List of space travellers by first flight explained

This is a list of space travellers by first flight. The table is listed in chronological order from the date of first flight. The table adheres to a common definition of a space traveller; the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale criterion of achieving an altitude higher than 100km (100miles), thereby crossing the FAI-defined Kármán line. The criteria for determining who has achieved human spaceflight vary. Personnel who qualify only for the United States Astronaut Badge, awarded to those who achieve an altitude of 500NaN0, are listed at the X-15's highest flights and the VSS Unity test flights.

Space travellers

Table parameters

Legend
ItalicsSub-orbital spaceflights that crossed 100km (100miles).
◉After the name, denotes sub-orbital space travellers who have flown into orbit on a subsequent space flight.
△After the name, denotes space travellers who have flown to the Moon without landing.
▲After the name, denotes space travellers who have walked on the Moon.
‡After the name, denotes those who died during their first spaceflight.[1]
†After the name, denotes those who died during a subsequent spaceflight.
⊗After the name, denotes those whose first spaceflight had begun and was clearly intended[2] to cross 100km (100miles), but failed to do so.
Linked countryIn the 'Nationality' column, denotes the first from that country to pass 100km (100miles).[3]
Unlinked nameSubsequent table entry for a space traveller who made or attempted a previous spaceflight.[4]

All entries are dated from launch time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which on occasion is one day earlier than the local date of launches from sites in the Eastern Hemisphere such as Baikonur and one day later than the local date of launches from sites in the Western Hemisphere such as Cape Canaveral.

As a rule, dual nationals fly under a single flag when flying as professional spacecrew and/or when flying on government-operated spacecraft, and this is the flag they are listed under in the table. For the spaceflights of dual nationals who are private citizens flying on commercial spacecraft as ordinary passengers, the flags displayed are those of their countries of birth, unless the space traveller did not hold citizenship of that country and/or otherwise made clear (s)he intended to represent a different nationality.

