do they let the books speak for themselves?"
  16. University of San Francisco College of Arts and Sciences, "Department of Theology and Religious Studies Self-Study", (April 2004)
  17. K. Yamanouchi, "Students, staff protest consolidation of Jesuit institute, The Washington Times, March 31, 2001, p. A11
  18. Web site: Apostolic Constitution On Catholic Universities . 2020-03-16 . 2015-01-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150129200900/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_15081990_ex-corde-ecclesiae_en.html . live .
  19. The Associated Press, "At Catholic university, conservatives feel silenced", The Berkeley Daily Planet (March 25, 2001)
  20. Pamela Schaeffer,"Down to the wire: the mandatum debate - license to teach Catholic theology", National Catholic Reporter (June 15, 2001)
  21. Humanae Vitae: Encyclical Letter of His Holiness Pope Paul VI, Fifteenth Anniversary Commemorative Edition (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, July 1983), prepared by the Rev. Marc Caligari, S.J., "on the occasion of the symposium of July, 1978, sponsored by the Archdiocese of San Francisco and by the St. Ignatius Institute of the University of San Francisco commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Encyclical's promulgation," p. 4
  22. https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/letters/1978/documents/hf_p-vi_let_19780721_arc-san-francisco_en.html "Letter of The Holy Father Paul VI, signed by the Secretary of State, to Msgr. John Raphael Quinn, Archbishop of San Francisco"
  23. Web site: Apologia: Sunday Thought: Malcolm Muggeridge on Humanae Vitae. Luse. William. 2004-01-31. Apologia. 2017-05-29. 2016-01-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20160121221801/http://wluse.blogspot.com/2004/01/sunday-thought-malcolm-muggeridge-on.html. live.
  24. http://www.catholicscholars.org/quarterly.php "Humanae Vitae's Tenth Anniversary"
  25. E. Leiva-Merikakis, "Cult, Culty, and Cultic," The Foghorn, March 6, 1987
  26. Obit. by Marjorie Mader, "People: Louise M. Davies remembered for her generosity; longtime Woodside resident was benefactor of the symphony," The Almanac (July 01, 1998)
  27. Don Lattin, "Pope's help sought in theology class at USF/School protests over orthodox institute", San Francisco Chronicle (Mar. 28, 2001)
  28. http://www.catholicscholars.org/quarterly.php "Father Fessio Fired"
  29. "SI Institute: Complex Tapestry," USF Monday Bulletin (Dec. 7, 1987); cf.Obituary: Robert L Maloney, San Francisco Chronicle, 2007-8-25
  30. http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2001a/021601/021601d.htm "Conservative St. Ignatius Institute revamped"
  31. "USF school paper changes editors." National Catholic Register, May 29, 1988
  32. http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment021201a.shtml Stanley Kurtz, "Save NEH, Save St. Ignatius: Battles in the war," National Review Online (Feb. 12, 2001)
  33. George Neumayr, "Faithful Jesuit Told to Leave USF," San Francisco Faith, 1998
  34. News: Chaplains. 2010-11-29. Thomas Aquinas College. 2017-05-29. 2011-05-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20110519050758/http://www.thomasaquinas.edu/campus/chaplains.htm. live.
  35. Michael Torre, “A Fellowship Founded on Truth: The History of the Saint Ignatius Institute,” in Truth Matters: Essays in Honor of Jacques Maritain (Catholic U. Press: Washington D.C, 2004), 66-75.
  36. Tom Hoopes,"The Late, Great St. Ignatius Institute", National Catholic Register, February 18–24, 2001
    Mary Beth Bonacci, "The Demise of the St. Ignatius Institute",Arlington Catholic Herald, Feb. 8, 2001
    "Review of Daniel Guernsey's Adoration (Ignatius Press, 1999)," in Catholic Business Journal "Guernsey, a '...graduate of the University of San Francisco's St. Ignatius Institute, which he credits for introducing him to the splendor of Catholic thought and wisdom.'" catholicbusinessjournal.biz
  37. http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2001a/022301/022301e.htm "University president responds to critics"
  38. http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/article.cfm?archiveDate=03-25-01&storyID=4040 "At Catholic university, conservatives feel silenced"
  39. Stanley Kurtz, "Fighting Back: The struggle to keep a great-books program marks a turning point", National Review Online March 19, 2001
  40. Web site: Save Liberal Education, Save Saint Ignatius Institute . 2007-09-27 . 2001-03-19 . Guest Comment . National Review . 2007-11-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071123023433/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-kurtz031901B.html . live .
