| Post: | Speaker |
| Body: | the House of Commons |
| Insignia: | Commons Canada rendition.svg |
| Insigniasize: | 70 |
| Incumbent: | Greg Fergus |
| Incumbentsince: | October 3, 2023 |
| Style: | The Honourable (while in office) Mr. Speaker (in the Commons) |
| Residence: | The Farm |
| Appointer: | Elected by the members of the House of Commons |
| Termlength: | Elected at the start of each Parliament |
| Salary: | CA$274,500 |
| Inaugural: | James Cockburn |
| Department: | House of Commons of Canada |
| Member Of: | Parliament |
The speaker of the House of Commons (French: président de la Chambre des communes) is the presiding officer of the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. A member of Parliament (MP), they are elected at the beginning of each new parliament by fellow MPs. The speaker's role in presiding over Canada's House of Commons is similar to that of speakers elsewhere in other countries that use the Westminster system.
The 38th Speaker of the House of Commons is Greg Fergus, who assumed the role on October 3, 2023, following the resignation of the 37th speaker, Anthony Rota. He is the first person of colour to be elected speaker. The speaker with the longest tenure is Peter Milliken who was elected for four consecutive terms lasting 10 years, 124 days.
In Canada it is the speaker's responsibility to manage the House of Commons and supervise its staff. It is also the speaker's duty to act as a liaison with the Senate and the Crown. They are to rule over the house and have the government answer questions during the question period as well as keep decorum with the house. The speaker receives a salary of CA$274,500 ($185,800 as an MP in addition to $88,700 as speaker)[1] and has use of a small apartment, in the House of Commons, and an official residence, The Farm, an estate located at Kingsmere in Gatineau Park, Quebec, across the river from Ottawa. In 2015 the speaker managed a budget of $414 million.
Along with the Senate speaker, the speaker of the House is responsible for the Parliamentary Protective Service, which provides security to Parliament Hill with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).[2]
The term "speaker" originates from the British parliamentary tradition. The French term now used in Canada is French: président|label=none (president, chairperson, or presiding officer); the term French: orateur|label=none, a calque (literal translation) of "speaker" and formerly the term used in France for the Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, was used until the early 1980s.[3]
The speaker and their deputies preside over debates of the House of Commons, invite particular members to speak, maintain order and decorum (including reproving members who misbehave), and make rulings on points of order and points of privilege. By parliamentary rule and tradition, all statements in the House are addressed to the speaker, never to another member. For example, one does not say, "Prime Minister, will you explain to this House...", or "Thank you for the question." Instead, one would say, "Mr. Speaker, will the Prime Minister explain to this House..." or "Madam Speaker, I thank the honourable member for her question." Members are not allowed to speak while the speaker is speaking, and must sit down when the speaker rises to speak.
By convention, speakers are normally addressed in Parliament as "Mr. Speaker" (monsieur le président) for a man, and "Madam Speaker" (madame la présidente) for a woman; the speaker has also been addressed using the Inuktitut term ᐅᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᔨ (Uqaqtittiji).[4] [5] Deputies of the speaker who are presiding at a given time are also addressed as "Mr./Madam Speaker."
Although the Constitution requires that the speaker be elected by the House of Commons, traditionally this amounted to the rubber-stamp approval of an MP nominated by the prime minister. However, in 1986 this was changed and they are now selected by secret ballot. The speaker remains a sitting MP, but only votes on matters in the case of a tie.
All MPs except for Cabinet ministers and party leaders are eligible to run for speaker. Any MP who does not wish to put their name forward must issue a letter withdrawing from the ballot by the day before the vote. All MPs who do not remove their name from the ballot as of 6pm the day before the election are listed as candidates on the ballot and are allowed a five-minute speech to persuade their colleagues as to why they should be elected.
The dean of the House supervises the election of the speaker. The current dean is Louis Plamondon, who is also the longest continuously serving MP who is not in Cabinet.
All candidates who receive less than 5% of the vote are removed from the ballot. If no candidate received less than 5% of the vote then the MP with the fewest vote drops off. This continues, with a one-hour break between ballots, until one candidate receives more than 50% of the vote. In the event of a tie on the final ballot, the ballot is taken again. This happened once, in 1993, when Gilbert Parent won over Jean-Robert Gauthier.[6]
The winner is escorted to the speaker's chair by the prime minister and leader of the Official Opposition. The newly elected speaker, by tradition, feigns reluctance as they are "dragged" to the chair[7] in a practice dating from the days when British speakers risked execution if the news they reported to the king was displeasing.[8]
On June 2, 2011, Conservative Andrew Scheer (Regina—Qu'Appelle) was elected speaker, defeating the following MPs over the course of six ballots: New Democrat Denise Savoie (Victoria) and Conservatives Dean Allison (Niagara West—Glanbrook), Barry Devolin (Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock), Ed Holder (London West), Lee Richardson (Calgary Centre), Bruce Stanton (Simcoe North), and Merv Tweed (Brandon—Souris). At the age of, Scheer was the youngest Speaker in Canadian history.
