Sponge isolates explained

thumb|Halichondria produces the eribulin (Halaven) precursor halichondrin BLacking an immune system, protective shell, or mobility, sponges have developed an ability to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds for survival. C-nucleosides isolated from Caribbean Cryptotethya crypta, were the basis for the synthesis of zidovudine (AZT), aciclovir (Cyclovir), cytarabine (Depocyt), and cytarabine derivative gemcitabine (Gemzar).

Isolate	Source	Researched activity / Chemical description
3-Alkylpyridinium (3-AP)	Haplosclerida	hemolytic and cytotoxic^[1]
Agosterol A		anticancer^[2] ^[3]
Aplyzanzine A	Aplysina sp.
Avarol	Dysidea avara	antitumor, antimicrobial^[4] and antiviral^[5] effects
Aciculitin	Aciculites ciliate	antifungal cyclic peptide
Discodermin	Discodermia kiiensis	antimicrobial tetradecapeptide
Dysidenin	Lamellodysidea herbacea	Highly toxic^[6]
Girolline	Girolline	inhibits protein synthesis^[7]
Halichondrin B	Halichondria okadai Kadota (Miura Peninsula)	precursor to eribulin (Halaven)^[8] https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm233863.htm
Halicylindramide	Halichondria	antifungal peptide
Hymenamides	Phakellia fusca	proline-containing cyclopeptide^[9]
Hymenistatin	Phakellia fusca	bio-active proline-containing cyclopeptide
Hyrtinadine A	Hyrtios	bio-active bis-indole alkaloid
Manzamines	various sponge species	bio-active β-carbolines
Mirabamide	Siliquariaspongia mirabilis	antiviral depsipeptide
Neamphamide A	Neamphius huxleyi	antiviral depsipeptide
Onnamide A	Theonella swinhoei	cytotoxic, inhibits protein synthesis^[10]
Peloruside A	Mycale sp. (New Zealand)	cytotoxic / structurally similar to bryostatin
Phakellistatins	Phakellia fusca	proline-containing cyclopeptides
Phoriospongin	Phoriospongia and Callyspongia bilamellata	nematocidal compound
Plakevulin A	Plakortis	DNA polymerase inhibitor
Plakoridine A	Plakortis
Polydiscamide B	Ircinia	the first example of a nonendogenous human SNSR (human sensory neuron-specific G protein couple receptor) agonist^[11]
Ptilomycalin A	Monanchora arbuscula	antifungal spirocyclic guanidine alkaloid / laccase and melanization inhibitor
Sceptrin	Agelas conifera	Antibiotic^[12]
Suberedamine	Suberea
Theonellamide F	Theonella	antimicrobial/antifungal cytotoxic bicyclic dodecapeptide^[13] ^[14]
Topsentolides	Topsentia	cytotoxic oxylipins^[15]
Xestoquinone	Xestospongia	Antimalarial,^[16] antifungal, and cytotoxic^[17]

Semisynthetic analogs of the sponge isolate jasplakinolide, were submitted to National Cancer Institute’s Biological Evaluation Committee in 2011.

Other marine isolates

Trabectedin, aplidine, didemnin, were isolated from sea squirts. Monomethyl auristatin E is a derivative of a dolastatin 10, a compound made by Dolabella auricularia. Bryostatins were first isolated from Bryozoa.

Salinosporamides are derived from Salinispora tropica. Ziconotide is derived from the sea snail Conus magus.

See also

• Bacillus isolates
• Biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing
• Fungal isolates
• Marine pharmacognosy
• Medicinal molds
• Streptomyces isolates

