Starlink Explained

Starlink
Image Alt:A batch of small satellites attached to the rocket with the Earth in the background
Manufacturer:SpaceX
Country:United States
Operator:Starlink Services, LLC (a wholly-owned subsidiary of SpaceX)
Spacecraft Type:Small satellite
Applications:Internet service
Status:Active since
Insignia:Starlink Logo.svg
Insignia Size:150px
Module:
Child:yes
Asn:14593

Starlink is a satellite internet constellation operated by Starlink Services, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of American aerospace company SpaceX,[1] providing coverage to 102 countries. It also aims to provide global mobile broadband.

SpaceX started launching Starlink satellites in 2019. As of early March 2024, it consists of over 6,000 mass-produced small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO)[2] that communicate with designated ground transceivers. Nearly 12,000 satellites are planned to be deployed, with a possible later extension to 34,400. SpaceX announced reaching more than 1 million subscribers in December 2022,[3] 2 million subscribers in September 2023,[4] and 3 million subscribers in May 2024.[5]

The SpaceX satellite development facility in Redmond, Washington houses the Starlink research, development, manufacturing, and orbit control facilities. In May 2018, SpaceX estimated the total cost of designing, building and deploying the constellation would be at least US$10 billion. Revenues from Starlink in 2022 were reportedly $1.4 billion accompanied by a net loss, with a small profit being reported starting in 2023.[6] Revenue is expected to reach $6.6 billion in 2024.[7]

Starlink has been extensively used in the Russo-Ukrainian War, a role for which it has been contracted by the United States Department of Defense.[8] Starshield, a military version of Starlink, is designed for government use.

Astronomers have raised concerns about the effect the constellation may have on ground-based astronomy, and how the satellites will contribute to an already congested orbital environment.[9] [10] SpaceX has attempted to mitigate astronometric interference concerns with measures to reduce the satellites' brightness during operation.[11] They are equipped with Hall-effect thrusters allowing them to orbit raise, station-keep, and de-orbit at the end of their lives. They are also designed to autonomously and smoothly avoid collisions based on uplinked tracking data.

History

Background

Constellations of low Earth orbit satellites were first conceptualized in the mid-1980s as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative, culminating in Brilliant Pebbles, where weapons were to be staged in low orbits to intercept ballistic missiles at short notice. The potential for low-latency communication was also recognized and development offshoots in the 1990s led to numerous commercial megaconstellations using around 100 satellites such as Celestri, Teledesic, Iridium, and Globalstar. However all entities entered bankruptcy by the dot-com bubble burst, due in part to excessive launch costs at the time.[12] [13]

In 2004, Larry Williams, SpaceX VP of Strategic Relations and former VP of Teledesic's "Internet in the sky" program, opened the SpaceX Washington DC office.[14] That June, SpaceX acquired a stake in Surrey Satellite Technology (SSTL) as part of a "shared strategic vision".[15] SSTL was at that time working to extend the Internet into space.[16] However, SpaceX's stake was eventually sold back to EADS Astrium in 2008 after the company became more focused on navigation and Earth observation.[17]

In early 2014, Elon Musk and Greg Wyler were working together planning a constellation of around 700 satellites called WorldVu, which would be over 10 times the size of the then largest Iridium satellite constellation.[18] However, these discussions broke down in June 2014, and SpaceX instead filed an International Telecommunications Union (ITU) application via the Norwegian Communications Authority under the name STEAM.[19] SpaceX confirmed the connection in the 2016 application to license Starlink with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[20] SpaceX trademarked the name Starlink in the United States for their satellite broadband network;[21] the name was inspired by the 2012 novel The Fault in Our Stars.[22]

Design phase (2015–2016)

Starlink was publicly announced in January 2015 with the opening of the SpaceX satellite development facility in Redmond, Washington. During the opening, Musk stated there is still significant unmet demand worldwide for low-cost broadband capabilities.[23] [24] and that Starlink would target bandwidth to carry up to 50% of all backhaul communications traffic, and up to 10% of local Internet traffic, in high-density cities.[25] [26] Musk further stated that the positive cash flow from selling satellite internet services would be necessary to fund their Mars plans.[27] Furthermore, SpaceX has long-term plans to develop and deploy a version of the satellite communication system to serve Mars.[28]

Starting with 60 engineers, the company operated in of leased space, and by January 2017 had taken on a second facility, both in Redmond.[29] In August 2018, SpaceX consolidated all their Seattle-area operations with a move to a larger three-building facility at Redmond Ridge Corporate Center to support satellite manufacturing in addition to R&D.<ref name=gw20181031 /> In July 2016, SpaceX acquired an additional creative space in Irvine, California (Orange County).[30] The Irvine office would include signal processing, RFIC, and ASIC development for the satellite program.[31]

By October 2016, the satellite division was focusing on a significant business challenge of achieving a sufficiently low-cost design for the user equipment. SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell said then that the project remained in the "design phase as the company seeks to tackle issues related to user-terminal cost".[32]

Start of development phase (2016–2019)

In November 2016, SpaceX filed an application with the FCC for a "non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellite system in the fixed-satellite service using the Ku- and Ka- frequency bands".[33]

In September 2017, the FCC ruled that half of the constellation must be in orbit within six years to comply with licensing terms, while the full system should be in orbit within nine years from the date of the license.[34]

SpaceX filed documents in late 2017 with the FCC to clarify their space debris mitigation plan, under which the company was to:

"...implement an operations plan for the orderly de-orbit of satellites nearing the end of their useful lives (roughly five to seven years) at a rate far faster than is required under international standards. [Satellites] will de-orbit by propulsively moving to a disposal orbit from which they will re-enter the Earth's atmosphere within approximately one year after completion of their mission."[35]

In March 2018, the FCC granted SpaceX approval for the initial 4,425 satellites, with some conditions. SpaceX would need to obtain a separate approval from the ITU.[36] [37] The FCC supported a NASA request to ask SpaceX to achieve an even higher level of de-orbiting reliability than the standard that NASA had previously used for itself: reliably de-orbiting 90% of the satellites after their missions are complete.[38]

In May 2018, SpaceX expected the total cost of development and buildout of the constellation to approach $10 billion .[39] In mid-2018, SpaceX reorganized the satellite development division in Redmond, and terminated several members of senior management.[40]

First launches (2019–2020)

After launching two test satellites in February 2018, the first batch of 60 operational Starlink satellites were launched in May 2019.[41]

By late 2019, SpaceX was transitioning their satellite efforts from research and development to manufacturing, with the planned first launch of a large group of satellites to orbit, and the clear need to achieve an average launch rate of "44 high-performance, low-cost spacecraft built and launched every month for the next 60 months" to get the 2,200 satellites launched to support their FCC spectrum allocation license assignment.[42] SpaceX said they will meet the deadline of having half the constellation "in orbit within six years of authorization... and the full system in nine years".

In November 2020, Starlink beta internet service was opened to the public. Starlink beta testers reported speeds over 150 Mbit/s, above the range announced for the public beta test.[43]

Commercial service (2021–present)

Pre-orders were first opened to the public in the United States and Canada in early 2021.[44]

The FCC had earlier awarded SpaceX with $885.5 million worth of federal subsidies to support rural broadband customers in 35 U.S. states through Starlink.[45] but the $885.5 million aid package was revoked in August 2022, with the FCC stating that Starlink "failed to demonstrate" its ability to deliver the promised service.[46] SpaceX later appealed the decision saying they met or surpassed all RDOF deployment requirements that existed during bidding and that the FCC created "new standards that no bidder could meet today".[47] In December 2023, after the second failed test-launch of Starship, the FCC formally denied SpaceX's appeal since "Starlink had not shown that it was reasonably capable of fulfilling RDOF's requirements to deploy a network of the scope, scale, and size" required to win the subsidy.[48]

In March 2021, SpaceX submitted an application to the FCC for mobile variations of their terminal designed for vehicles, vessels and aircraft,[49] [50] and later in June the company applied to the FCC to use mobile Starlink transceivers on launch vehicles flying to Earth orbit, after having previously tested high-altitude low-velocity mobile use on a rocket prototype in May 2021.[51]

In 2022, SpaceX announced the Starlink Business service tier, a higher-performance version of the service. It provides a larger high-performance antenna and listed speeds of between 150 and 500 Mbit/s with a cost of $2500 for the antenna and a $500 monthly service fee. The service includes 24/7, prioritized support.[52] Deliveries are advertised to begin in the second quarter of 2022.[53] The FCC also approved the licensing of Starlink services to boats, aircraft, and moving vehicles.[54] Starlink terminal production being delayed by the 2020–present global chip shortage led to only 5,000 subscribers for the last two months of 2021 but this was soon resolved.[55]

On December 1, 2022, the FCC issued an approval for SpaceX[56] to launch the initial 7500 satellites for its second-generation (Gen2) constellation, in three low-Earth-orbit orbital shells, at 525, 530, and 535 km altitude. Overall, SpaceX had requested approval for as many as 29,988 Gen2 satellites, with approximately 10,000 in the 525–535 km altitude shells, plus ~20,000 in 340–360 km shells and nearly 500 in 604–614 km shells. However, the FCC noted that this is not a net increase in approved on-orbit satellites for SpaceX since SpaceX is no longer planning to deploy 7518 V-band satellites at altitude that had previously been authorized.[57]

In March 2023, the company reported that they were manufacturing six Starlink "V2 Mini" satellites per day as well as thousands of users terminals. The V2 Mini has Gen2 Starlink satellite features while being assembled in a smaller form factor than the larger Gen2 sats. The Gen2 satellites require the 9 meter (29.5 foot) diameter Starship in order to launch them. The Starlink business unit had a single cash-flow-positive quarter during 2022, and is expecting to be profitable in 2023.[58]

In May 2018, SpaceX estimated the total cost of designing, building and deploying the constellation would be at least US$10 billion. In January 2017, SpaceX expected annual revenue from Starlink to reach $12 billion by 2022 and exceed $30 billion by 2025. Starlink was at annual loss in 2021.[59] Revenues from Starlink in 2022 were reportedly $1.4 billion accompanied by a net loss, with a small profit being reported by Musk starting in 2023.

