Spartanburg, South Carolina Explained

Spartanburg, South Carolina should not be confused with Spartansburg, Pennsylvania.

Spartanburg
Settlement Type:City
Nickname:The Hub City, Sparkle City, The Burg
Motto:"Always Doing"
Image Blank Emblem:Sburglogo.jpg
Mapsize:250px
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Type2:County
Subdivision Name2:Spartanburg
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Jerome Rice[1]
Established Title:Founded
Established Date:1787[2]
Established Title2:Incorporated
Established Date2:1831
Total Type:Total
Area Total Km2:52.75
Area Total Sq Mi:20.37
Area Land Km2:52.46
Area Land Sq Mi:20.25
Area Water Km2:0.29
Area Water Sq Mi:0.11
Area Water Percent:0.54
Population As Of:2020
Population Total:38732
Pop Est As Of:2023
Population Est:39040
Population Rank:11th in South Carolina
Population Metro:383327 (US: 144th)
Population Urban Footnotes:[3]
Population Urban:196,943 (US: 198th)
Population Density Urban Sq Mi:1,088.1
Population Density Km2:738.37
Population Density Sq Mi:1912.41
Population Demonym:Spartans
Timezone:Eastern
Utc Offset:−05:00
Timezone Dst:Eastern
Utc Offset Dst:−04:00
Coordinates:34.9467°N -81.9275°W
Elevation Ft:797
Postal Code Type:ZIP Codes
Postal Code:29301–29307
Area Code:864
Blank Name:FIPS code
Blank Info:45-68290
Blank1 Name:GNIS feature ID
Blank1 Info:1250982
Unit Pref:Imperial
Area Footnotes:[4]
Blank Emblem Type:Logo
Named For:The Spartan Regiment[5]

Spartanburg is a city in and the seat of Spartanburg County, South Carolina, United States.[6] The city had a population of 38,732 as of the 2020 census, making it the 11th-most populous city in the state. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) groups Spartanburg and Union counties together as the Spartanburg, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area.[7]

Spartanburg is the second-largest city in the greater Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 1,590,636 in 2023.[8] It is part of a ten-county region of northwestern South Carolina known as "The Upstate", and is located northwest of Columbia, west of Charlotte, North Carolina, and about northeast of Atlanta, Georgia.

Spartanburg is the home of Wofford College, Converse University, Spartanburg Community College, and Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine and the area is home to USC Upstate, Sherman College of Chiropractic and Spartanburg Methodist College. It is also the site of Denny's corporate headquarters.

History

Spartanburg was formed in 1785, after a deal was made with the Cherokee in 1753, and was named after a local militia called the Spartan Regiment in the American Revolutionary War. The Spartan Regiment, commanded by Andrew Pickens, participated in the nearby Battle of Cowpens. In 1831, Spartanburg was incorporated, later becoming known as the "Hub City"; railroad lines radiated from the city forming the shape of a wheel hub.

It became a center of textile manufacturing in the late 19th century, with around 40 textile mills being established through the early 1900s.

In 1911, under the sponsorship of the Spartanburg Herald and the United Daughters of the Confederacy, the city erected a confederate monument at the intersection of South Church and Henry Streets, overlooking downtown.[9] It was moved in 1966 to Duncan Park.[10]

During World War I, Camp Wadsworth was used to train 100,000 soldiers for the war. Camp Croft trained soldiers during World War II. The facility was transferred to the state and adapted as Croft State Park.

By the 1950s, the production in these mills began to decline as wages increased. Most textile manufacturing jobs were moved offshore by the companies.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and (0.54%) is water.[4] The most common soil series is Cecil.[11] The bedrock is mostly biotite gneiss.[12]

Climate

The city of Spartanburg has a humid subtropical climate with long, hot, and humid summers, and cool to semimild winters. The average annual temperature is . In the summer from June through September, average highs are in the 80s °F (20s °C) to low 90s °F (30s °C), while in the winter, average highs are in the mid-50s °F (10s °C). Annual rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the whole year. Spartanburg receives very little snowfall, with the annual average being only 1.4inches. Average precipitation is 51.3inches and the average growing season is 231 days.

