Sphaeropsis Explained

The Sphaeropsis are a genus of fungi, within the family of Botryosphaeriaceae and within the order of Botryosphaeriales, within the class Dothideomycetes. They are plant pathogens.

Most known species is Sphaeropsis sapinea (or Diplodia sapinea and Diplodia pinea),[1] which is the causal agent of the Diplodia tip blight disease on pines and other conifer species.[2] It is also found on forest and ornamental trees in the Western Balkans, Europe,[3] and in the United States.[4]

History

The genus Sphaeropsis was introduced by Saccardo in 1880 (for several species of Diplodia with brown, aseptate conidia), with Sphaeropsis visci named as the type species. Sphaeropsis was later found to be the asexual morph of Phaeobotryosphaeria (Phillips et al. 2008,[5] 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2017).[6]

Distribution

Species in Sphaeropsis have a cosmopolitan distribution since they have been recorded from both temperate and tropical countries. Including; Germany, Namibia, New Zealand, South Africa, Thailand, (Phillips et al. 2013; Slippers et al. 2014;[7] Farr and Rossman 2019).[8] China (Sphaeropsis citrigena and Sphaeropsis guizhouensis),[9] and Chile.

Etymology

Sphaeropsis is derived from the New Latin from sphaer meaning sphere or globe and opsis meaning appearance, vision. So named as the species are similar in form to the fungal genus Sphaeria,[10] (in the Hypoxylaceae family, Xylariales order).[11]

Hosts

Species Sphaeropsis visci causes leaf-spot disease on Asian mistletoe (Viscum coloratum in China, and also on European mistletoe (Viscum album) populations.[12] [13] [14] While species Sphaeropsis pinea (Needle cast) is a significant problem in Chile.

Species

, the GBIF lists up to 143 species, while Species Fungorum lists about 139 species (out of 374 records).[15] Over 600 species were accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.

This list of species with name, authority and dates is based on the Species Fungorum list.

Former species

Many older species of Sphaeropsis have been transferred to other genera. Such as Sphaeropsis malorum,[10] is now Botryosphaeria stevensii .[15] Aklso Sphaeropsis tumefaciens now Cophinforma tumefaciens.[15] Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens (Sphaeropsis Apple rot),[16] now Xenosphaeropsis pyriputrescens (in the Phacidiaceae family).[15]

Notes and References

  1. Roy . Julien . Kyritsi . Ioanna . Reinwarth . Nadja . Bachelier . Julien B. . Rillig . Matthias C. . Lücking . Robert . Host and abiotic constraints on the distribution of the pine fungal pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea (= Diplodia sapinea) . Frontiers in Forests and Global Change . December 2022 . 5 . 971916 . 10.3389/ffgc.2022.971916 . 2022FrFGC...5.1916R . free .
  2. Blumenstein . Kathrin . Bußkamp . Johanna . Langer . Gitta Jutta . Schlößer . Rebekka . Parra Rojas . Natalia Marion . Terhonen . Eeva . Sphaeropsis sapinea and Associated Endophytes in Scots Pine: Interactions and Effect on the Host Under Variable Water Content . Front. For. Glob. Change . 24 May 2021 . 4 . Sec. Pests, Pathogens and Invasions . 10.3389/ffgc.2021.655769 . 2021FrFGC...4.5769B . free .
  3. Zlatkovic . Milica . Keca . Nenad Djuro . Wingfield . Michael J. . Jami . Fahimeh . Slippers . Bernard . Botryosphaeriaceae associated with the die-back of ornamental trees in the Western Balkans . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . April 2016 . 109 . 4 . 543–564 . 10.1007/s10482-016-0659-8. 26891906 . 2263/52504 . 254232021 . free .
  4. Palmer . M.A. . Stewart . E.L. . Wingfield . M.J. . Variation among isolates of Sphaeropsis sapinea in the north central United States. . Phytopathology . 1987 . 77 . 6 . 944–948. 10.1094/Phyto-77-944 .
  5. Phillips . A.J.L. . Alves . A. . Pennycook . S.R. . Johnston . P.R. . Ramaley . A. . Akulov . A. . Crous . P.W. . Resolving the phylogenetic and taxonomic status of dark-spored teleomorph genera in the Botryosphaeriaceae . Persoonia . December 2008 . 21 . 29–55 . 10.3767/003158508X340742 . 20396576. 2846129 .
  6. Wijayawardene . N. N. . Hyde . Kevin D. . Lumbsch . H.T. . Liu . J.K. . Maharachchikumbura . S.S.N. . Ekanayaka . A.H. . Tian . Q. . Phookamsak . R. . Outline of Ascomycota: 2017. . Fungal Diversity . 2018 . 88 . 167−263. 10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8 . 256066125 .
  7. Slippers . B. . Roux . J. . Wingfield . M.J. . Van der Walt . F.J.J. . Jami . F. . Mehl . J.W.M. . Marais . G.J. . Confronting the constraints of morphological taxonomy in the Botryosphaeriales. . Persoonia . 2014 . 33 . 155–168. 10.3767/003158514X684780 . 25737598 . 4312931 .
  8. Web site: Farr . D. F. . Rossman . A. Y. . Fungal Databases . Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., ARS, USDA. . 21 February 2023 . 2019.
  9. Dissanayake . Asha Janadaree . Chen . Ya-Ya . Cheewangkoon . Ratchadawan . Liu . Jian-Kui Jack . Occurrence and Morpho-Molecular Identification of Botryosphaeriales Species from Guizhou Province, China . Journal of Fungi . October 2021 . 7 . 11 . 893 . 10.3390/jof7110893 . 34829182 . 8618807 . free .
  10. New York (State). Legislature. Assembly
  11. Web site: Sphaeria Haller, 1768 . www.gbif.org . 5 September 2023 . en.
  12. Poczai . P. . Varga . I. . Hyvonen . J. . Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) evolution in populations of the hyperparasitic European mistletoe pathogen fungus, Sphaeropsis visci (Botryosphaeriaceae): the utility of ITS2 secondary structures. . Gene . 2015 . 558 . 1 . 54–64. 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.042 . 25536165 .
  13. Stojanović . S. . The investigation of Sphaeropsis visci (Salm.) Sacc, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides (Sacc.) Penz, parasites on European (Viscum album ssp. typicum Beck). . Zaštita Bilja . 1989 . 40 . 493–503.
  14. Varga . Ildikó . Poczai . Péter . Cernák . István . Hyvönen . Jaakko . Application of direct PCR in rapid rDNA ITS haplotype determination of the hyperparasitic fungus Sphaeropsis visci (Botryosphaeriaceae) . SpringerPlus . 30 September 2014 . 3 . 569 . 10.1186/2193-1801-3-569 . 25332869 . 4193967 . free .
  15. Web site: Species Fungorum - Search Page - Sphaeropsis . www.speciesfungorum.org . 1 September 2023.
  16. Q. Ashton Acton (General Editor)

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