Subscribers

The number of customers of Starlink worldwide has reached 3 million as of May 2024.

MonthSubscribers or
customers		Ref
February 2021≈ 10,000[60]
June 2021≈ 100,000[61]
November 2021≈ 140,000
February 2022≈ 250,000
May 2022≈ 400,000
June 2022≈ 500,000[62]
September 2022≈ 700,000[63]
December 2022≈ 1,000,000
May 2023≈ 1,500,000[64]
September 2023≈ 2,000,000[65]
December 2023≈ 2,200,000[66]
March 2024≈ 2,600,000[67]
April 2024≈ 2,700,000[68]
May 2024≈ 3,000,000

Services

Satellite internet

Starlink provides satellite-based internet connectivity to underserved areas of the planet, as well as competitively priced service in more urbanized areas.[69]

In the United States, Starlink charged, at launch, a one-time hardware fee of $599 for a user terminal and $120 per month for internet service at a fixed service address location.[70] An additional $25 per month allows the user terminal to move beyond a fixed location (Starlink For RVs) but with service speeds deprioritized compared to the fixed users in that area.[71] [72] Fixed users are told to expect typical throughput of "50 to 150 Mbit/s and latency from 20 to 40 ms", a study found users averaged download speeds of 90.55 Mbit/s in the first quarter of 2022, but dropped to 62.5 Mbit/s in the second quarter. A higher performance version of the service (Starlink Business) advertises speeds of 150 to 500 Mbit/s in exchange for a more costly $2,500 user terminal and a $500 monthly service fee. Another service called Starlink Maritime became available in July 2022 providing internet access on the open ocean, with speeds of 350 Mbit/s, requiring purchase of a maritime-grade $10,000 user terminal and a $5,000 monthly service fee.[73]

Sales are capped to a few hundred fixed users per 20 km "service cell area" due to limited wireless capacity. Starlink alternatively offers a Best Effort service tier allowing homes in capped areas to receive the current unused bandwidth of their cell while they are on the waiting list for more prioritized service. The price and equipment are the same as the residential service at $110 per month.[74] To improve the service quality in densely populated areas, Starlink introduced a monthly 1 TB data cap for all non-business users which became enforced in 2023.[75] [76]

In August 2022, SpaceX lowered monthly service costs for users in select countries.[77] For example, users in Brazil and Chile saw monthly fee decreases of about 50%.[78]

According to internet analysis company Ookla, Starlink speeds degraded during the first half of 2022 as more customers signed up for the service. SpaceX has said that Starlink speeds will improve as more satellites are deployed.[79]

In September 2023, satellite operator SES announced a satellite internet service for cruise lines using both the Starlink satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and SES' own O3b mPOWER satellite constellation in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO). Integrated, sold and delivered by SES, the SES Cruise mPOWERED + Starlink service claims to combine the best features of LEO and MEO orbits to provide high-speed, secure connectivity at up to 3 Gbit/s per ship, to cruise ships anywhere in the world. In February 2024, SES announced that Virgin Voyages will be the first cruise line to deploy the service.[80] [81] [82]

Satellite cellular service

For future service, T-Mobile US and SpaceX are partnering to add satellite cellular service capability to Starlink satellites. It will provide dead-zone cell phone coverage across the US using the existing midband PCS spectrum owned by T-Mobile.[83] Cell coverage will begin with text messaging and expand to include voice and limited data services later, with testing to begin in 2024.[84] T-Mobile plans to connect to Starlink satellites via existing 4G LTE mobile devices, unlike previous generations of satellite phones, which used specialized radios, modems, and antennas to connect to satellites in higher orbits.[85] Bandwidth will be limited to 2 to 4 megabits per second total, split across a very large cell coverage area, which would be limited to thousands of voice calls or millions of text messages simultaneously in a coverage area. The size of a single coverage cell has not yet been publicly released.[86]

In March 2023, SpaceX confirmed that they remained on track to begin testing the service in 2023. However, the first six satellites did not launch until January 2, 2024.

Rogers Communications, in April 2023, signed an agreement with SpaceX for using Starlink for satellite-to-phone services in Canada.[87] Also in April 2023, One NZ (formerly Vodafone New Zealand) announced that they would be partnering with SpaceX's Starlink to provide 100% mobile network coverage over New Zealand. SMS text service is expected to begin in 2024, with voice and data functionality coming in 2025.[88] [89] In July 2023, Optus in Australia announced a similar partnership.[90]

On January 8, 2024, it was confirmed by SpaceX that they had successfully tested text messaging using the new Direct to Cell capability on T-Mobile's network.[91]

On May 16, 2024, entrepreneur Elon Musk visited Indonesia to oversee the launch of Starlink, his satellite internet project. Musk met with ministers to discuss collaboration and the potential impact on Indonesia's connectivity. The event marked a milestone in global internet access initiatives[92] On May 19 Musk and Space X together with Indonesian Health Minister Budi Gunadi Sadikin launched Starlink for the nation's health sector, aiming to improve access in remote parts of the sprawling archipelago.[93]

Military applications

SpaceX also designs, builds, and launches customized military satellites based on variants of the Starlink satellite bus, with the largest publicly known customer being the Space Development Agency (SDA).

SDA accelerates development of missile defense capabilities, primarily via observation platforms, using industry-procured low-cost low Earth orbit satellite platforms.[94]

In October 2020, SDA awarded SpaceX an initial $150 million dual-use contract to develop 4 satellites to detect and track ballistic and hypersonic missiles.[95] The first batch of satellites were originally scheduled to launch September 2022 to form part of the Tracking Layer Tranche 0 of the Space Force's National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA), a network of satellites performing various roles including missile tracking.[96] The launch schedule slipped multiple times but eventually launched in April 2023.[97] [98]

In 2020, SpaceX hired retired four-star general Terrence J. O'Shaughnessy who according to some sources is associated with Starlink's military satellite development and according to one source is listed as a "chief operating officer" at SpaceX.[99] [100] While still in active duty, O'Shaughnessy advocated before the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services for a layered capability with lethal follow-on that incorporates machine learning and artificial intelligence to gather and act upon sensor data quickly.[101]

SpaceX was not awarded a contract for the larger Tranche 1, with awards going to York Space Systems, Lockheed Martin Space, and Northrop Grumman Space Systems.[102]

Starshield

See main article: SpaceX Starshield. In December 2022, SpaceX announced Starshield, a separate Starlink service designed for government entities and military agencies.[103] [104] [105] [106] Starshield enables the DoD to own or lease Starshield satellites for partners and allies. Cybernews remarked that Starshield was first announced in late 2022, when Starlink's presence in Ukraine showed the importance it can have in modern warfare.[107] While Starlink had not been adapted for military use, Starshield has the usual requirements for mobile military systems like encryptions and anti-jam capabilities. Elon Musk stated that "Starlink needs to be a civilian network, not a participant to combat. Starshield will be owned by the US government and controlled by DoD Space Force. This is the right order of things."[108]

Designed to meet diverse mission requirements, Starshield satellites are advertised as capable of integrating a wide variety of payloads, offering unique versatility to users. Starshield satellites will be compatible with, and interconnect to, the existing commercial Starlink satellites via optical inter-satellite links.[109]

In January 2022, SpaceX deployed four national security satellites for the US government on their Transporter-3 rideshare mission.[110] [111] In the same year they launched another group of four U.S. satellites with a single on-orbit spare Globalstar FM-15 satellite in June.[112] [113] [114]

In September 2023, the Starshield program received its first contract from the US Space Force to provide customized satellite communications for the military.[115] This is under the Space Force's new "Proliferated Low Earth Orbit" program for LEO satellites, where Space Force will allocate up to $900 million worth of contracts over the next 10 years. Although 16 vendors are competing for awards, the SpaceX contract is the only one to have been issued to date.[116] The one-year Starshield contract was awarded on September 1, 2023. The contract is expected to support 54 mission partners across the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard.