Demographics

2020 census

Spartanburg racial composition[13] !Race!Num.!Perc.
White (non-Hispanic)17,07644.09%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)16,94543.75%
Native American670.17%
Asian7872.03%
Pacific Islander640.17%
Other/Mixed1,5133.91%
Hispanic or Latino2,2805.89%

As of the 2020 census, 38,732 people, 15,154 households, and 8,638 families resided in the city.

2010 census

At the 2010 census, there were 37,013 people, 15,989 households, and 9,721 families residing in the city. The population density was 2066.3sp=usNaNsp=us. The 17,696 housing units had an average density of 923.9sp=usNaNsp=us. The racial makeup was 49.55% African American, 47.15% White, 0.18% Native American, 1.33% Asian, 0.82% from other races, and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.78% of the population.

Of the 15,989 households, 28.9% had children under 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 23.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% were not families. About 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.33, and the average family size was 3.00.

In the city, the age distribution was 25.2% under 18, 12.2% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,735, and for a family was $36,108. Males had a median income of $30,587 versus $23,256 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,136. About 29.4% of families and 23.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.6% of those under age 18 and 15.4% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Within the past decade, developers and community leaders have spearheaded an effort to revitalize Spartanburg's downtown commercial district. This has resulted in a remodeling of Morgan Square, the restoration of a number of historic structures and the relocation of several businesses and company headquarters to the downtown vicinity. These new developments include a nine-floor, 240-room Marriott hotel.

Spartanburg is home to many large companies, including Denny's, KYMCO, Smith Drug Company, Advance America Cash Advance, Southern Conference, Spartanburg Herald-Journal, RJ Rockers Brewing Company, American Credit Acceptance, and Upward Sports.

The economy of Spartanburg benefits from the BMW manufacturing facility located in the city of Greer, South Carolina, which is in Spartanburg County. As of February 2017, the plant employed around 8,800 people with an average daily output of about 1,400 vehicles.

Spartanburg is also home to the world headquarters and research facility for Milliken & Company, a textile and chemical manufacturer.

Top employers

According to Spartanburg's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[14] the principal employers in the city are:

Employer
  1. of employees
1Spartanburg Regional9,648
2Spartanburg County1,515
3Spartanburg School District 71,273
4RedSail Technologies, LLC485
5Wofford College421
6City of Spartanburg416
7Spartanburg Hospital for Restorative Care300
8Converse College260
9Denny's Corporate Office250
10Advance America, Inc.233

Arts and culture

Cultural events and institutions in the city include:

Points of interest

Early European settlers to this area included French fur trappers, English woodsmen, and Scots-Irish farmers. Few remnants survive from these early pioneering days, but traces can be found in the more rural areas of the county.

First established in the 1780s as a courthouse village, Spartanburg may have been named for the Spartan regiment of the South Carolina militia. The city was incorporated in 1831, at the time of the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Cowpens, a pivotal fight of the American Revolution that took place only a few miles away. The city's streets and architectural record reflect the changes of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Cotton mills have abounded in the Spartanburg area since 1816, earning Spartanburg the reputation as the "Lowell of the South." Although there were few mills in the area before the Civil War, technological advances, northern capital, and out-migration from the poor farms that made white labor available, created a wave of postbellum mill development here and in much of the Piedmont South. Additionally, the abundant streams and rivers in the area are just beginning their descent towards the lower-lying Midlands region. In many places, these waterways descend abruptly, providing a source for plentiful waterpower. Cotton mills were built along these rivers to harness this power, and so began the region's servitude to King Cotton. These mills, their owners and their slaves dominated the politics and economy of the region for nearly a century. Although nearly all abandoned, many mills remain along the riverbanks, the Piedmont equivalent of Gothic ruins.