On December 2, 2015, Liberal Geoff Regan was elected speaker by members of the 42nd Parliament over fellow Liberal candidates Denis Paradis, Yasmin Ratansi and Conservative Bruce Stanton.[9] He was the first speaker from Atlantic Canada or Nova Scotia in nearly a hundred years[10] since Edgar Nelson Rhodes in 1922.
Anthony Rota was elected as 37th speaker on December 5, 2019, by winning a ranked ballot between himself, Joël Godin, Carol Hughes, Geoff Regan (the speaker during the previous Parliament), and Bruce Stanton.[11] Following Rota's win, the Conservatives said that he had them to thank for his new election, after they decided in a Conservative caucus meeting to unseat Regan as a show of strength to the Liberal minority government that had obtained from the election that October 21. They did so by ranking Regan lower on the ranked ballot.[12] [13]
The speaker usually comes from among MPs of the governing party. But because they cannot vote unless their vote would break a tie and by convention must vote to maintain the status quo (which includes voting confidence in the government), a minority government can slightly weaken the opposition's power by electing an opposition speaker.
Speakers have been elected from opposition parties during the 1926 tenure of Arthur Meighen's Conservative ministry, the 1979 ministry of Progressive Conservative Joe Clark, and Stephen Harper's Conservative Ministry from 2006 to 2011. In the 39th Parliament, opposition members Peter Milliken, Diane Marleau, and Marcel Proulx ran for speaker. In 1957, when John Diefenbaker took power with a minority Progressive Conservative government, he offered the speaker's chair to Stanley Knowles of the opposition Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (the precursor to the New Democratic Party, or NDP) who declined. So far, every speaker from an opposition party has been a Liberal. Louis Plamondon, who became interim speaker on September 28, 2023 following the resignation of Anthony Rota and will serve until the election of a new speaker in early October, is a member of the Bloc Québécois.
The speaker is required to perform their office impartially, but does not resign from their party membership upon taking office, as is done in the United Kingdom. Speaker Lucien Lamoureux, the 27th holder, decided to follow the custom of the Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and ran in the 1968 election as an independent. Both the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party agreed not to run candidates against him. The New Democratic Party, however, declined to withdraw their candidate. Lamoureux was re-elected and continued to serve as speaker. However, in the 1972 election, the opposition parties did not come to an agreement and ran candidates against him. Lamoureux was again returned but no subsequent speakers have repeated his attempt to run as an independent. The opposition parties may have chosen not to follow the 1968 precedent because of how close the election was: it produced a Liberal minority government with just two more seats than the Conservatives.
On May 19, 2005, Speaker Peter Milliken was required to cast the tie-breaking vote during a confidence measure for the first time in Canadian history. Faced with the defeat of Paul Martin's minority government, Milliken voted in favour of the NDP budget amendment. Despite popular belief that the speaker, as a Liberal MP, would automatically support the government, his vote was pre-determined by other factors. As speaker, Milliken's vote must be cast to allow the continuation of debate, or to maintain the status quo, a reflection of Speaker Denison's rule practiced in the British House of Commons. Thus, the speaker voted in favour of second reading, "to allow the House time for further debate so that it can make its own decision at some future time."[14] The bill would later pass third reading without the need for Milliken's vote.