Military communications

In 2019, tests by the United States Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) demonstrated a 610 Mbit/s data link through Starlink to a Beechcraft C-12 Huron aircraft in flight.[117] Additionally, in late 2019, the United States Air Force successfully tested a connection with Starlink on an AC-130 Gunship.[118]

In 2020, the Air Force used Starlink in support of its Advanced Battlefield management system during a live-fire exercise. They demonstrated Starlink connected to a "variety of air and terrestrial assets" including the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker.[119]

Expert on battlefield communications Thomas Wellington has argued that Starlink signals, because they use narrow focused beams, are less vulnerable to interference and jamming by the enemy in wartime than satellites flying in higher orbits.[120]

In May 2022, Chinese military researchers published an article in a peer-reviewed journal describing a strategy for destroying the Starlink constellation if they threaten national security.[121] [122] [123] The researchers specifically highlight concerns with reported Starlink military capabilities. Musk has declared Starlink is meant for peaceful use and has suggested Starlink could enforce peace by taking strategic initiative.[124] Russian officials including the head of Russia's space agency Dmitry Rogozin have warned Elon Musk and criticized Starlink, including warning that Starlink could become a legitimate military target in the future.[125] [126]

Russo-Ukrainian War

See main article: Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Starlink was activated during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, after a request from the Ukrainian government.[127] [128] Ukraine's military and government rapidly became dependent on Starlink to maintain Internet access.[129] [130] Starlink is used by Ukraine for communication, such as keeping in touch with outside world and keeping the energy infrastructure working.[131] [132]

The service is also notably used for warfare. Starlink is used for connecting combat drones, naval drones, artillery fire coordination systems and attacks on Russian positions.[133] SpaceX has expressed reservations about the offensive use of Starlink by Ukraine beyond military communications and restricted Starlink communication technology for military use on weapon systems.[134] SpaceX however kept most of the service online.[135] [136] Its use in attacking Russian targets has been criticized by the Kremlin.[137]

Musk has warned that the service was costing $20 million per month, and a Ukrainian official estimated SpaceX's contributions as over $100 million. In June 2023, the United States Department of Defense signed a contract with SpaceX to finance Starlink use in Ukraine.[138]

Israel–Hamas War

In October 2023 after the Israel–Hamas conflict broke out, users shared the hashtag #starlinkforgaza on Elon Musk's social network X (formerly Twitter), demanding he activate Starlink in Gaza after Internet service in the region was lost.[139] Musk answered that Starlink connectivity would be provided for aid groups in Gaza.[140] At the end of November, Musk assured that the Starlink service would only be provided for Gaza with the approval of the government of Israel.[141]

Iran

In 2022, the US State Department and US Treasury Department updated rules regarding export of technology to Iran, allowing Starlink to be exported to Iran in support of the Iranian protests against compulsory hijab, which had triggered extensive government censorship.[142] Immediately afterwards, Starlink service was activated in Iran. In 2023, the Iranian government filed a complaint with the ITU against SpaceX for unauthorized Starlink operation in Iran. In October 2023 and March 2024, the ITU ruled in favor of Iran, dismissing a SpaceX assertion that it should not be expected to verify the location of every terminal connecting to its satellites. Iran claimed that SpaceX was capable of determining their user terminal locations by citing a tweet from Musk saying there were 100 Starlink terminals operating within Iran.[143] [144]

Internet availability and regulatory approval by country

In order to offer satellite services in any nation-state, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) regulations and long-standing international treaties require that landing rights be granted by each country jurisdiction, and within a country, by the national communications regulators. As a result, even though the Starlink network has near-global reach at latitudes below approximately 60°, broadband services can only be provided in 40 countries as of September 2022. SpaceX can also have business operation and economic considerations that may make a difference in which countries Starlink service is offered, in which order, and how soon. For example, SpaceX formally requested authorization for Canada only in June 2020,[145] the Canadian regulatory authority approved it in November 2020, and SpaceX rolled out service two months later, in January 2021. As of September 2022, Starlink services were on offer in 40 countries, with applications pending regulatory approval in many more.[146]

Canada was the first outside country to approve the service with the Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada announcing regulatory approval for the Starlink low Earth orbit satellite constellation on November 6, 2020.[147]

In May 2022, Starlink entered the Philippine market, the company's first deployment in Asia, because of a landmark legislative change (RA 11659, Public Services Act) about all-foreign allowance of company ownership in regards to utility entities such as internet and telco companies. Starlink got provisional permission from the country's Department of Information and Communication Technologies (DICT), National Telecommunications Commission (NTC), and Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and soon began commercial services, aimed at regions with lower internet connectivity.[148]

In August 2022, SpaceX secured its first contract for services in the passenger shipping industry. Royal Caribbean Group has added Starlink internet to Freedom of the Seas and plans to offer the service on 50 ships under its Royal Caribbean International, Celebrity Cruises, and Silversea Cruises brands by March 2023. Starlink services on private jet charter flights in the US by JSX are expected to begin in late 2022, and Hawaiian Airlines has contracted to provide "Starlink services on transpacific flights to and from Hawaii in 2023."

In June 2023, a license to offer internet services in Zambia was granted to Starlink by the Zambian Government through its Electronic Government Division – SMART Zambia, after the completion of many prosperous trial projects throughout the country.[149] [150] [151] In October 2023, Starlink officially went live in Zambia.[152] [153] [154]

In July 2023, the Mongolian government issued two licenses to SpaceX to provide internet access in the country.[155]

Japan's major mobile provider, KDDI, announced a partnership with SpaceX to begin offering in 2022 expanded connectivity for its rural mobile customers via 1,200 remote mobile towers.[156]

On April 25, 2022, Hawaiian Airlines announced an agreement with Starlink to provide free internet access on its aircraft, becoming the first airline to use Starlink.[157] By July 2022, Starlink internet service was available in 36 countries and 41 markets.

In May 2022, it was announced that regulatory approval had been granted for Nigeria, Mozambique,[158] and the Philippines.[159] [160] In the Philippines, commercial availability began on February 22, 2023.[161]

In September 2022, trials began at McMurdo Station in Antarctica and from December 2022 on field missions. Antarctica has no ground stations, so polar-orbiting satellites with optical interlinks are used to connect to ground stations in South America, New Zealand, and Australia.[162] [163]

In September 2023, the US-based United Against Nuclear Iran started donating subscriptions and terminals to Iranians to allow them to circumvent Iran's internet blackout.[164]

In September 2023, it was reported by some Indian news outlets that Starlink would imminently receive its license to operate in India after Starlink was able to meet all regulatory requirements, but that it would still be required to apply for spectrum allocation in order to provide service.[165] [166] SpaceX had earlier sold 5000 Starlink preorders in India, and in 2021 had announced that Sanjay Bhargava, who had worked with Musk as part of a team that founded electronic payment firm PayPal, would head the tech billionaire entrepreneur's Starlink satellite broadband venture in India.[167] Three months later, Bhargava resigned "for personal reasons" after the Indian government ordered SpaceX to halt selling preorders for Starlink service until SpaceX gained regulatory approval for providing satellite internet services in the country.[168] In April 2024 it was reported in some Indian news outlets that Starlink had received its "in-principle government approval" and that the approval now "lies at the desk of communications minister Ashwini Vaishnaw"[169]

In November 2023, Starlink received the licenses to operate in Fiji.[170] The service was finally launched in Fiji in May 2024.[171]

In April 2024, it was reported that the company would begin trial service in Indonesia in May.[172] Starlink received its license to operate in Indonesia in early May.[173]

In May 2024, Starlink service was available for pre-order in Sri Lanka, pending regulatory approval.[174] Starlink received its license to operate in Sri Lanka in August of the same year.[175]

In August 2024, Starlink received the licenses to operate in Yemen.[176] Starlink services will soon be implemented through the corporation’s sales points distributed across most governorates. These points will provide a full range of services, including device sales, activation, subscription fee payments, and direct technical support.[177]

Countries with Starlink availability
ContinentCountry/TerritoryDebutNotes
1Americas United States
Puerto Rico

Guam
Northern Mariana Islands		,[178] public beta November 2020[179] Service expanded to Guam and Northern Mariana Islands in November 2023[180]
2Americas Canada[181]
3Europe United Kingdom
[182] Free trial in Pitcairn Islands started in November 2022.[183]
4Europe Germany[184]
5Oceania New Zealand[185]
6Oceania Australia[186]
7Europe France