Table

See also

Notes and References

  1. Fatalities which occurred during training or testing are not included in this list, but can be found in the list of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents.
  2. i.e. In a class of vehicle that had already been flight-proven above 100km (100miles), for most of its launches.
  3. In cases where the first space traveller from a particular country flew on a sub-orbital flight, that flight is also linked in italics.
  4. Most space travellers have a single entry in the table dated on the launch of their first spaceflight or attempt thereof. The only exception is when a traveller successfully crossed 100km (100miles) for the first time after a failed attempt.
  5. Web site: Yuri Gagarin: First Man in Space. Nola. Taylor Redd. Space.com. 24 July 2012. 16 December 2017.
  6. Web site: First man in space. History.com. 16 December 2017.
  7. The distance of Gagarin's spaceflight exceeded the circumference of the Earth and the total duration of the flight exceeded its orbital period. Due to the rotation of the Earth, Gagarin nevertheless landed west of the Vostok 1 launch site after completing a single orbit.
  8. Web site: May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard in Spacesuit Before Mercury Launch. NASA. 5 May 2016. 16 December 2017.
  9. Web site: Alan Shepard: First American in Space. Nola. Taylor Redd. Space.com. 5 May 2014. 16 December 2017.
  10. Web site: Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew - Gus Grissom. NASA History. Mary C.. White. 16 December 2017.
  11. Web site: Gus Grissom: 2nd American in Space. Elizabeth. Howell. Space.com. 28 January 2014. 16 December 2017.
  12. Web site: 1961: Russian cosmonaut spends day in space. BBC. 16 December 2017.
  13. Web site: Liftoff of John Glenn's Friendship 7, Feb. 20, 1962. NASA. 30 November 2016. 16 December 2017.
  14. Web site: Glenn Orbits the Earth. NASA. 16 February 2012. 16 December 2017.
  15. Web site: May 24, 1962 - Scott Carpenter on the Way to Mercury-Atlas 7 Launch Site. NASA. 24 May 2017. 16 December 2017.
  16. Web site: Joint flight of Vostok-3 and Vostok-4. Russian Space Web. 16 December 2017.
  17. Web site: Vostok 3. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  18. Web site: Vostok 4. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  19. Web site: Mercury 8. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  20. Web site: Mercury 9. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  21. Web site: Vostok 5. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  22. Web site: Vostok 6. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  23. Web site: Appendix A: X-15 Flight Log. NASA. 18 December 2017.
  24. Web site: Voskhod. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  25. Vladimir Komarov died during Soyuz 1.
  26. Web site: Voskhod 2. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  27. Web site: Gemini 3. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  28. Web site: Gemini 4. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  29. Web site: Gemini 5. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  30. Web site: Gemini 7. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  31. Web site: Gemini 6A. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  32. Web site: Gemini 8. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  33. Web site: Gemini 9A. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  34. Web site: Gemini 10. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  35. Web site: Gemini 11. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  36. Web site: Gemini 12. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  37. Web site: Apollo 7. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  38. Web site: Soyuz 3. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  39. Web site: Apollo 8. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  40. Web site: Soyuz 4. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  41. Web site: Soyuz 5. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  42. Web site: Apollo 9. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  43. Web site: Soyuz 6. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  44. Web site: Soyuz 7. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  45. Soyuz 11 capsule depressurised in orbit.
  46. Web site: Apollo 12. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  47. Web site: Apollo 13. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  48. Web site: Soyuz 9. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  49. Web site: Apollo 14. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  50. Web site: Soyuz 10. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  51. Web site: Soyuz 11. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  52. Web site: Apollo 15. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  53. Web site: Apollo 16. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  54. Web site: Apollo 17. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  55. Web site: Skylab 2. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  56. Web site: Skylab 3. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  57. Web site: Soyuz 12. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  58. Web site: Skylab 4. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  59. Web site: Soyuz 13. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  60. Web site: Soyuz 14. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  61. Web site: Soyuz 15. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  62. Web site: Soyuz 17. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  63. Web site: ASTP. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  64. Web site: Soyuz 21. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  65. Web site: Soyuz 22. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  66. Web site: Soyuz 23. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  67. Web site: Soyuz 24. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  68. Web site: Soyuz 25. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  69. Web site: Soyuz 26. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  70. Web site: Soyuz 27. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  71. Web site: Soyuz 28. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  72. Web site: Soyuz 29. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  73. Web site: Soyuz 30. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  74. Web site: Soyuz 31. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  75. Web site: Soyuz 32. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  76. Web site: Soyuz 33. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  77. Web site: Soyuz 35. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  78. Web site: Soyuz 36. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  79. Web site: Soyuz T-2. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  80. Web site: Soyuz 37. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  81. Web site: Soyuz 38. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  82. Web site: Soyuz T-3. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  83. Web site: Soyuz T-4. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  84. Web site: Soyuz 39. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  85. Web site: STS-1. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  86. Web site: STS-1 History. NASA. 18 December 2017.