When the United States entered World War I in 1917, one of the sixteen divisional cantonments for the training of National Guard troops was Camp Wadsworth, which is located in the vicinity of Westgate Mall. Large numbers of New York National Guardsmen trained there in addition to many southern troops. During World War II, Camp Croft south of the city trained Army recruits. This is now a South Carolina state park with the same name. Some portions of the park contain the original quonset huts.

Attractions

Sports

Spartanburg formerly hosted the NFL's Carolina Panthers training camp each year on the campus of Wofford College from 1995-2023. The Panthers moved their training camp to Charlotte in 2024. [32]

Duncan Park Stadium is one of the oldest baseball stadiums in the country.[33] It was once home to the Spartanburg Stingers[34] in the Coastal Plain League (CPL)[35] and the Spartanburg Crickets[36] in the Southern Collegiate Baseball League.[37] It was also once home to the Spartanburg Peaches, a minor league affiliate of the Cleveland Indians and the Spartanburg Phillies, a minor league team of the Philadelphia Phillies. It now is the home stadium for the baseball teams of Spartanburg High School. In 2021, it was the home field for the Spartanburgers in the CPL.[38] [39]

The Shrine Bowl of the Carolinas is held each year at Wofford's Gibbs Stadium. It is a high school football all-star game played between the top players from South Carolina and the top players from North Carolina.

The USC Upstate Spartans, Spartanburg Methodist College Pioneers, Wofford College Terriers, and Converse University Valkyries offer a variety of sports for both men and women. The Southern Conference is also headquartered in Spartanburg.

The city hosts the Spartanburg Criterium. The criterium is a yearly event and is usually one of the events associated with Speed Week which is part of the USA Crits bicycle racing series. The event is billed as the “fastest night in Spartanburg”.

Upward Sports, a Christian-based sports organization for kids, is headquartered in Spartanburg.[40]

The Down East Wood Ducks baseball team of the Carolina League are planned to move to the currently under-construction Fifth Third Park in downtown Spartanburg in April 2025.[41] [42] The team will be renamed the Hub City Spartanburgers.[43]

Boiling Springs FC, a semiprofessional soccer team of the United Premier Soccer League, began play in 2024.[44]

Government

The current mayor, Jerome Rice, was elected in 2021. Spartanburg operates under a city manager form of government in which the mayor and six city council members have equal votes. Council members represent districts within the city and the mayor is elected at large. The council appoints a city manager, who is responsible for the daily administration of city governmental affairs.[45]

City Hall was located at 145 West Broad Street, however that building was demolished and the city offices are currently located at 187 W Broad Street[46] while a joint joint government complex for the city and county offices is under construction.[47] City council meets on the second and fourth Monday of the month at the Spartanburg County Administration Building.[48]

The Spartanburg County Administration Building (the old Sears building which was vacated in the mid-1970s when Sears moved to Westgate Mall and renovated in the late 1980s or early 1990s) is located at 366 North Church Street. It is across the street from the Spartanburg Memorial Auditorium.

Education

Colleges

Spartanburg is a college town, with four institutions of higher learning:

In the area:

Public and private schools

Most of the City of Spartanburg's public schools are run by Spartanburg County School District 7, one of seven loosely affiliated districts located in Spartanburg County. District 7 students are zoned to Spartanburg High School. However, the westernmost part of the city is served by Spartanburg County School District 6,[49] which has two elementary schools within city limits. District 6 students are zoned to Paul M. Dorman High School in Roebuck.

The Spartanburg area is home to the main campus of the South Carolina School for the Deaf and the Blind, which is outside of the city limits in an unincorporated area. It has five Regional Outreach Centers throughout the state.[50] The city is also home to Spartanburg Preparatory School, a K–8 public charter school that is the only "brick and mortar" charter school in the Upstate.[51]

Spartanburg is also home to Spartanburg Christian Academy, a K–12 private school in North Spartanburg,[52] the Spartanburg Day School, a K–12 private school offering the International Baccalaureate in grades K–4, and to Oakbrook Preparatory and Westgate Christian schools, both K–12 private schools.[53] Located in Hampton Heights, the Montessori Academy of Spartanburg is a PreK-8 private school providing a Montessori educational approach.[54] The Meeting Street Academy in downtown Spartanburg is a branch of a Charleston-based private school and currently offers PreK and Kindergarten.[55]