Guadeloupe
Martinique		Original debut,[187] Revoked April 2022,[188] Re-approved June 2022[189] Approval originally given in February 2021 but the Conseil d'État annulled that Decision on April 5, 2022, due to lack of public consultation. Approval was given again after consultation was completed on June 2, 2022. Service expanded to Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy in July 2022. Service expanded to Martinique and Guadeloupe in September 2022.[190]
8Europe Austria[191]
9Europe Netherlands[192]
10Europe Belgium[193]
11Europe Ireland,[194] public beta July 2021[195]
12Europe Denmark[196] Autonomous territories Faroe Islands and Greenland not covered
13Europe Portugal[197]
14Europe Switzerland[198]
15Americas Chile
,[199] public beta September 2021[200] Service expanded to Easter Island in November 2022.[201]
16Europe Poland[202]
17Europe Italy[203]
18Europe Czech Republic[204]
19Europe Sweden[205]
20Americas Mexico[206]
21Europe Croatia[207]
22Europe Lithuania[208] [209]
23Europe Spain[210]
24Europe Slovakia[211]
25Europe Slovenia[212]
27Americas Brazil[213] [214]
28Europe Bulgaria[215]
29Europe Ukraine[216] Initially supplied as emergency relief in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. See Starlink satellite services in Ukraine.
30Europe Romania[217]
31Europe Greece
32Europe Latvia
33Europe Hungary
34Europe
35Europe Luxembourg[218]
36Americas Dominican Republic[219]
37Europe[220]
38Europe Estonia[221]
39Europe NorwayAugust 2022[222]
40Europe MaltaSeptember 2022[223]
41AsiaSeptember 2022[224] Activated without Iranian government permission, but with permission of the US government, in response to Iranian censorship as a result of Iranian protests against compulsory hijab.[225]
42Asia JapanOctober 2022[226] First in Asia.
43Americas JamaicaOctober 2022[227]
44Europe FinlandNovember 2022[228] Autonomous region Åland Islands not covered. Starlink has not filed the separate application required.
45Americas BarbadosNovember 2022[229]
46Americas PeruJanuary 2023[230]
47Africa NigeriaJanuary 2023[231] First in Africa.
48Americas ColombiaJanuary 2023[232]
49Europe IcelandFebruary 2023[233]
50Africa RwandaFebruary 2023[234]
51Asia PhilippinesFebruary 2023[235] [236]
52Americas HaitiMarch 2023[237]
53Americas EcuadorMarch 2023[238]
54Americas El SalvadorApril 2023[239]
55Americas PanamaMay 2023[240]
56Africa MozambiqueJune 2023[241]
57Americas Trinidad and TobagoJune 2023[242]
58Europe CyprusJuly 2023[243]
59Americas GuatemalaJuly 2023[244]
60Africa KenyaJuly 2023[245]
61Asia MalaysiaJuly 2023[246]
62Africa MalawiJuly 2023[247]
63Americas BahamasAugust 2023[248]
64Africa ZambiaOctober 2023[249]
65Europe GeorgiaNovember 2023[250]
66Africa BeninNovember 2023[251]
67Asia MaldivesNovember 2023[252]
68Americas Costa RicaNovember 2023[253]
69Americas HondurasDecember 2023[254]
70AfricaDecember 2023[255]
71Americas ParaguayDecember 2023[256]
72Asia MongoliaMarch 2024[257]
73AmericasMarch 2024[258]
74EuropeApril 2024[259]
75OceaniaApril 2024[260]
76AmericasMay 2024[261]
77AsiaMay 2024[262]
78OceaniaMay 2024[263]
79AfricaJune 2024[264]
80AfricaJune 2024[265]
81OceaniaAugust 2024[266]

Technology

Satellite hardware

The Internet communication satellites were expected to be in the smallsat-class of -mass, and were intended to be in low Earth orbit (LEO) at an altitude of approximately, according to early public releases of information in 2015. In the event, the first large deployment of 60 satellites in May 2019 were and SpaceX decided to place the satellites at a relatively low, due to concerns about the space environment.[267] Initial plans were for the constellation to be made up of approximately 4,000 cross-linked[268] satellites, more than twice as many operational satellites as were in orbit in January 2015.

The satellites will employ optical inter-satellite links and phased array beam-forming and digital processing technologies in the Ku and Ka microwave bands (super high frequency [SHF] to extremely high frequency [EHF]), according to documents filed with the U.S. FCC.[269] [270] While specifics of the phased array technologies have been disclosed as part of the frequency application, SpaceX enforced confidentiality regarding details of the optical inter-satellite links.[271] Early satellites were launched without laser links. The inter-satellite laser links were successfully tested in late 2020.[272] [273]

The satellites will be mass-produced, at a much lower cost per unit of capability than previously existing satellites. Musk said, "We're going to try and do for satellites what we've done for rockets."[274] "In order to revolutionize space, we have to address both satellites and rockets." "Smaller satellites are crucial to lowering the cost of space-based Internet and communications".[275]

In February 2015, SpaceX asked the FCC to consider future innovative uses of the Ka-band spectrum before the FCC commits to 5G communications regulations that would create barriers to entry, since SpaceX is a new entrant to the satellite communications market. The SpaceX non-geostationary orbit communications satellite constellation will operate in the high-frequency bands above 24 GHz, "where steerable Earth station transmit antennas would have a wider geographic impact, and significantly lower satellite altitudes magnify the impact of aggregate interference from terrestrial transmissions".[276]

Internet traffic via a geostationary satellite has a minimum theoretical round-trip latency of at least 477 milliseconds (ms; between user and ground gateway), but in practice, current satellites have latencies of 600 ms or more. Starlink satellites are orbiting at to of the height of geostationary orbits, and thus offer more practical Earth-to-sat latencies of around 25 to 35 ms, comparable to existing cable and fiber networks.[277] The system will use a peer-to-peer protocol claimed to be "simpler than IPv6", it will also incorporate end-to-end encryption natively.[278]

Starlink satellites use Hall-effect thrusters with krypton or argon gas as the reaction mass[279] for orbit raising and station keeping.[280] Krypton Hall thrusters tend to exhibit significantly higher erosion of the flow channel compared to a similar electric propulsion system operated with xenon, but krypton is much more abundant and has a lower market price.[281] SpaceX claims that its 2nd generation thruster using argon has 2.4× the thrust and 1.5× the specific impulse of the krypton fueled thruster.[282]

User terminals

The system does not directly connect from its satellites to handsets (like the constellations from Iridium, Globalstar, Thuraya and Inmarsat). Instead, it is linked to flat user terminals the size of a pizza box, which have phased array antennas and track the satellites. The terminals can be mounted anywhere, as long as they can see the sky. This includes fast-moving objects like trains.[283] Photographs of the customer antennas were first seen on the internet in June 2020, supporting earlier statements by SpaceX CEO Musk that the terminals would look like a "UFO on a stick. Starlink Terminal has motors to self-adjust optimal angle to view sky".[284] The antenna is known internally as "Dishy McFlatface".[285] [286]

In October 2020, SpaceX launched a paid-for beta service in the U.S. called "Better Than Nothing Beta", charging $499 for a user terminal, with an expected service of "50 to 150 Mbit/s and latency from 20 to 40 ms over the next several months".[287] From January 2021, the paid-for beta service was extended to other continents, starting with the United Kingdom.[288]

A larger, high-performance version of the antenna is available for use with the Starlink Business service tier.

In September 2020, SpaceX applied for permission to put terminals on 10 of its ships with the expectation of entering the maritime market in the future.[289]

In August 2022, and in response to an open invitation from SpaceX to have the terminal examined by the security community, security specialist Lennert Wouters presented several technical architecture details about the then-current starlink terminals: the main control unit of the dish is a STMicroelectronics custom designed chip code-named Catson which is a quad-core ARM Cortex-A53-based control processor running the Linux kernel and booted using U-Boot. The main processor uses several other custom chips such as a digital beam former named Shiraz and a front-end module named Pulsarad. The main control unit controls an array of digital beamformers. Each beamformer controls 16 front-end modules. In addition the terminal has a GPS receiver, motor controllers, synchronous clock generation and Power over Ethernet circuits, all manufactured by STMicroelectronics.[290]

In June 2024, a portable user terminal dubbed "Starlink Mini" was announced to be imminently available, the Mini supports 100 Mbps of download speed and will fit in a backpack.[291] Initial rollout was in Latin America at a $200 price point.[292]

Ground stations

SpaceX has made applications to the FCC for at least 32 ground stations in United States, and has approvals for five of them (in five states). Till February 2023 Starlink used the Ka-band to connect with ground stations.[293] with the launch of v2 mini they added frequencies in the 71–86 GHz W band (or E band waveguide) range.[294]

A typical ground station right now has nine 2.86 m (9.4 ft) antennas in a 400 m2 (4,306 sq ft) fenced in area.[295]

According to their filing, SpaceX's ground stations would also be installed on-site at Google data-centers world-wide.[296]

Satellite revisions

MicroSat

MicroSat-1a and MicroSat-1b were originally slated to be launched into circular orbits at approximately 86.4° inclination, and to include panchromatic video imager cameras to film images of Earth and the satellite.[297] The two satellites, "MicroSat-1a" and "MicroSat-1b" were meant to be launched together as secondary payloads on one of the Iridium NEXT flights, but they were instead used for ground-based tests.[298]

Tintin

At the time of the June 2015 announcement, SpaceX had stated plans to launch the first two demonstration satellites in 2016, but the target date was subsequently moved out to 2018.[299] SpaceX began flight testing their satellite technologies in 2018 with the launch of two test satellites. The two identical satellites were called MicroSat-2a and MicroSat-2b[300] during development but were renamed Tintin A and Tintin B upon orbital deployment on February 22, 2018. The satellites were launched by a Falcon 9 rocket, and they were piggy-pack payloads launching with the Paz satellite.