Speakers have only needed to vote in order to break a tie 11 times in Canadian parliamentary history. Milliken did so on five occasions, almost more than all previous speakers combined.[15]
In addition to the speaker, a deputy speaker, also known as the Chair of Committees (of the whole), is elected at the beginning of each parliament to act in place of the speaker when the latter is unavailable. Under the Standing Orders, the speaker, after consulting with each of the party leaders, nominates a candidate for deputy speaker to the House, which then votes on that nomination. The deputy speaker presides over daily sessions of the House when the speaker is not in the chair. The deputy speaker also chairs the House when it sits as a Committee of the Whole. Other presiding officers, the deputy chair of committees and the assistant deputy chair of committees, are chosen each session to occupy the chair when the speaker and deputy speaker are not available. The deputy speaker and the other presiding officers are members of the Panel of Chairs, and can therefore be selected by the speaker to chair legislative committees. Like the speaker, the deputy speaker has a role in administering the House.[16]
The deputy speaker of the 44th Canadian Parliament was Chris d'Entremont (Conservative); and the assistant deputy speaker was Carol Hughes (NDP).[17]
The Chair of Committees is vested by Subsection 43(1) of the Parliament of Canada Act with full and adequate authority to address matters in the titular Speaker's absence: "Whenever the House of Commons is informed of the unavoidable absence of the Speaker thereof by the Clerk at the table, the Chairman of Committees, if present, shall take the chair and perform the duties and exercise the authority of Speaker in relation to all the proceedings of the House, as Deputy Speaker."[18]
Most former speakers retire from Parliament after their tenure as speaker, sometimes after returning to the backbench for a period. Several have been appointed to diplomatic positions, summoned to the Senate, or appointed to a vice-regal position such as lieutenant-governor of a province or, in two cases, governor general of Canada (Roland Michener and Jeanne Sauvé). While several former Cabinet ministers have served as speaker or stood for the position, no former speakers have subsequently been appointed to Cabinet. One speaker, Andrew Scheer, has gone on to assume a front bench position in the House of Commons: Scheer became leader of the Conservative Party of Canada in 2017 and served as leader of the Opposition from 2017 to 2020.
The resignation of Speaker Anthony Rota on September 27, 2023, led to an unprecedented situation in which there was no Speaker while the House had several sitting days already planned. To give time for the election of a new Speaker to be organized, the House moved on September 27 to name Louis Plamondon of the Bloc Québécois as interim Speaker until the election. He was chosen as interim speaker by virtue of his status as Dean of the House, the longest-serving MP who is not a cabinet member or party leader; the Dean of the House is in any event in charge of presiding over the election of a Speaker at the beginning of a new Parliament. [19]
On March 9, 2016 Liberal MP Mauril Bélanger served as honorary speaker for about an hour to honour his years of service.[20] Speaker Regan resumed his duties for the remainder of the sitting of the House.
Mauril Bélanger had initially been considered a front runner for the post of Speaker the previous year, but had withdrawn due to his being diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Bélanger died on August 15, 2016, five months after being named honorary speaker.[20]
The speaker's counterpart in the upper house is the speaker of the Senate of Canada. Canadian provincial and territorial legislatures also have speakers with much the same roles. The position was preceded by the speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada.
Key:
| No. | Portrait | Name Electoral district (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Term length | Party | Parliament | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Term start | Term end | |||||||
| 1 | James Cockburn MP for Northumberland West (1818–1883) | November 6, 1867 | March 5, 1874 | Conservative | 1st | |||
| 2nd | ||||||||
| 2 | Timothy Anglin MP for Gloucester (1822–1896) | March 26, 1874 | February 12, 1879 | Liberal | 3rd | |||
| 3 | Joseph-Goderic Blanchet MP for Lévis (1829–1890) | February 13, 1879 | February 7, 1883 | Liberal-Conservative | 4th | |||