  41. http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2001a/022301/022301e.htm "University president responds to critics"
  42. http://www.usfca.edu/usfnews/01/02.21.01/fp2.html "President Meets with Ignatius Institute Students,"
  43. Philip F. Lawler, "One Piece Missing: A new Catholic institution emerges—with a painful birth",Catholic World Report, April 2002
  44. Letter to University of San Francisco President From Congregation for Catholic Education, Jan. 25, 2002, published on website of Archdiocese of San Francisco
  45. http://www.companysj.com/sjusa/02-03-08.htm#vaticansideswithusf "Vatican Sides with USF in St Ignatius Institute Dispute"
  46. Joe Marti, "Not Without a Fight: What Did the Pope Say About USF?", San Francisco Faith, 2002
    "Conservative St. Ignatius Institute revamped", National Catholic Reporter Feb. 16, 2001
  47. News: Irene . Lagan . Campion College Offers Catholic Alternative . . 2003-10-23 . 2007-09-26 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050223235510/http://www.catholicherald.com/articles/03articles/campion1023.htm . February 23, 2005 .
    cf. Monika K. Hellwig, "President's Letter,", Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities Update, 32:2 (2004): "Campion College of San Francisco is beginning a similar east coast two-year liberal arts college, Campion College of Washington, DC. This is a 64-credit tightly integrated program in western intellectual history."
  48. Stanley Kurtz, "Firing Fessio: The fight for Campion College is now the fight for the soul of higher education in America", National Review Online (Mar. 13, 2002): "Yet Campion College and its curriculum are virtually identical to the curriculum of the...St. Ignatius Institute."
  49. J. Smith, "Campion College celebrates inaugural graduation", Catholic San Francisco (May 28, 2004)
  50. News: Erik . Keilholtz . Just Something Unfortunate: What Happened to Campion College . San Francisco Faith . 2004 . 2007-09-26 . 2007-10-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071013042710/http://www.sffaith.com/ed/articles/2004/0410ek.htm . live .
  51. Christopher Zehnder, "Fessio Exiled: Jesuits Shun Invitation to Support New College", San Francisco Faith, 2002
  52. http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2007/mar/21/top_ave_maria_official_dismissed "Top Ave Maria official dismissed"
  53. "'I know we didn’t see eye-to-eye on things liturgically,' Fessio said," in Liam Dillon, "High-profile priest on inside and outside of life at Ave Maria," Naples Daily News (April 12, 2008); for other accounts of the liturgical rift, see: Brian Mershon, "Chaos erupts at Ave Maria University after Fr. Fessio firing; McCaffrey: Traditionalist Catholics need not apply", Renew America, Apr. 3, 2007
  54. News: Alan . Cooperman . Magnate's Decisions Stir Controversy; Ave Maria University's Beginning Is Marked by Tension of Provost's Firing . Washington Post . 2007-03-25 . 2007-09-26 . 2012-11-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121103073658/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400970_pf.html . live .
  55. Web site: Reallove.net . 2007-09-27 . 2016-05-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160507015514/http://www.reallove.net/index2.asp?CID=1 . dead .
  56. Web site: Insidethevatican.com . 2008-04-16 . 2013-03-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130311184742/http://www.insidethevatican.com/about-us.htm#staff . live .
  57. Web site: Deliagallagherfanclub.blogspot.com . 2008-04-16 . 2006-05-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060520201039/http://deliagallagherfanclub.blogspot.com/ . live .
  58. Web site: NCregister.com . 2007-10-10 . 2020-07-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200726195653/https://www.ncregister.com/info/about_the_register . dead .
  59. Web site: Faithandfamilymag.com . 2022-02-25 . 2022-01-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220122065158/http://www.faithandfamilymag.com/ . live .
  60. Cf., Tom Hoopes, "The Late, Great St. Ignatius Institute," National Catholic Register (2001)
  61. Web site: Prmia.org . 2007-10-10 . 2011-07-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722083424/http://www.prmia.org/Chapter_Pages/Data/Files/927_2188_Frank_Kelly_bio.pdf . live .
  62. James Harrison, et al., The University of San Francisco Don, 1984-1985, p. 132.
  63. News: Robert de Lobkowicz, Prince, 26. 1988-11-01. The New York Times. 2017-05-29. 0362-4331. 2010-02-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20100209030954/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html. live.