Tintin A and B were inserted into a orbit. Per FCC filings,[301] they were intended to raise themselves to an orbit, the operational altitude for Starlink LEO satellites per the earliest regulatory filings, but stayed close to their original orbits. SpaceX announced in November 2018 that they would like to operate an initial shell of about 1600 satellites in the constellation at about orbital altitude, at an altitude similar to the orbits Tintin A and B stayed in.

The satellites orbit in a circular low Earth orbit at about altitude[302] in a high-inclination orbit for a planned six to twelve-month duration. The satellites communicate with three testing ground stations in Washington State and California for short-term experiments of less than ten minutes duration, roughly daily.[303] [304]

v0.9 (test)

The 60 Starlink v0.9 satellites, launched in May 2019, have the following characteristics:

v1.0 (operational)

The Starlink v1.0 satellites, launched since November 2019, have the following additional characteristics:

v1.5 (operational)

The Starlink v1.5 satellites, launched since January 24, 2021, have the following additional characteristics:

Starshield (operational)

These are satellites buses with two solar arrays derived from Starlink v1.5 and v2.0 for military use and can host classified government or military payloads.[316]

v2.0 (initial deployment)

SpaceX was preparing for the production of Starlink v2.0 satellites by early 2021.[317] According to Musk, Starlink v2.0 satellites will be "... an order of magnitude better than Starlink 1" in terms of communications bandwidth.[318]

SpaceX hoped to begin launching Starlink v2.0 in 2022., SpaceX had said publicly that the satellites of second-generation (Gen2) constellation would need to be launched on Starship, as they are too large to fit inside a Falcon 9 fairing. However, in August 2022, SpaceX made formal regulatory filings with the FCC that indicated they would build satellites of the second-generation (Gen2) constellation in two different, but technically identical, form factors: one with the physical structures tailored to launching on Falcon 9, and one tailored for the launching on Starship.[319] Starlink v2.0 is both larger and heavier than Starlink v1 satellites.

Starlink second-generation satellites planned for launch on Starship have the following characteristics:[320]

In October 2022, SpaceX revealed configuration of early v2.0s to be launched on Falcon 9.[323] In May 2023, SpaceX introduced two more form factors with direct-to-cellular (DtC) capability.[324]

The first six F9-3 satellites with direct-to-cellular (DtC) capability were launched on January 2, 2024, in Group 7-9.[328]

NameComponentLength (m)Width (m)NumberArea (m2)DAS Area (m2)DAS Mass (kg)
F9-1 (V1.5) Solar Array8.12.8122.68
Bus2.81.313.64
Total26.3230303
F9-2 (V2 mini) Solar Array12.84.12104.96
Bus4.12.7111.07
Total116.03120800
F9-3 (V2 mini with DtC) Solar Array12.84.12105
Bus7.42.7120
Total125130970
Starship-1 (V2) Solar Array20.26.362256.94
Bus6.42.7117.28
Total274.222942000
Starship-2 (V2 with DtC) Solar Array20.26.362256.94
Bus10.12.7127.27
Total284.212942000

Launches

Between February 2018 and May 2024, SpaceX successfully launched over 6,000 Starlink satellites into orbit, including prototypes and satellites that later failed or were de-orbited before entering operational service. In March 2020, SpaceX reported producing six satellites per day.[329]

The deployment of the first 1,440 satellites was planned in 72 orbital planes of 20 satellites each,[330] with a requested lower minimum elevation angle of beams to improve reception: 25° rather than the 40° of the other two orbital shells. SpaceX launched the first 60 satellites of the constellation in May 2019 into a orbit and expected up to six launches in 2019 at that time, with 720 satellites (12 × 60) for continuous coverage in 2020.[331] [332]

Starlink satellites are also planned to launch on Starship, an under-development rocket of SpaceX with a much larger payload capability. The initial announcement included plans to launch 400 Starlink (version 1.0) satellites at a time.[333] Current plans now call for Starship to be the only launch vehicle to be used to launch fewer of the much larger Starlink version 2.0.

Constellation design and status

In March 2017, SpaceX filed plans with the FCC to field a second orbital shell of more than 7,500 "V-band satellites in non-geosynchronous orbits to provide communications services" in an electromagnetic spectrum that has not previously been heavily employed for commercial communications services. Called the "Very-low Earth orbit (VLEO) constellation", it was to have comprised 7,518 satellites that were to orbit at just altitude, while the smaller, originally planned group of 4,425 satellites would operate in the Ka- and Ku-bands and orbit at altitude.[334] [335] By 2022, SpaceX had withdrawn plans to field the 7,518-satellite V-band system, superseding it with a more comprehensive design for a second-generation (Gen2) Starlink network.

In November 2018, SpaceX received U.S. regulatory approval to deploy 7,518 V-band broadband satellites, in addition to the 4,425 approved earlier;[336] [337] however, the V-band plans were subsequently withdrawn by 2022.At the same time, SpaceX also made new regulatory filings with the U.S. FCC to request the ability to alter its previously granted license in order to operate approximately 1,600 of the 4,425 Ka-/Ku-band satellites approved for operation at in a "new lower shell of the constellation" at only [338] orbital altitude.[339] These satellites would effectively operate in a third orbital shell, a orbit, while the higher and lower orbits at approximately and approximately would be used only later, once a considerably larger deployment of satellites becomes possible in the later years of the deployment process. The FCC approved the request in April 2019, giving approval to place nearly 12,000 satellites in three orbital shells: initially approximately 1,600 in a – altitude shell, and subsequently placing approximately 2,800 Ku- and Ka-band spectrum satellites at and approximately 7,500 V-band satellites at .[340] In total, nearly 12,000 satellites were planned to be deployed, with (as of 2019) a possible later extension to 42,000.[341]

In February 2019, a sister company of SpaceX, SpaceX Services Inc., filed a request with the FCC to receive a license for the operation of up to a million fixed satellite Earth stations that would communicate with its non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellite Starlink system.[342]

In June 2019, SpaceX applied to the FCC for a license to test up to 270 ground terminals – 70 nationwide across the United States and 200 in Washington state at SpaceX employee homes[343] [344] – and aircraft-borne antenna operation from four distributed United States airfields; as well as five ground-to-ground test locations.[345] [346]

On October 15, 2019, the United States FCC submitted filings to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) on SpaceX's behalf to arrange spectrum for 30,000 additional Starlink satellites to supplement the 12,000 Starlink satellites already approved by the FCC.That month, Musk publicly tested the Starlink network by using an Internet connection routed through the network to post a first tweet to social media site Twitter.[347]

First Generation

Contains all v0.9 and first generation satellites. Tintin A and Tintin B as test satellites are not included.

PhaseGroup designationOrbital shellsOrbital planes[348] Committed completion dateDeployed satellites
Altitude
(km)		Authorized satellitesIncli­nationCountSatellites
per		HalfFullActive Decaying/
deorbited 		Satellites needed for completion
1[349] <-- V-band proposal subsequently withdrawn per refname=sn20221202 -->Group 1[350] 1,584[351] 53.0°7222March 2024 (aimed)
August 1, 2022 (achieved)[352] 		March 20271,351374233
Group 272070°36204035317
Group 3[353] 34897.6°65823310 115
Group 41,58453.2°72221,5429542
17297.6°44300172
2[354] 2,49342.0°November 2024November 20270
2,47848.0°0
2,54753.0°0
Early designs had all phase 1 satellites in altitudes of around . SpaceX initially requested to lower the first 1584 satellites, and in April 2020 requested to lower all other higher satellite orbits to about .[355] [356] In April 2020, SpaceX modified the architecture of the Starlink network. SpaceX submitted an application to the FCC proposing to operate more satellites in lower orbits in the first phase than the FCC previously authorized. The first phase will still include 1,440 satellites in the first shell orbiting at in planes inclined 53.0°, with no change to the first shell of the constellation launched largely in 2020.[357] SpaceX also applied in the United States for use of the E-band in their constellation[358] The FCC approved the application in April 2021.[359] [360]

On January 24, 2021 SpaceX released a new group of 10 Starlink satellites, the first Starlink satellites in polar orbits. The launch surpassed ISRO's record of launching the most satellites in one mission (143), taking to 1,025 the cumulative number of satellites deployed for Starlink to that date.[361] [362]

On February 3, 2022, 49 satellites were launched as Starlink Group 47. A G2-rated geomagnetic storm occurred on February 4, caused the atmosphere to warm and density at the low deployment altitudes to increase. Predictions were that up to 40 of the 49 satellites might be lost due to drag.[363] After the event, 38 satellites reentered the atmosphere by February 12 while the remaining 11 were able to raise their orbits and avoid loss due to the storm.[364] [365]

In March 2023 SpaceX submitted an application to add V-band payload to the second generation satellites rather than fly phase 2 V-band satellites as originally planned and authorized.[366] The request is subject to FCC approval.