  87. Web site: Soyuz 40. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  88. Web site: STS-2. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  89. Web site: STS-3. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  90. Web site: Soyuz T-5. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  91. Web site: Soyuz T-6. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  92. Web site: STS-4. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  93. Web site: Soyuz T-7. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  94. Web site: STS-5. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  95. Web site: STS-6. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  96. Web site: Soyuz T-8. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  97. Web site: STS-7. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  98. Web site: Soyuz T-9. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  99. Web site: STS-8. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  100. Web site: STS-9. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  101. Web site: STS-41B. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  102. See the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
  103. Web site: Soyuz T-10. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  104. Web site: Soyuz T-11. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  105. Web site: STS-41C. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  106. Web site: Soyuz T-12. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  107. Web site: STS-41D. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  108. Web site: STS-41G. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  109. Web site: STS-51A. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  110. Web site: STS-51C. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  111. Web site: STS-51D. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  112. Web site: STS-51B. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  113. Lodewijk van den Berg was a naturalised United States citizen at the time of his flight, having been born in the Netherlands.
  114. Web site: STS-51G. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  115. Web site: STS-51F. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  116. Web site: STS-51I. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  117. Web site: Soyuz T-14. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  118. Web site: STS-51J. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  119. Web site: STS-61A. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  120. Web site: STS-61B. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  121. Web site: STS-61C. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  122. Franklin Chang Díaz is a dual national of the United States and Costa Rica, but flew under the United States flag.
  123. Web site: Michael J. Smith (Captain, USN). NASA. 18 December 2017.
  124. Web site: Gregory B. Jarvis (Mr.). NASA. 18 December 2017.
  125. Web site: S. Christa Corrigan McAuliffe. NASA. 18 December 2017.
  126. Web site: Soyuz TM-2. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  127. Web site: Soyuz TM-3. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  128. Web site: Soyuz TM-4. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  129. Web site: Soyuz TM-5. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  130. Web site: Soyuz TM-6. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  131. Web site: Soyuz TM-7. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  132. Web site: STS-27. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  133. Web site: STS-29. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  134. Web site: STS-30. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  135. Web site: STS-28. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  136. Web site: STS-34. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  137. Web site: STS-33. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  138. Web site: STS-32. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  139. Web site: Soyuz TM-9. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  140. Web site: STS-36. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  141. Web site: Soyuz TM-10. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  142. Web site: STS-41. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  143. Web site: STS-38. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  144. Web site: STS-35. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  145. Web site: Soyuz TM-11. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  146. Web site: STS-37. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  147. Web site: STS-39. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  148. Web site: Soyuz TM-12. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  149. Web site: STS-40. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  150. Web site: STS-43. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  151. Web site: STS-48. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  152. Web site: Soyuz TM-13. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  153. Toktar Aubakirov returned to Earth prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, upon which he became a Kazakh citizen.
  154. Web site: STS-44. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  155. Web site: STS-42. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  156. Web site: Soyuz TM-14. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  157. Web site: STS-45. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  158. Michael Foale is a dual national of the United States and the United Kingdom, but flew under the United States flag.
  159. Web site: STS-50. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  160. Web site: Soyuz TM-15. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  161. Web site: STS-46. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  162. Web site: STS-47. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  163. Web site: STS-52. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  164. Web site: STS-53. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  165. Web site: STS-54. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  166. Web site: Soyuz TM-16. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  167. Web site: STS-56. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  168. Web site: STS-55. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  169. Web site: STS-57. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  170. Web site: Soyuz TM-17. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  171. Web site: STS-51. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  172. Web site: STS-58. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  173. Web site: Soyuz TM-18. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  174. Web site: STS-60. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  175. Web site: STS-59. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  176. Web site: Soyuz TM-19. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  177. Web site: STS-65. