Spin qubit quantum computer explained

The spin qubit quantum computer is a quantum computer based on controlling the spin of charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) in semiconductor devices.^[1] The first spin qubit quantum computer was first proposed by Daniel Loss and David P. DiVincenzo in 1997,^[2] also known as the Loss–DiVincenzo quantum computer. The proposal was to use the intrinsic spin-1/2 degree of freedom of individual electrons confined in quantum dots as qubits. This should not be confused with other proposals that use the nuclear spin as qubit, like the Kane quantum computer or the nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer. Intel has developed quantum computers based on silicon spin qubits, also called hot qubits.^{[3] [4] [5]}

Spin qubits so far have been implemented by locally depleting two-dimensional electron gases in semiconductors such a gallium arsenide,^{[6] [7]} silicon^[8] and germanium.^[9] Spin qubits have also been implemented in graphene.^[10]

Loss–DiVicenzo proposal

The Loss–DiVicenzo quantum computer proposal tried to fulfill DiVincenzo's criteria for a scalable quantum computer,^[11] namely:

• identification of well-defined qubits;
• reliable state preparation;
• low decoherence;
• accurate quantum gate operations and
• strong quantum measurements.

A candidate for such a quantum computer is a lateral quantum dot system. Earlier work on applications of quantum dots for quantum computing was done by Barenco et al.^[12]

Implementation of the two-qubit gate

The Loss–DiVincenzo quantum computer operates, basically, using inter-dot gate voltage for implementing swap operations and local magnetic fields (or any other local spin manipulation) for implementing the controlled NOT gate (CNOT gate).

The swap operation is achieved by applying a pulsed inter-dot gate voltage, so the exchange constant in the Heisenberg Hamiltonian becomes time-dependent:

H _{\rm} (t) = J(t) S _{\rm} ⋅ S _{\rm} .

This description is only valid if:

• the level spacing in the quantum-dot

\Delta E is much greater than kT

• the pulse time scale

\tau _{\rm} is greater than \hbar / \Delta E , so there is no time for transitions to higher orbital levels to happen and

• the decoherence time

\Gamma ^{-1} is longer than \tau _{\rm} . k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

From the pulsed Hamiltonian follows the time evolution operator

U _{\rm} (t) = { l{T}} \exp\left\{ - i\int ^{t} _{0} dt' H _{\rm} (t') \right\},

where

{ l{T}} is the time-ordering symbol.

We can choose a specific duration of the pulse such that the integral in time over

J(t) gives J _{0} \tau _{\rm} = \pi \pmod{ 2 \pi}, and U _{\rm} becomes the swap operator U _{\rm} (J _{0} \tau _{\rm} = \pi) \equiv U _{\rm} .

This pulse run for half the time (with

J _{0} \tau _{\rm} = \pi / 2 ) results in a square root of swap gate, U ^{1 / 2} _{\rm sw} .

The "XOR" gate may be achieved by combining

U ^{1 / 2} _{\rm sw} operations with individual spin rotation operations:U _{\rm} = e ^{i (\pi)/(S ^{z} _{\rm L} 2)} e ^{- i (\pi)/(S ^{z} _{\rm R} 2)} U ^{1 / 2} _{\rm sw} e ^{i \pi S ^{z} _{\rm L}} U ^{1 / 2} _{\rm sw} .

The

U _{\rm} operator is a conditional phase shift (controlled-Z) for the state in the basis of S _{\rm} + S _{\rm} . It can be made into a CNOT gate by surrounding the desired target qubit with Hadamard gates.

See also

• Kane quantum computer
• Quantum dot cellular automaton

External links

• QuantumInspire online platform from Delft University of Technology, allows building and running quantum algorithms on "Spin-2" a 2 silicon spin qubits processor.

Notes and References

1. Vandersypen. Lieven M. K.. Eriksson. Mark A.. 2019-08-01. Quantum computing with semiconductor spins. Physics Today. en. 72. 8. 38. 10.1063/PT.3.4270. 2019PhT....72h..38V . 201305644 . 0031-9228.
2. Loss . Daniel . DiVincenzo . David P. . Quantum computation with quantum dots . Physical Review A . 57 . 1 . 1998-01-01 . 1050-2947 . 10.1103/physreva.57.120 . 120–126. free. cond-mat/9701055. 1998PhRvA..57..120L .
3. Web site: Intel releases 12-qubit silicon quantum chip to the quantum community . 22 June 2023 .
4. Web site: Intel Enters the Quantum Computing Horse Race with 12-Qubit Chip .
5. Web site: What Intel is Planning for the Future of Quantum Computing: Hot Qubits, Cold Control Chips, and Rapid Testing - IEEE Spectrum .
6. Petta. J. R.. 2005. Coherent Manipulation of Coupled Electron Spins in Semiconductor Quantum Dots. Science. 309. 5744. 2180–2184. 10.1126/science.1116955. 16141370 . 2005Sci...309.2180P . 9107033 . 0036-8075.
7. Bluhm. Hendrik. Foletti. Sandra. Neder. Izhar. Rudner. Mark. Mahalu. Diana. Umansky. Vladimir. Yacoby. Amir. 2010. Dephasing time of GaAs electron-spin qubits coupled to a nuclear bath exceeding 200 μs. Nature Physics. 7. 2. 109–113. 10.1038/nphys1856. 1745-2473. free.
8. Wang. Siying. Querner. Claudia. Dadosh. Tali. Crouch. Catherine H.. Novikov. Dmitry S.. Drndic. Marija. 2011. Collective fluorescence enhancement in nanoparticle clusters. Nature Communications. 2. 1. 364 . 10.1038/ncomms1357. 21694712 . 2011NatCo...2..364W . 2041-1723. free.
9. Watzinger. Hannes. Kukučka. Josip. Vukušić. Lada. Gao. Fei. Wang. Ting. Schäffler. Friedrich. Zhang. Jian-Jun. Katsaros. Georgios. 2018-09-25. A germanium hole spin qubit. Nature Communications. en. 9. 1. 3902. 10.1038/s41467-018-06418-4. 30254225 . 6156604 . 1802.00395 . 2018NatCo...9.3902W . 2041-1723. free.
10. Trauzettel. Björn. Bulaev. Denis V.. Loss. Daniel. Burkard. Guido. 2007. Spin qubits in graphene quantum dots. Nature Physics. 3. 3. 192–196. cond-mat/0611252. 10.1038/nphys544. 2007NatPh...3..192T . 119431314 . 1745-2473.
11. D. P. DiVincenzo, in Mesoscopic Electron Transport, Vol. 345 of NATO Advanced Study Institute, Series E: Applied Sciences, edited by L. Sohn, L. Kouwenhoven, and G. Schoen (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1997); on arXiv.org in Dec. 1996
12. Barenco. Adriano. Deutsch. David. Ekert. Artur. Josza. Richard. 1995. Conditional Quantum Dynamics and Logic Gates. Phys. Rev. Lett.. en. 74. 20. 4083–4086. quant-ph/9503017. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4083. 10058408 . 1995PhRvL..74.4083B . 26611140 .