Second Generation

PhaseGroup designationOrbital shellsOrbital planes[367] Committed completion dateDeployed satellites
March 31, 2024
Nominal altitudeActual altitude (km)Planned satellitesIncli­nationCountSatellites
per		HalfFullActive Decaying/
deorbited 		Satellites needed for completion
1Group 5[368] 559250043°28120December 1, 2028[369] December 1, 203168712470
Group 6559, 488134344
Group 7510, 482, 549250053°2812040922111
Group 8250053°2812014202358
With the unknown of when Starship will be able to launch the second generation satellites, SpaceX modified the original V2 blueprint into a smaller, more compact one named "V2 Mini". This adjustment allowed Falcon 9 to transport these satellites, though not as many, into orbit.[370] The first set of 21 of these satellites was launched on February 27, 2023. SpaceX committed to reducing debris by keeping the Starlink tension rods, which hold the V2 mini-satellites together, attached to the Falcon 9 second stage. These tension rods were discarded into orbit while launching earlier versions of Starlink satellites.[371] Observations confirm these V2 mini-satellites host two solar panels like the Starship V2 satellites.[372]

Impact on astronomy

The planned large number of satellites has been met with criticism from the astronomical community because of concerns over light pollution.[373] [374] [375] Astronomers claim that their brightness in both optical and radio wavelengths will severely impact scientific observations. While astronomers can schedule observations to avoid pointing where satellites currently orbit, it is "getting more difficult" as more satellites come online.[376] The International Astronomical Union (IAU), National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), and Square Kilometre Array Organization (SKAO) have released official statements expressing concern on the matter. Recent studies have proved that the "unintended electromagnetic radiation" affects radio telescopes creating distortions and excessive noise and the IAU Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference was created to manage these new man made obstacles to space exploration.[377] [378] [379] [380]

Visible Optical interference

On November 20, 2019, the four-meter (13') Blanco telescope of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) recorded strong signal loss and the appearance of 19 white lines on a DECam shot (right image). This image noise was correlated to the transit of a Starlink satellite train, launched a week earlier.[381]

SpaceX representatives and Musk have claimed that the satellites will have minimal impact, being easily mitigated by pixel masking and image stacking.[382] However, professional astronomers have disputed these claims based on initial observation of the Starlink v0.9 satellites on the first launch, shortly after their deployment from the launch vehicle.[383] [384] [385] [386] In later statements on Twitter, Musk stated that SpaceX will work on reducing the albedo of the satellites and will provide on-demand orientation adjustments for astronomical experiments, if necessary.[387] [388] One Starlink satellite (Starlink 1130 / DarkSat) launched with an experimental coating to reduce its albedo. The reduction in g-band magnitude is 0.8 magnitude (55%).[389] [390] Despite these measures, astronomers found that the satellites were still too bright, thus making DarkSat essentially a "dead end".[391]

On April 17, 2020, SpaceX wrote in an FCC filing that it would test new methods of mitigating light pollution, and also provide access to satellite tracking data for astronomers to "better coordinate their observations with our satellites".[392] [393] On April 27, 2020, Musk announced that the company would introduce a new sunshade designed to reduce the brightness of Starlink satellites., over 200 Starlink satellites had a sunshade. An October 2020 analysis found them to be only marginally fainter than DarkSat.[394] A January 2021 study pinned the brightness at 31% of the original design.[395]

According to a May 2021 study, "A large number of fast-moving transmitting stations (i.e. satellites) will cause further interference. New analysis methods could mitigate some of these effects, but data loss is inevitable, increasing the time needed for each study and limiting the overall amount of science done".[396]

In February 2022, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) established a center to help astronomers deal with the adverse effects of satellite constellations such as Starlink. Work will include the development of software tools for astronomers, advancement of national and international policies, community outreach and work with industry on relevant technologies.[397]

In June 2022, the IAU released a website for astronomers to deal with some adverse effects via satellite tracking. This will enable astronomers to be able to track satellites to be able to avoid and time them for minimal impact on current work.

The first batch of Generation 2 spacecraft was launched in February 2023. These satellites are referred to as "Mini" because they are smaller than the full-sized Gen 2 spacecraft that will come later. SpaceX uses brightness mitigation for Gen 2 that includes a mirror-like surface which reflects sunlight back into space and they orient the solar panels so that observers on the ground only see the dark sides.[398] The Minis are fainter than Gen 1 spacecraft despite being four times as large according to an observational study published in June 2023. They are 44% as bright as VisorSats, 24% compared to V1.5 and 19% compared to the original design which had no brightness mitigation. Minis appear 12 times brighter before they reach the target orbit.[399]

Radio interference

In October 2023, research published in "Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters" had reportedly found that Starlink satellites were "leaking radio signals" finding that at the site of the future Square Kilometer Array radio emissions from Starlink satellites were brighter than any natural source in the sky.[400] The paper concluded that these emissions will be "detrimental to key SKA science goals without future mitigation".[401]

Increased risk of satellite collision

The large number of satellites employed by Starlink may create the long-term danger of space debris resulting from placing thousands of satellites in orbit and the risk of causing a satellite collision, potentially triggering a phenomenon known as Kessler syndrome.[402] [403] SpaceX has said that most of the satellites are launched at a lower altitude, and failed satellites are expected to deorbit within five years without propulsion.[404] [405]

Early in the program, a near-miss occurred when SpaceX did not move a satellite that had a 1 in 1,000 chance of colliding with a European one, ten times higher than ESA's threshold for avoidance maneuvers. SpaceX subsequently fixed an issue with its paging system that had disrupted emails between ESA and SpaceX. ESA said it plans to invest in technologies to automate satellite collision avoidance maneuvers.[406] [407] In 2021, Chinese authorities lodged a complaint with the United Nations, saying their space station had performed evasive maneuvers that year to avoid Starlink satellites.[408] In the document, Chinese delegates said that the continuously maneuvering Starlink satellites posed a risk of collision, and two close encounters with the satellites in July and October constituted dangers to the life or health of astronauts aboard the Chinese Tiangong space station.[409]

All these reported issues, plus current plans for the extension of the constellation, motivated a formal letter from the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) on behalf of NASA and theNSF, submitted to the FCC on February 8, 2022, warning about the potential impact on low Earth orbit, increased collision risk, impact on science missions, rocket launches, International Space Station and Radio frequencies.[410]

SpaceX satellites will maneuver if the probability of collision is greater than (1 in 100,000 chance of collision), as opposed to the industry standard of (1 in 10,000 chance of collision).[411] SpaceX has budgeted sufficient propellant to accommodate approximately 5,000 propulsive maneuvers over the life of a Gen2 satellite, including a budget of approximately 350 collision avoidance maneuvers per satellite over that time period.

As of May 2022, the average Starlink satellite had conducted fewer than three collision-avoidance maneuvers over the 6 preceding months. Over 1,700 out of 6,873 maneuvers were performed to avoid Kosmos 1408 debris.

Competition and market effects

See also: Satellite internet constellation.

In addition to the OneWeb constellation, announced nearly concurrently with the SpaceX constellation, a 2015 proposal from Samsung outlined a 4,600-satellite constellation orbiting at that could provide a zettabyte per month capacity worldwide, an equivalent of 200 gigabytes per month for 5 billion users of Internet data,[412] [413] but by 2020, no more public information had been released about the Samsung constellation. Telesat announced a smaller 117 satellite constellation in 2015 with plans to deliver initial service in 2021.[414] Amazon announced a large broadband internet satellite constellation in April 2019, planning to launch 3,236 satellites in the next decade in what the company calls "Project Kuiper", a satellite constellation that will work in concert[415] with Amazon's previously announced large network of twelve satellite ground station facilities (the "AWS ground station unit") announced in November 2018.[416]

In February 2015, financial analysts questioned established geosynchronous orbit communications satellite fleet operators as to how they intended to respond to the competitive threat of SpaceX and OneWeb LEO communication satellites.[417] In October 2015, SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell indicated that while development continues, the business case for the long-term rollout of an operational satellite network was still in an early phase.[418]

By October 2017, the expectation for large increases in satellite network capacity from emerging lower-altitude broadband constellations caused market players to cancel some planned investments in new geosynchronous orbit broadband communications satellites.[419]

SpaceX was challenged regarding Starlink in February 2021 when the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA), a political interest group representing traditional rural internet service providers, urged the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to "actively, and aggressively, and thoughtfully vet" the subsidy applications of SpaceX and other broadband providers. At the time, SpaceX had provisionally won $886 million for a commitment to provide service to approximately 643,000 locations in 35 states as part of the Rural Digital Opportunity Fund (RDOF).[420] The NRECA criticisms included that the funding allocation to Starlink would include service to locations—such as Harlem and terminals at Newark Liberty International Airport and Miami International Airport—that are not rural, and because SpaceX was planning to build the infrastructure and serve any customers who request service with or without the FCC subsidy. Additionally, Jim Matheson, chief executive officer of the NRECA voiced concern about technologies that had not yet been proven to meet the high speeds required for the award category. Starlink was specifically criticized for being still in beta testing and for unproven technology.[421]