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  178. Web site: STS-64. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  179. Web site: STS-68. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  180. Web site: Soyuz TM-20. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  181. Web site: STS-66. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  182. Web site: STS-63. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  183. Web site: STS-67. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  184. Web site: Soyuz TM-21. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  185. Web site: STS-71. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  186. Web site: STS-70. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  187. Web site: Soyuz TM-22. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  188. Web site: STS-69. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  189. Web site: STS-73. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  190. Web site: STS-74. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  191. Web site: STS-72. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  192. Web site: Soyuz TM-23. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  193. Web site: STS-75. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  194. Web site: STS-77. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  195. Web site: STS-78. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  196. Web site: Soyuz TM-24. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  197. Web site: Soyuz TM-25. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  198. Web site: STS-83. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  199. Web site: STS-84. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  200. Web site: Soyuz TM-26. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  201. Web site: STS-85. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  202. Web site: STS-86. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  203. Web site: STS-87. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  204. See the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
  205. Web site: STS-89. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  206. Web site: Soyuz TM-27. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  207. Web site: STS-90. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  208. Web site: STS-91. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  209. Web site: Soyuz TM-28. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  210. Web site: STS-95. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  211. Web site: STS-88. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  212. Web site: Soyuz TM-29. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  213. Web site: STS-96. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  214. Web site: STS-93. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  215. Web site: STS-103. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  216. Web site: STS-99. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  217. Web site: Soyuz TM-30. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  218. Web site: STS-101. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  219. Web site: STS-106. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  220. Web site: STS-92. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  221. Web site: STS-98. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  222. Web site: STS-102. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  223. Web site: Lonchakov, Yuri Valentinovich. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228015631/http://astronautix.com/l/lonchakov.html. dead. 28 December 2016. Astronautix. 18 December 2017.
  224. Web site: STS-100. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  225. Web site: STS-100 Mission Status Report #02. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228101139/http://astronautix.com/d/details52424.html. dead. 28 December 2016. Astronautix. 18 December 2017.
  226. Web site: Soyuz TM-32. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  227. Web site: STS-104. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  228. Web site: STS-105. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  229. Web site: Soyuz TM-33. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  230. Web site: STS-108. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  231. Web site: STS-109. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  232. Web site: STS-110. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  233. Web site: Soyuz TM-34. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  234. Web site: STS-111. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  235. Web site: STS-112. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  236. Piers Sellers was a dual national of the United States and United Kingdom, but flew under the United States flag.
  237. Web site: Soyuz TMA-1. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  238. Web site: STS-113. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  239. Web site: Shenzhou V. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  240. Web site: Soyuz TMA-4. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  241. News: Latest Mock SpaceShipOne Soars Above Sponsor's Museum. Space.com. Robert Z.. Pearlman. 14 January 2009. 18 December 2017.
  242. Web site: SpaceShipOne - Flight No. 60L / 15P. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  243. Web site: SpaceShipOne Flight Logs. World Spaceflight. 18 December 2017.
  244. Web site: Brian Binnie. World Spaceflight. 18 December 2017.
  245. Web site: SpaceShipOne Flight No. 66L / 17P. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  246. Web site: Soyuz TMA-5. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  247. Web site: STS-114. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  248. Web site: Soyuz TMA-7. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  249. Web site: Shenzhou VI. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  250. Web site: Soyuz TMA-8. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  251. Web site: STS-121. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  252. Web site: STS-115. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  253. Web site: Soyuz TMA-9. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  254. Anousheh Ansari is a dual national of the United States and Iran, but flew under the United States flag.
  255. Web site: STS-116. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  256. Nicholas Patrick is a dual national of the United States and United Kingdom, but flew under the United States flag.