St. Paul the Apostle Catholic School is located in downtown Spartanburg. It is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston and is K–8.[56]

Media

Spartanburg is part of the much greater Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson-Asheville DMA which is the nation's 37th largest in the country and is served by the following major television affiliates:[62]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Public transit

Spartanburg is served by the Spartanburg Area Regional Transit Agency (SPARTA), covering the city of Spartanburg and the surrounding urbanized area with 8 routes leading to a wide variety of destinations. All SPARTA buses are equipped with bicycle racks. Two hybrid-electric buses were added to the fleet in 2012.[63] The SPARTA Passenger Center is located at 100 North Liberty Street and also serves Greyhound buses.

Mass Transit is provided to all citizens of Spartanburg County through Spartanburg County Dial-A-Ride. It is a door to door service that operates six days a week.

Airports

The Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport (GSP) lies mostly in suburban Greer, and it serves Greenville as well as Spartanburg. It has become one of the busiest airports in South Carolina.

The Spartanburg Downtown Memorial Airport (SPA) is a general aviation/small craft airport owned and operated by the City, which lies southwest of town.[64]

Railroad station

Amtrak's Crescent train connects Spartanburg with the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Greensboro, Charlotte, Atlanta, Birmingham and New Orleans. The Amtrak station is situated at 290 Magnolia Street.

Healthcare

Spartanburg County's healthcare is mainly provided by Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System. Spartanburg Regional is a public, not-for-profit, integrated health care delivery system with several facilities in Spartanburg, including:

Notable people

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Wen . Eva . 2022-01-11 . New Spartanburg mayor and council sworn in as the city gets ready for a new year . . 2022-01-11.
  2. Web site: SCPL Historical Digital Collections. Spartanburg County Public Libraries. October 15, 2018.
  3. Web site: List of 2020 Census Urban Areas. census.gov. United States Census Bureau. January 8, 2023.
  4. Web site: ArcGIS REST Services Directory. United States Census Bureau. October 15, 2022.
  5. Web site: A Brief History of Spartanburg. Visitspartanburg.com. June 25, 2016 . December 7, 2022.
  6. Web site: Find a County. National Association of Counties. June 7, 2011.
  7. Web site: July 21, 2023 . OMB Bulletin No. 23-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas . July 21, 2023 . . July 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230721214234/https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/OMB-Bulletin-23-01.pdf . live .
  8. Web site: March 14, 2024 . Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2023 . March 15, 2024 . United States Census Bureau, Population Division.
  9. Web site: 2023-02-18 . Confederate Monument, Spartanburg S. C. . 2023-02-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230218164045/http://www.schistory.net/SCV/articles/CS%20Monument%20in%20Spartanburg.pdf?123 . February 18, 2023 .
  10. Web site: 2023-02-18 . CONTENTdm . 2023-02-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230218163558/https://cdm17281.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/shjw/id/569 . February 18, 2023 .
  11. Web site: SoilWeb: An Online Soil Survey Browser | California Soil Resource Lab. Casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu. March 30, 2023.
  12. Nystrom, P.G., Jr., 2002, Geologic map of the Spartanburg quadrangle, Spartanburg County, South Carolina: South Carolina Geological Survey, Open-File Report OFR-144, scale 1:24,000
  13. Web site: Explore Census Data. 2021-12-10. data.census.gov.
  14. Web site: City of Spartanburg Annual Comprehensive Financial Report . May 23, 2022.
  15. Web site: Welcome :: Chapman Cultural Center . Chapmanculturalcenter.org . July 2, 2023.
  16. Web site: Welcome to the Chapman Cultural Center . Spartanarts.org . December 12, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090901170156/http://www.spartanarts.org/ . September 1, 2009.
  17. Web site: Converse University . December 28, 2021 . Converse.edu.
  18. Web site: Spartanburg County Public Libraries . Infodepot.org . December 12, 2010.
  19. Web site: Spartanburg County Public Libraries. 2021-02-10. Spartanburglibraries.org.
  20. Web site: October 22, 2007 . Wofford College . December 12, 2010 . Wofford.edu.
  21. Web site: Edwin M. Griffin Nature Preserve . https://web.archive.org/web/20100702000517/http://www.spartanburgconservation.org/edwin.htm . July 2, 2010 . Spartanburg Area Conservancy . December 12, 2010.
  22. Web site: Cottonwood Trail SPACE . Spartanburg Area Conservancy . July 2, 2023 . en.
  23. Web site: About Us. 2020-06-19. Hatcher Garden. en-US.
  24. Book: Spartanburg, City and County, South Carolina . 1888 . Spartanburg Board of Trade . 5.
  25. Web site: Former Textile Mill Once Again Buzzes with Activity. WYFF. September 8, 2016.
  26. Web site: Beaumont Village Local Historic District . Cityofspartanburg.org . January 29, 2012.
  27. Web site: Glendale Mill – Glendale South Carolina SC. Sciway.net. December 7, 2011. September 8, 2016.
  28. News: Glendale Shoals bridge to receive $600,000 makeover. Doughman. Andrew. Spartanburg Herald-Journal. September 8, 2016.
  29. Web site: Hub City Farmers Market. Hubcityfm.org. 2022-01-11.
  30. Web site: Hub City Railroad Museum . July 20, 2012 . Hubcityrailroadmuseum.org.
  31. Web site: Spartanburg Music Trail . July 20, 2012 . spartanburgmusictrail.com.
  32. Web site: Lavender . Chris . 2023-12-06 . Spartanburg to lose millions as Panthers move training camp to Charlotte in 2024 . 2024-07-23 . The Post and Courier . en.
  33. Web site: Viquez . Marc . September 23, 2020 . Shibe Park seats still exist . October 28, 2023 . MLB.com . en.
  34. Web site: Spartanburg Stingers . Spartanburg Stingers . September 1, 2011.
  35. Web site: Coastal Plain League . https://web.archive.org/web/20150811233225/http://www.coastalplain.com/ . dead . August 11, 2015 . March 30, 2023.
  36. Web site: Southern Collegiate Baseball League – Home Page – Pointstreak Sites . Scbl.org.
  37. Web site: Home Page | Southern Collegiate Baseball League . Scbl.org . July 19, 2015 . November 8, 2016 . July 3, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080703040249/http://www.scbl.org./ . dead .
  38. News: Lavender . Chris . Fans fired up for Spartanburgers baseball team on opening night at Duncan Park . June 2, 2023 . Spartanburg Herald-Journal . May 28, 2021.