While Starlink is deployed worldwide, it has encountered trademark conflicts in some countries such as Mexico[422] and Ukraine.[423]

Similar or competitive systems

See main article: Satellite internet constellation.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Petition of Starlink Services, LLC for Designation as an Eligible Telecommunications Carrier . SpaceX . February 3, 2021 . . March 29, 2024 . PDF . As the Commission knows, SpaceX assigned its winning RDOF bids to Starlink Services, its wholly-owned subsidiary, on December 22, 2020. An intercompany agreement provides Starlink Services, LLC with access to all space and terrestrial assets and infrastructure needed from SpaceX to deploy and operate the Starlink service..
  2. Web site: McDowell . Jonathan . January 3, 2024 . Starlink Launch Statistics . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231210003801/https://planet4589.org/space/con/star/stats.html . December 10, 2023 . January 3, 2023 . Jonathan's Space Pages.
  3. 1604872936976154624 . SpaceX . Starlink now has more than 1,000,000 active subscribers . SpaceX . December 19, 2022 . March 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730083846/https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1604872936976154624 . July 30, 2023 . live.
  4. 1705695980325323023 . Starlink . Starlink is available on all 7 continents, in over 70 countries and many more markets, connecting 2M+ active customers and counting with high-speed internet! . September 23, 2023 . September 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230923223209/https://twitter.com/Starlink/status/1705695980325323023 . September 23, 2023 . live.
  5. 1792678386353213567 . Starlink . Starlink is connecting more than 3M people with high-speed internet across nearly 100 countries, territories and many other markets. Thank you to all of our customers around the world! . May 20, 2024. May 21, 2024.
  6. News: Maidenberg . Micah . Winkler . Rolfe . September 13, 2023 . Starlink Surges but Is Still Far Short of SpaceX's Goals, Documents Show . . live . subscription . November 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123210955/https://www.wsj.com/tech/spacexs-starlink-demonstrates-its-power-but-still-needs-growth-9906c5b0 . November 23, 2023.
  7. Web site: Berger . Eric . May 10, 2024 . Analyst on Starlink's rapid rise: "Nothing short of mind-blowing" . May 11, 2024 . Ars Technica . en-us.
  8. News: Macias . Amanda . Sheetz . Michael . June 1, 2023 . Pentagon awards SpaceX with Ukraine contract for Starlink satellite internet . . live . September 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230915160713/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/01/pentagon-awards-spacex-with-ukraine-contract-for-starlink-satellite-internet.html . September 15, 2023.
  9. Drake . Nadia . May 29, 2019 . Will Elon Musk's Starlink satellites harm astronomy? Here's what we know. . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210309192056/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/elon-musk-starlink-internet-satellites-trouble-for-astronomy-light-pollution . March 9, 2021 . March 12, 2021 .
  10. Web site: JASON Report on the Impacts of Large Satellite Constellations . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211020165359/https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/jasonreportconstellations/ . October 20, 2021 . October 20, 2021 . National Science Foundation.
  11. April 28, 2020 . Astronomy Discussion with National Academy of Sciences . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210516183544/https://www.spacex.com/updates/starlink-update-04-28-2020/index.html . May 16, 2021 . April 4, 2021 . SpaceX.
  12. News: de Selding . Peter B. . Teledesic Plays Its Last Card, Leaves the Game . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20031018172953/http://www.space.com/spacenews/archive03/teledesicarch_071403.html . October 18, 2003.
  13. Gilder . George . October 6, 1997 . Light Speed Trap Ahead . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20220123034508/https://www.forbes.com/asap/1997/1006/118_3.html . January 23, 2022 . January 23, 2022.
  14. News: March 12, 2012 . SpaceX Wash Ops Executive Launching Consulting Firm . live . December 10, 2021 . https://archive.today/20231214134823/https://spacenews.com/spacex-wash-ops-executive-launching-consulting-firm/ . December 14, 2023 . SpaceNews.
  15. News: de Selding . Peter B . January 31, 2005 . Space X Takes 10 Percent Stake in Surrey Satellite Technology . SpaceNews . Paris . live . January 23, 2022 . https://archive.today/20231214135145/https://spacenews.com/space-x-takes-10-percent-stake-surrey-satellite-technology/ . December 14, 2023.
  16. NIce . Audrey . Wolstenholme . Robin . September 11, 2008 . UK-DMC satellite first to transfer sensor data from space using 'bundle' protocol . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120426220355/http://www.sstl.co.uk/News_and_Events/Latest_News/?story=1254 . April 26, 2012 . Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.
  17. http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/press/0408/070408 "EADS Astrium signs an agreement to acquire Surrey Satellite Technology Limited from the University of Surrey."
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  112. 1538960051414646796 . planet4589 . . Space-Track confirms the presence of four secret payloads on the Globalstar Falcon 9 launch – USA 328 to USA 331, catalog 52889 to 52892, orbital data not available. One piece of debris, probably a Starlink-style tension rod? . June 20, 2022.
  113. 1539044005564100609 . cgbassa . The four classified satellites launched together with Globalstar FM15 on a Falcon 9 rocket yesterday have been detected in a ~535 km orbit at 53 deg inclination. . June 21, 2022.
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  129. Web site: February 26, 2022 . @elonmusk while you try to colonize Mars — Russia try to occupy Ukraine! While your rockets successfully land from space — Russian rockets attack Ukrainian civil people! We ask you to provide Ukraine with Starlink stations and to address sane Russians to stand . . June 6, 2023 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014055314/https://twitter.com/FedorovMykhailo/status/1497543633293266944 . live.
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  132. Web site: Bajak . Frank . February 9, 2023 . Musk deputy's words on Starlink 'weaponization' vex Ukraine . April 28, 2023 . . April 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428021116/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-elon-musk-spacex-technology-business-c79c81ff4e6a09f4a185e627dad858fa . live.
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  135. News: Hern . Alex . October 16, 2022 . Elon Musk says SpaceX will keep funding Starlink internet in Ukraine . en-GB . The Guardian . June 6, 2023 . 0261-3077 . October 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221024192858/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/15/the-hell-with-it-elon-musk-says-spacex-will-fund-starlink-internet-in-ukraine . live.
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  137. News: "Steven Seagal is calling" – circus on Russian television (Break the Fake) . YouTube . TVP World . February 3, 2023 . February 10, 2023 . February 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210124414/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pJQT4V91i8 . live.
  138. News: Stone . Mike . Roulette . Joey . June 1, 2023 . SpaceX's Starlink wins Pentagon contract for satellite services to Ukraine . en . Reuters . June 1, 2023 . June 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601190826/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/pentagon-buys-starlink-ukraine-statement-2023-06-01/ . live.
  139. Web site: October 28, 2023 . 'Starlink Internet For Gaza': Netizens Ask Elon Musk For Help Amid Israel Strikes . October 27, 2023 . TimesNow . en . October 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027215148/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/starlink-internet-for-gaza-netizens-ask-elon-musk-for-help-amid-israel-strikes-article-104764695 . live.
  140. News: Rose . Emily . Kaur . Baranjot . October 28, 2023 . Musk says Starlink will provide Gaza connectivity for aid groups . en . Reuters . November 1, 2023 . November 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231101201335/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/musk-says-starlink-provide-connectivity-gaza-through-aid-organizations-2023-10-28/ . live.
  141. Web site: Elon Musk, Israel agree on use of SpaceX Starlink satellite internet in Gaza . November 29, 2023 . December 2, 2023 . . November 30, 2023 . https://archive.today/20231130030058/https://www.space.com/elon-musk-israel-starlink-gaza . live.
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  143. News: Iran Takes Battle to Block Musk's Starlink Internet to UN . Bloomberg. March 27, 2024 .
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  145. News: June 19, 2020 . Elon Musk's company SpaceX applies to offer high-speed Internet service to Canadians . CBC News . live . July 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160154/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/spacex-high-speed-internet-1.5618918 . November 17, 2020.
  146. Musk . Elon . Elon Musk . elonmusk . 1429924523822829571 . August 23, 2021 . Our license applications are pending in many more countries. Hoping to serve Earth soon! . en . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220204034307/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1429924523822829571 . February 4, 2022 . live.
  147. ISED . ISED . ISED_CA . 1324790429947174913 . November 6, 2020 . .@SpaceX is joining the effort to help get Canadians connected to high-speed Internet! Regulatory approval for the @SpaceXStarlink low Earth orbit satellite constellation has been granted! . en . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220104021502/https://twitter.com/ised_ca/status/1324790429947174913 . January 4, 2022 . live.
  148. Web site: Starlink set to deliver breakthrough internet services to PH soon . May 31, 2022 . June 4, 2022 . June 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220604173557/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1604932/starlink-set-to-deliver-breakthrough-internet-services-to-ph-soon . live.