| 4 | George Airey Kirkpatrick MP for Frontenac (1841–1899) | February 8, 1883 | July 12, 1887 | Conservative | 5th | |||
| 6th | ||||||||
| 5 | Joseph-Aldric Ouimet MP for Laval (1848–1916) | July 13, 1887 | July 28, 1891 | Liberal-Conservative | ||||
| 7th | ||||||||
| 6 | Peter White MP for Renfrew North (1838–1906) | July 29, 1891 | August 18, 1896 | Conservative | ||||
| 7 | James David Edgar MP for Ontario West (1841–1899) | August 19, 1896 | July 31, 1899 | Liberal | 8th | |||
| 8 | Thomas Bain MP for Wentworth South (1834–1915) | August 1, 1899 | February 5, 1901 | Liberal | ||||
| 9 | Louis-Philippe Brodeur MP for Rouville (1862–1924) | February 6, 1901 | January 18, 1904 | Liberal | 9th | |||
| 10 | Napoléon Belcourt MP for Ottawa (City of) (1860–1932) | March 10, 1904 | January 10, 1905 | Liberal | ||||
| 11 | Robert Franklin Sutherland MP for Essex North (1859–1922) | January 11, 1905 | January 19, 1909 | Liberal | 10th | |||
| 12 | Charles Marcil MP for Bonaventure (1860–1937) | January 20, 1909 | November 14, 1911 | Liberal | 11th | |||
| 13 | Thomas Simpson Sproule MP for Grey East (1843–1917) | November 15, 1911 | December 2, 1915 | Conservative | 12th | |||
| 14 | Albert Sévigny MP for Dorchester (1881–1961) | January 12, 1916 | January 7, 1917 | Conservative | ||||
| 15 | Edgar Nelson Rhodes MP for Cumberland (1877–1942) | January 18, 1917 | March 5, 1922 | Conservative | ||||
| 13th | ||||||||
| 16 | Rodolphe Lemieux MP for Gaspé (1866–1937) | March 8, 1922 | June 2, 1930 | Liberal | 14th | |||
| 15th | ||||||||
| 16th | ||||||||
| 17 | George Black MP for Yukon (1873–1965) | September 8, 1930 | January 16, 1935 | Conservative | 17th | |||
| 18 | James Langstaff Bowman MP for Dauphin (1879–1951) | January 17, 1935 | February 5, 1936 | Conservative | ||||
| 19 | Pierre-François Casgrain MP for Charlevoix—Saguenay (1886–1950) | February 6, 1936 | May 10, 1940 | Liberal | 18th | |||
| 20 | James Allison Glen MP for Marquette (1877–1950) | May 16, 1940 | September 5, 1945 | Liberal | 19th | |||
| 21 | Gaspard Fauteux MP for St. Mary (1898–1963) | September 6, 1945 | September 14, 1949 | Liberal | 20th | |||
| 22 | William Ross Macdonald MP for Brantford (1891–1976) | September 15, 1949 | June 11, 1953 | Liberal | 21st | |||
| 23 | Louis-René Beaudoin MP for Vaudreuil—Soulanges (1912–1970) | November 12, 1953 | October 13, 1957 | Liberal | 22nd | |||
| 24 | Roland Michener MP for St. Paul's (1900–1991) | October 14, 1957 | September 26, 1962 | Progressive Conservative | 23rd | |||
| 24th | ||||||||
| 25 | Marcel Lambert MP for Edmonton West (1919–2000) | September 27, 1962 | May 15, 1963 | Progressive Conservative | 25th | |||
| 26 | Alan Macnaughton MP for Mount Royal (1903–1999) | May 16, 1963 | January 17, 1966 | Liberal | 26th | |||
| 27 | Lucien Lamoureux MP for Stormont—Dundas (1920–1998) | January 18, 1966 | September 29, 1974 | Liberal | 27th | |||
| Independent | 28th | |||||||
| 29th | ||||||||
| 28 | James Jerome MP for Sudbury (1933–2005) | September 30, 1974 | December 14, 1979 | Liberal | 30th | |||
| 31st | ||||||||
| 29 | Jeanne Sauvé MP for Laval-des-Rapides (1922–1993) | April 14, 1980 | January 15, 1984 | Liberal | 32nd | |||
| 30 | Lloyd Francis MP for Ottawa West (1920–2007) | January 16, 1984 | November 4, 1984 | Liberal | ||||
| 31 | John Bosley MP for Don Valley West (1947–2022) | November 5, 1984 | September 29, 1986 | Progressive Conservative | 33rd | |||
| 32 | John Allen Fraser MP for Vancouver South (1931–2024) | September 30, 1986 | January 16, 1994 | Progressive Conservative | ||||
| 34th | ||||||||
| 33 | Gilbert Parent MP for Welland—St. Catharines—Thorold (until 1997) MP for Niagara Centre (from 1997) (1935–2009) | January 17, 1994 | January 28, 2001 | Liberal | 35th | |||
| 36th | ||||||||
| 34 | Peter Milliken MP for Kingston and the Islands (born 1946) | January 29, 2001 | June 2, 2011 | Liberal | 37th | |||
| 38th | ||||||||
| 39th | ||||||||
| 40th | ||||||||
| 35 | Andrew Scheer MP for Regina—Qu'Appelle (born 1979) | June 2, 2011 | December 2, 2015 | Conservative | 41st | |||
| 36 | Geoff Regan MP for Halifax West (born 1959) | December 3, 2015 | December 5, 2019 | Liberal | 42nd | |||
| 37 | Anthony Rota MP for Nipissing—Timiskaming (born 1961) | December 5, 2019 | September 27, 2023 | Liberal | 43rd | |||
| 44th | ||||||||
| – | Louis Plamondon MP for Bécancour—Nicolet—Saurel (born 1943) (Interim) | September 27, 2023 | October 3, 2023 | Bloc Québécois | ||||
| 38 | Greg Fergus MP for Hull—Aylmer (born 1969) | October 3, 2023 | Incumbent | Liberal | ||||