Notes and References

1. SepčIć . Kristina . Guella . Graziano . Mancini . Ines . Pietra . Francesco . Serra . Mauro Dalla . Menestrina . Gianfranco . Tubbs . Kemmons . MačEk . Peter . Turk . Tom . 1997 . Characterization of Anticholinesterase-Active 3-Alkylpyridinium Polymers from the Marine Sponge Reniera saraiin Aqueous Solutions . Journal of Natural Products . 60 . 10 . 991–996 . 10.1021/np970292q . 9358641.
2. Chen . Zhe-Sheng . Aoki . Shunji . Komatsu . Masaharu . Ueda . Kazumitsu . Sumizawa . Tomoyuki . Furukawa . Tatsuhiko . Okumura . Hiroshi . Ren . Xiao-Qin . Belinsky . Martin G. . Lee . Kun . Kruh . Gary D. . 2001 . Reversal of drug resistance mediated by multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 1 by dual effects of agosterol a on MRP1 function . International Journal of Cancer . 93 . 1 . 107–113 . 10.1002/ijc.1290 . 0020-7136 . free . Akiyama . Shin-ichi . Motomasa . Kobayashi. 11391629 .
3. Aoki . Shunji . Chen . Zhe-Sheng . Higasiyama . Kimihiko . Setiawan . I . Akiyama . Shin-ichi . Kobayashi . Motomasa . 2001 . Reversing Effect of Agosterol A, a Spongean Sterol Acetate, on Multidrug Resistance in Human Carcinoma Cells . Japanese Journal of Cancer Research . 92 . 8 . 886–895 . 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01177.x . 11509122 . 0910-5050 . 5926837.
4. Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 26, No. 23 (2014), 8255-8256
5. Sagar, S.; Kaur, M.; Minneman, K. P. Antiviral Lead Compounds from Marine Sponges. Marine Drugs 2010, 8 (10), 2619–2638
6. Van Sande . J . Deneubourg . F . Beauwens . R . Braekman . JC . Daloze . D . Dumont . JE . April 1990 . Inhibition of iodide transport in thyroid cells by dysidenin, a marine toxin, and some of its analogs. . Molecular Pharmacology . 37 . 4 . 583–9 . 2157965.
7. 22620987 . 10.1021/np300102z . 75 . Synthesis and biological evaluation of purpurealidin E-derived marine sponge metabolites: aplysamine-2, aplyzanzine A, and suberedamines A and B . 2012 . J Nat Prod . 1090–101 . Kottakota . SK . Evangelopoulos . D . Alnimr . A . Bhakta . S . McHugh . TD . Gray . M . Groundwater . PW . Marrs . EC . Perry . JD . Spilling . CD . Harburn . JJ. 6 .
8. Towle MJ, Salvato KA, Budrow J, Wels BF, Kuznetsov G, Aalfs KK, etal . In vitro and in vivo anticancer activities of synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogues of halichondrin B. . Cancer Res . 2001 . 61 . 3 . 1013–21 . 11221827 .
9. Zhang HJ, Yi YH, Yang GJ, Hu MY, Cao GD, Yang F, etal . Proline-containing cyclopeptides from the marine sponge Phakellia fusca. . J Nat Prod . 2010 . 73 . 4 . 650–5 . 20345147 . 10.1021/np9008267 .
10. Shigeki Matsunaga . Nobuhiro Fusetani . Youichi Nakao . 1992 . Eight New Cytotoxic Metabolites Closely Related to Onnamide A from Two Marine Sponges of the Genus Theonella . Tetrahedron . 48 . 39 . 8369–8376 . 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)86585-6.
11. Feng Y, Carroll AR, Pass DM, Archbold JK, Avery VM, Quinn RJ . Polydiscamides B-D from a marine sponge Ircinia sp. as potent human sensory neuron-specific G protein coupled receptor agonists. . J Nat Prod . 2008 . 71 . 1 . 8–11 . 18163586 . 10.1021/np070094r .
12. Rodriguez . AD . Lear . MJ . La Clair . JJ . 2008 . Identification of the binding of sceptrin to MreB via a bidirectional affinity protocol . J Am Chem Soc . 130 . 23 . 7256–7258 . 10.1021/ja7114019 . 18479102.
13. Otero-González AJ, Magalhães BS, Garcia-Villarino M, López-Abarrategui C, Sousa DA, Dias SC, etal . Antimicrobial peptides from marine invertebrates as a new frontier for microbial infection control. . FASEB J . 2010 . 24 . 5 . 1320–34 . 20065108 . 10.1096/fj.09-143388 . free .
14. Espiritu RA, Matsumori N, Murata M, Nishimura S, Kakeya H, Matsunaga S, etal . Interaction between the marine sponge cyclic peptide theonellamide A and sterols in lipid bilayers as viewed by surface plasmon resonance and solid-state (2)H nuclear magnetic resonance. . Biochemistry . 2013 . 52 . 14 . 2410–8 . 23477347 . 10.1021/bi4000854 .
15. Luo X, Li F, Hong J, Lee CO, Sim CJ, Im KS, etal . Cytotoxic oxylipins from a marine sponge Topsentia sp. . J Nat Prod . 2006 . 69 . 4 . 567–71 . 16643027 . 10.1021/np0503552 .
16. Laurent . Dominique . Jullian . Valérie . Parenty . Arnaud . Knibiehler . Martine . Dorin . Dominique . Schmitt . Sophie . Lozach . Olivier . Lebouvier . Nicolas . Frostin . Maryvonne . Alby . Frédéric . Maurel . Séverine . 1 July 2006 . Antimalarial potential of xestoquinone, a protein kinase inhibitor isolated from a Vanuatu marine sponge Xestospongia sp . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry . 14 . 13 . 4477–4482 . 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.02.026 . 0968-0896 . 16513357 . Sauvain . Michel . Laurent . Meijer . Christian . Doerig.
17. Nakamura . Mitsuhiro . Kakuda . Takahiko . Qi . Jianhua . Hirata . Masayuki . Shintani . Tomoaki . Yoshioka . Yukio . Okamoto . Tetsuji . Oba . Yuichi . Nakamura . Hideshi . Ojika . Makoto . September 2005 . Novel relationship between the antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of marine-derived metabolite xestoquinone and its family . Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry . 69 . 9 . 1749–1752 . 10.1271/bbb.69.1749 . 0916-8451 . 16195594 . 11599803. free .