Spice, spiciness, or spicity, symbol τ, is a term in oceanography referring to variations in the temperature and salinity of seawater over space or time, whose combined effects leave the water's density unchanged. For a given spice, any change in temperature is offset by a change in salinity to maintain unchanged density. An increase in temperature decreases density, but an increase in salinity increases density. Such density-compensated thermohaline variability is ubiquitous in the upper ocean. Warmer, saltier water is more spicy while cooler, less salty water is more minty.[1] For a density ratio of 1, all the thermohaline variability is spice, and there are no density fluctuations.
\alpha
\beta
\alphad\Theta
\betadS
\alphad\Theta=\betadS
The density
\rho
\tau
\int\rhod\tau=\int\rho\alphad\Theta=\int\rho\betadS
Spiciness could be described as the isothermal gradient of the density that equals the isohaline gradient of the density.
| \tau=2\int | d\rho |
| dS |
|\Theta dS=-2\int
| d\rho | |
| d\Theta |
|Sd\Theta
The isopycnal gradient of spiciness should equal to the isopycnal gradient of temperature and salinity by multiplication with the derivative in the other variable of the density.
d\tau|\rho=2\rhoSdS|\rho=-2\rho\Thetad\Theta|\rho
Another mathematical implication for the existence of a spiciness influence manifests itself in a
S,\Theta
| dS | |
| d\Theta |
| | | ||||
|
A purpose for introducing spiciness is to decrease the amount of state variables needed; the density at constant depth is a function of potential temperature and salinity and of using both, spiciness can be used. If the goal is to only quantify the variation of water parcels along isopycnals, the variation in absolute salinity or temperature can be used instead because it gives the same information with the same amount of variables.
R\rho
R\rho=(-\rho\Theta\Thetaz)/(\rhoSSz)
The vertical variation of this number is often shown in a spiciness-potential density diagram and/or plot, where the angle shows the stability.[4]
The spiciness can be calculated in several programming languages with the Gibbs SeaWater (GSW) toolbox.[5] It is used to derive thermodynamic seawater properties and is adopted by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR). They use the definition of spiciness (gsw_spiciness0, gsw_spiciness1, gsw_spiciness2 at respectively 0, 1000 and 2000 dbar) provided by.[6] These isobars are chosen because they correspond to commonly used potential density surfaces. Areas with constant density but different spiciness have a net water flow of heat and salinity due to diffusion.
The exact definition of spiciness is debated. Specifically, the orthogonality of the density with spiciness and the used scaling factor of potential temperature and salinity. McDougall claims that orthogonality should not be imposed because:
McDougall is adopted by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) due to their implementation of spiciness in the TEOS-10.
Huang[7] claims that the orthogonal system is superior to the non orthogonal system because the coordinates can be regarded as independent and distances between points can be calculated more easily.
McDougall recommended that the spiciness should not be used. Instead, they recommend that the variation of salinity should be used to differentiate between isopycnal water parcels and the stability ratio
R\rho