  64. News: Missing Persons. The New York Times. 2017-05-29. 2016-12-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20161214140249/http://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/missing-persons. live.
  65. Web site: Secretariat for Communications. 2018-09-01. 2018-09-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20180901051713/https://adw.org/archdiocesan-offices/communications-secretariat/. live.
  66. Michael D. Shear, "Former Bush Scribe To Thompson's Staff," Washington Post (Aug. 23, 2007)
  67. George Neumayr, "Exile: Faithful Jesuit Told to Leave USF," San Francisco Faith (1998)
  68. http://pope2008.typepad.com/weblog/2008/04/a-people-not-ad.html Tom Hoopes, "A People Not Adrift, Part 1,"
  69. Web site: Our Sunday Visitor - The world's largest English language Catholic publisher. Company. Our Sunday Visitor Catholic Publishing. www.osv.com. 2017-05-29. 2013-11-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20131103124737/http://www.osv.com/PapalVisitNav/PapalVisitBlog/tabid/5517/Default.aspx. live.
  70. Catholic News Service, "John Norton named editor of Our Sunday Visitor weekly newspaper (Dec. 20, 2007)
  71. Web site: Franciscan Media. Media. Franciscan. www.americancatholic.org. en. 2017-05-29. 2016-03-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192314/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/DailyNews/todays.asp?date=12%2F20%2F2007. live.
  72. Web site: Communio-icr.com . 2007-10-10 . 2007-11-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071109110410/http://www.communio-icr.com/editors.htm . live .
  73. Wayne A. Holst, "In first book as pope, Benedict seeks to enrich views on Jesus," The Tidings Online (May 18, 2007); S. Suwandi, et al., The University of San Francisco Don, 1990, p. 42
  74. Listed as lecturer in SII in University of San Francisco 1984-85 Catalog, p. 391, and in various other editions
  75. "Cornelius M. Buckley (1973-2000) Professor of History, Emeritus, B.A., Santa Clara University, 1950; M.A., Gonzaga University, 1952; S.L.T., Alma College, 1959; S.T.D., The Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1963." USF Catalog
  76. Book: Buckley, Cornelius M.. When Jesuits Were Giants: Louis-Marie Ruellan, S.J., 1846-1885 and His Contemporaries. 1999. Ignatius Press. 9780898707038. en.
  77. Web site: Campus Chaplains Fr. Cornelius M. Buckley, S. J.: Biography . 2007-09-28 . 2007-10-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071017030742/http://www.thomasaquinas.edu/campus/chaplains.htm . live .
  78. "Dr. Coulson, St. Ignatius Inst.", in University of San Francisco, The Don 1984-1985, eds. J. Harrison et al., (San Francisco: 1985), p. 25.
  79. Web site: William R. Coulson in Psychology. www.cultureshocktv.com. 2017-05-29. 2016-03-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173942/http://www.cultureshocktv.com/coulson/coulson1.html. live.
  80. Web site: C. Cress, MSW, "A False Sense of Entitlement," Understanding the Causes of Financial Elder Abuse Aging Peter Pans Target Parents with Fiscal Abuse, p.3 . 2009-07-04 . 2006-02-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060214212859/http://www.asaging.org/elderabuse/documents/aging%20Peter%20Pan.pdf . live .
  81. http://www.mtio.com/articles/aissar74.htm "Meet Dr. Bill Coulson: Thoughts from the man who, together with Carl Rogers, pioneered the practice of "encounter groups," in Issues, Etc., ed. Don Matzat
  82. Web site: Raymond Dennehy - University of San Francisco (USF) . 2014-10-07 . 2014-10-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141012114231/http://www.usfca.edu/facultydetails.aspx?id=4294969575 . dead .
  83. Web site: France Today . 2007-10-02 . 2004-02-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20040205071137/http://www.netcapricorn.com/mediakit/thefrancetoday.htm . live .
  84. Listed as lecturer in SII in University of San Francisco 1984-85 Catalog, p. 399, and in various other editions
  85. Accepted invitation to speak at 1978 Humanae Vitae symposium, but prevented by illness from attending; cf. "Humanae Vitae's Tenth Anniversary," Fellowship of Catholic Scholars Newsletter, 1:4 (Sept., 1978) p.3; subsequently addressed a class at SII
  86. Addressed 1978 Humanae Vitae symposium; cf. "Humanae Vitae's Tenth Anniversary," Fellowship of Catholic Scholars Newsletter, 1:4 (Sept., 1978) p.3, and lectured the SII summer program in Europe, 1987

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