  257. Web site: Soyuz TMA-10. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  258. Web site: STS-117. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  259. Web site: STS-118. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  260. Web site: Soyuz TMA-11. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  261. Web site: STS-120. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  262. Web site: STS-122. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  263. Web site: STS-123. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  264. Web site: Soyuz TMA-12. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  265. Web site: STS-124. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  266. Web site: Shenzhou VII. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  267. Web site: Soyuz TMA-13. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  268. Web site: STS-126. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  269. Web site: STS-119. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  270. Web site: Soyuz TMA-14. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  271. Web site: STS-125. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  272. Web site: Soyuz TMA-15. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  273. Web site: STS-127. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  274. Web site: STS-128. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  275. Web site: Soyuz TMA-16. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  276. Web site: STS-129. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  277. Web site: Soyuz TMA-17. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  278. Web site: STS-130. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  279. Web site: Soyuz TMA-18. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  280. Web site: STS-131. Spacefacts. 18 December 2017.
  281. Web site: Soyuz TMA-19. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  282. Web site: Soyuz TMA-01M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  283. Web site: Soyuz TMA-20. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  284. Web site: Soyuz TMA-21. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  285. Web site: Soyuz TMA-02M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  286. Web site: Soyuz TMA-22. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  287. Web site: Soyuz TMA-04M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  288. Web site: Shenzhou IX. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  289. Web site: Soyuz TMA-06M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  290. Web site: Soyuz TMA-08M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  291. Web site: Soyuz TMA-09M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  292. Web site: Shenzhou X. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  293. Web site: Soyuz TMA-10M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  294. Web site: Soyuz TMA-12M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  295. Web site: Soyuz TMA-13M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  296. Web site: Soyuz TMA-14M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  297. Web site: Soyuz TMA-15M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  298. Web site: Soyuz TMA-17M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  299. Web site: Soyuz TMA-18M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  300. Web site: Soyuz TMA-19M. Spacefacts. 16 December 2017.
  301. Web site: New Crew Arrives at ISS following Docking Drama. Planetary Society. Jason. Davis. 15 December 2015. 16 December 2017.
  302. Web site: Soyuz TMA-20M. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  303. Web site: Soyuz MS. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  304. Web site: Shenzhou XI. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  305. Web site: Soyuz MS-02. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  306. Web site: Soyuz MS-03. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  307. Web site: Soyuz MS-04. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  308. Web site: Soyuz MS-06. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  309. Web site: Soyuz MS-07. Spacefacts. 17 December 2017.
  310. News: Soyuz MS-07 launches on final human mission of 2017. NASA Spaceflight. Chris. Gebhardt. 17 December 2017. 17 December 2017.
  311. Web site: Soyuz MS-09. Spacefacts. 6 June 2018.
  312. News: Live coverage: Soyuz crew launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome. Spaceflight Now. Stephen. Clark. 6 June 2018. 6 June 2018.
  313. News: Soyuz FG fails during ascent – Soyuz MS-10 crew safe after ballistic entry abort. NASASpaceflight. Chris. Gebhardt. 10 October 2018. 12 October 2018.
  314. News: 100th orbital launch of 2018: International trio arrive at Space Station. NASA Spaceflight. Chris. Gebhardt. 2 December 2018. 5 December 2018.
  315. News: Gebhardt . Chris . Soyuz MS-12 docks with the Space Station . NASASpaceflight.com . 14 March 2019.
  316. News: Soyuz MS-13 crew lifts off to space station on first moon landing 50th. 20 July 2019. 21 July 2019.
  317. Web site: First UAE astronaut lifts off with US and Russian space station crew. Collectspace. 25 September 2019.
  318. Web site: Soyuz MS-16. Spacefacts. 28 April 2020.
  319. Web site: Soyuz MS-17. Spacefacts. 14 October 2020.
  320. Web site: SpaceX Crew-1. NASA. 16 November 2020.
  321. Web site: Soyuz MS-18. Spacefacts. 13 April 2021.
  322. Web site: Shenzhou-12 astronaut trio launch to new Chinese space station. Spaceflight Insider. Derek. Richardson. 16 June 2021. 16 June 2021.
  323. Web site: Blue Origin launches first crewed flight with four crew, including founder Jeff Bezos and "Mercury 13" aviatrix Wally Funk. NASA Spaceflight. Justin. Davenport. 20 July 2021. 20 July 2021.
  324. News: SpaceX launches Inspiration4, first all-private orbital mission. NASA Spaceflight. Ian. Atkinson. 15 September 2021. 16 September 2021.
  325. News: Russian Soyuz MS-19 film crew arrives 'on set' at Space Station. Spaceflight Insider. Derek. Richardson. 5 October 2021. 5 October 2021.
  326. Web site: To the Final Frontier: NS-18 shepherds William Shatner, three others to edge of space. NASA Spaceflight. Chris. Gebhardt. 13 October 2021. 13 October 2021.
  327. Web site: China's historic crewed mission arrives at new space station. Jessie Yeung and Steven Jiang. CNN. 16 October 2021.
  328. Web site: Crew-3 mission set to launch mostly-rookie crew to ISS. NASA Spaceflight. Justin. Davenport. 10 November 2021. 11 November 2021. Web site: SpaceX successfully launches four astronauts on Crew-3 mission to the space station . MSN News. Loren. Grush. 11 November 2021. 11 November 2021.
  329. News: Soyuz MS-20 space tourism flight docks with ISS. Mihir. Neal. NASA Spaceflight. 7 December 2021. 8 December 2021.
  330. News: Blue Origin launches NS-19 with full passenger complement. Adrian. Bell. NASA Spaceflight. 11 December 2021. 11 December 2021.
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  337. Web site: Blue Origin announces crew for 6th suborbital space tourism launch. . 2022-07-23. 2022-08-04.
  338. Vanessa O'Brien is a dual national of the United States and the United Kingdom, but flew under the United Kingdom flag.
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  347. Web site: Russian rocket launches 3 spaceflyers for up to yearlong stay on ISS (video). Robert Z. Pearlman. 2023-09-15. Space.com. en. 2023-09-15.
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  349. Web site: SpaceX launches private Ax-3 mission to ISS, 1st Turkish astronaut on board. Josh Dinner. 2024-01-18. Space.com. en. 2024-01-19.
  350. Web site: SpaceX launches Crew-8 astronaut mission to International Space Station for NASA (video). Brett Tingley. 2024-03-04. Space.com. en. 2024-03-04.
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