  39. News: Gabe . Whisnant . Despite postponed season, Spartanburgers coach, city believe in future of CPL baseball . June 2, 2023 . Spartanburg Herald-Journal . March 4, 2022 . en.
  40. Web site: Upward Sports – Providing the best sports experience for every child . Upward.org . December 12, 2010.
  41. News: Boschult . Christian . Spartanburg gets a minor league baseball team, plans downtown stadium . May 25, 2023 . . . May 23, 2023 . en . live . subscription . https://web.archive.org/web/20230523144520/https://www.postandcourier.com/spartanburg/news/spartanburg-gets-a-minor-league-baseball-team-plans-downtown-stadium/article_1e221f9c-f597-11ed-b574-7f6b7753c03b.html . May 23, 2023.
  42. News: Christian . Boschult . The 'multiplier effect': Spartanburg breaks ground on stadium to transform downtown . . . November 3, 2023 . November 8, 2023 . live . subscription . https://web.archive.org/web/20231108205225/postandcourier.com/spartanburg/news/spartanburg-downtown-baseball-stadium-named-fifth-third-park-impact-local-economy/article_012b3dae-7a50-11ee-84f9-a3ca148e66df.html . November 8, 2023.
  43. News: Benjamin . Hill . Well done: Texas affiliate debuts Hub City identity . MiLB.com . May 11, 2024 . May 11, 2024.
  44. Web site: White . Max . 2024-06-25 . Spartanburg Co.'s new semiprofessional soccer team with MLS aspirations: Boiling Springs FC . 2024-07-23 . The Post and Courier . en.
  45. Web site: City Council . City of Spartanburg . December 12, 2010.
  46. Web site: Contact Spartanburg, SC . 2024-07-23 . www.cityofspartanburg.org.
  47. Web site: Lavender . Chris . 2023-01-09 . New Spartanburg joint government complex entering design phase . 2024-07-23 . The Post and Courier . en.
  48. Web site: City Council Spartanburg, SC . 2024-07-23 . www.cityofspartanburg.org.
  49. Web site: 2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Spartanburg County, SC. U.S. Census Bureau. 2021-07-05.
  50. Web site: South Carolina School for the Deaf and the Blind . Scsdb.org . December 12, 2010.
  51. Web site: Spartanburg Preparatory School . Spartanburg Preparatory School . June 3, 2014.
  52. Web site: Spartanburg Christian Academy . Scawarriors.org . December 6, 2010 . December 12, 2010.
  53. Web site: Oakbrook Preparatory School . Oakbrookprep.org . December 12, 2010.
  54. Web site: Montessori Academy of Spartanburg . montessorispartanburg.com . June 7, 2014.
  55. Web site: Meeting Street Academy – Spartanburg . meetingstreetacademy.com . June 7, 2014.
  56. Web site: St Paul the Apostle Catholic School Spartanburg SC . https://web.archive.org/web/20110208040712/http://stpaulschoolsc.com/St_Paul_the_Apostle_Catholic_School_Spartanburg_SC.html . February 8, 2011 . Stpaulschoolsc.com . December 12, 2010.
  57. Web site: The Greer Citizen . March 30, 2023 . Greercitizen.com.
  58. Web site: Hensley . Matthew . 2024-07-03 . A weekly newspaper has served the Upstate for over 100 years. Its last edition is July 31. . 2024-07-23 . The Post and Courier . en.
  59. Web site: PostandCourier.com . The Post and Courier . October 12, 2022.
  60. Retrieved on Oct. 12, 2022.
  61. Web site: GoUpstate.com . October 12, 2022 . GoUpstate.com.
  62. Web site: Greenville-Spartaburg-Asheville-Anderson DMA Map 2023 . November 5, 2023 . Media Market Map . en-US.
  63. Web site: Trevor Anderson . Spartanburg City Council OKs first reading of $33.4M budget - News - GoUpstate - Spartanburg, SC . GoUpstate.com . June 30, 2013 . November 8, 2016.
  64. Web site: Airport. https://web.archive.org/web/20060429030637/http://www.cityofspartanburg.org/City_Government/City_Departments/Memorial_Airport.htm. dead. April 29, 2006. April 29, 2006. December 12, 2018.
  65. Web site: Cancer Treatment at Gibbs Cancer Center - Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System. Spartanburgregional.com. 2019-01-15.
  66. Web site: Bearden-Josey Center for Breast Health - Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System. Spartanburgregional.com. 2019-01-15.
  67. Web site: About Spartanburg Regional – Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System. Spartanburgregional.com. 2019-01-15.
  68. Web site: Ted Alexander. Baseball-Reference.com. November 10, 2012.
  69. Web site: Norman Armiitage, Fencing Star And Textile Executive, Dies at 65. March 15, 1972. March 30, 2023. The New York Times.
  70. Web site: Eugene Chadbourne . Ted Bogan | Biography & History . . November 8, 2016.
  71. News: Spartanburg Herald Journal. August 2, 2012. Music Q&A: Mike Bullman's heart hasn't left stage. Dan Armonaitis.
  72. Web site: Stephen Lamont Davis. Pro-Football-Reference.Com . November 10, 2012.
  73. Web site: Art Fowler Stats. Baseball Almanac . November 10, 2012.