  149. Web site: April 6, 2023 . Starlink connectivity effective in 9 provinces – Mutati . June 10, 2023 . lusakatimes.com . June 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230610043749/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2023/04/06/starlink-connectivity-effective-in-9-provinces-mutati/ . live.
  150. Web site: June 9, 2023 . Starlink secures licence to operate in Zambia . June 10, 2023 . commsupdate.com . June 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230610043748/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/06/09/starlink-secures-licence-to-operate-in-zambia/ . live.
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  153. Web site: October 5, 2023 . Starlink Launches Business Services in Zambia, Partnering with Paratus Group . October 6, 2023 . lusakatimes.com . October 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007013306/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2023/10/06/starlink-launches-business-services-in-zambia-partnering-with-paratus-group/ . live.
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  156. Web site: SpaceX's Starlink broadband to be available in Japan's remote areas next year . SpaceNews . September 13, 2021. September 14, 2021. October 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211001025041/https://spacenews.com/spacexs-starlink-broadband-to-be-available-in-japans-remote-areas-next-year/. live.
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  158. News: Starlink approved in Nigeria and Mozambique, says Elon Musk . . May 27, 2022 . May 27, 2022 . December 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213165300/https://spacenews.com/starlink-approved-in-nigeria-and-mozambique-says-elon-musk/ . live.
  159. News: The Philippines gives green light to Starlink . . May 27, 2022 . May 28, 2022 . December 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213165259/https://spacenews.com/the-philippines-gives-green-light-to-starlink/ . live.
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  164. Web site: September 15, 2023 . سازمان «اتحاد علیه ایران هسته‌ای» می‌گوید با «صور فلکی» به‌دنبال «مبارزه با سانسور اینترنت» در ایران است . September 16, 2023 . صدای آمریکا . fa . September 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230917060415/https://ir.voanews.com/a/uani-launches-project-constellation-to-empower-the-iranian-people-against-regime-s-internet-censorship-/7269385.html . live.
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  179. Web site: Mathewson . Samantha . SpaceX opens Starlink satellite internet to public beta testers . November 5, 2020. March 11, 2021 . Space.com. November 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201105194623/https://www.space.com/spacex-invites-starlink-internet-beta-testing. live.
  180. 1727047687529484626 . SpaceX . Starlink's high-speed internet is now available across Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Western Pacific Ocean. SpaceX . November 21, 2023 . November 21, 2023 . en.
  181. Web site: January 21, 2021 . Canadians Can Now Sign Up for Starlink Internet beta Without an Invite, If Eligible . March 11, 2021 . iPhone in Canada. January 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121053314/https://www.iphoneincanada.ca/tesla/canadians-can-now-sign-up-for-starlink-internet-beta-without-an-invite-if-eligible/. live.
  182. Web site: Sheetz . Michael . January 20, 2021 . SpaceX expands public beta test of Starlink satellite internet to Canada and the UK . March 11, 2021 . CNBC. January 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120165607/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/20/spacex-expands-starlink-public-beta-test-to-canada-united-kingdom.html. live.
  183. Web site: Starlink high-speed internet comes to Pitcairn . November 23, 2022 . September 1, 2023 . September 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230902030537/https://www.visitpitcairn.pn/the-pitkern-blog/one-of-the-most-isolated-places-on-earth-finally-gets-high-speed-internet . live.
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  186. Web site: Starlink now available in Australia! . April 9, 2021. March 29, 2022. March 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220329112419/https://www.reddit.com/r/Starlink/comments/mnb8dp/starlink_going_live_in_australia/. live.
  187. Web site: Starlink disponible en France: "premier arrivé, premier servi . Augusto . Hadrien . PresseCitron . fr . presse-citron.net . May 8, 2021. May 8, 2021. May 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210513055035/https://www.presse-citron.net/starlink-disponible-en-france-premier-arrive-premier-servi/amp/. live.
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  189. Web site: ARCEP awards Starlink a new authorisation to use frequencies . June 2, 2022. June 5, 2022. June 5, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220605030309/https://en.arcep.fr/news/press-releases/view/n/frequencies-020622.html. live.
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  191. Web site: Starlink now available in Austria! . May 7, 2021. March 29, 2022. March 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220329111932/https://www.reddit.com/r/Starlink/comments/n72bq2/starlink_available_in_france/. live.
  192. News: Starlink in the Netherlands! . May 13, 2021. March 29, 2022. March 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220329114658/https://www.reddit.com/r/Starlink/comments/nbkmg7/starlink_in_the_netherlands_just_got/. live.
  193. News: Starlink Now Serving Belgium . May 20, 2021. March 29, 2022. March 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220329115325/https://www.reddit.com/r/Starlink/comments/nh7zqk/starlink_now_serving_belgium/. live.
  194. News: Elon Musk's Starlink kit arrives in Kerry ahead of broadband plan . Irish Examiner . Lucey . Anne . March 30, 2021. September 4, 2021. September 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051804/https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/munster/arid-40253768.html. live.
  195. Web site: SpaceX Starlink Broadband Service Is Now Available In Ireland . July 15, 2021. September 4, 2021 . Tesmanian. September 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051800/https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/ireland. live.
  196. Grove . Morten . mortenlund89 . 1410672979114184710 . July 1, 2021 .
    1. Starlink email just ticked in: now with availability in Denmark https://t.co/6VzsaeFRpz
    . en . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210728132031/https://twitter.com/mortenlund89/status/1410672979114184710 . July 28, 2021 . live.
  197. Web site: Vai aproveitar? Acesso à Internet da Starlink já está disponível em Portugal. pt . Would you like it? Starlink internet access is now available in Portugal . August 11, 2021. August 11, 2021 . Pplware.com. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210810233816/https://pplware.sapo.pt/internet/vai-aproveitar-acesso-a-internet-da-starlink-ja-esta-disponivel-em-portugal/. live.
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  199. Web site: SpaceX Selects Chile As The First Latin American Country To Test Starlink Internet Service In Rural Communities . July 5, 2021. July 5, 2021 . Tesmanian. July 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210705223304/https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/starlink-chile. live.
  200. Web site: Chile Is The First Latin American Country To Have Access To SpaceX's Starlink Internet–Service Is Now Available To Order! . September 4, 2021. September 4, 2021 . Tesmanian. September 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210904194633/https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/starlink-chile-1. live.
  201. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1595110752092028933 . Starlink is now operating in two of the most remote areas in the world: Pitcairn Island and Easter Island, both of which are thousands of miles away from the nearest continent . November 22, 2022 . February 1, 2023.
  202. News: Starlink Now Serving Poland! . September 10, 2021. March 29, 2022. March 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220329122041/https://www.reddit.com/r/Starlink/comments/plpn25/starlink_now_serving_poland_got_the_email_minutes/. live.
  203. Web site: Starlink arriva in Italia in quantità limitate. it . Starlink arrives in Italy in limited quantities . September 14, 2021. September 14, 2021 . hdblog.it. September 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210915100906/https://www.hdblog.it/mobile/articoli/n544033/starlink-italia-disponibile/. live.
  204. Vaculík . Přemysl . PremyslVaculik . 1443622486843793421 . September 30, 2021 . Starlink Now Serving the Czech Republic @SpaceXStarlink https://t.co/Znb9fuAt9P . en . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211018220202/https://twitter.com/premyslvaculik/status/1443622486843793421 . October 18, 2021 . live.
  205. Web site: Starlink is now approved for operations in Sweden . October 30, 2021. March 30, 2022 . Reddit. March 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220330134410/https://www.reddit.com/r/Starlink/comments/qit44r/starlink_is_now_approved_for_operations_in_sweden/. live.
  206. Web site: SpaceX Starlink Internet Is Now Available In Mexico . November 5, 2021 . tesmanian.com . November 6, 2021 . November 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211107190914/https://www.tesmanian.com/de/blogs/tesmanian-blog/starlink-mexico . live.
  207. Web site: Starlink starts offering satellite internet services in Croatia . November 12, 2021. November 16, 2021 . telecompaper.com. June 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220608203901/https://www.telecompaper.com/news/starlink-starts-offering-satellite-internet-services-in-croatia--1403962. live.
  208. Web site: December 2, 2021 . Ministras pasidalijo džiugia žinia – Musko bendrovės padalinys "Starlink" Lietuvoje įjungė savo paslaugas . December 2, 2021 . lrt.lt . lt. May 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220523080035/https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/mokslas-ir-it/11/1555867/ministras-pasidalijo-dziugia-zinia-musko-bendroves-padalinys-starlink-lietuvoje-ijunge-savo-paslaugas. live.
  209. Skuodis . Marius . Marius Skuodis . Skuodis . 1466486546929000448 . December 2, 2021 . Excited to hear that @SpaceX #Starlink has just turned on service in #Lithuania! Thanks for bringing Starlink to us so fast! @SpaceXStarlink . en . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211228215436/https://twitter.com/Skuodis/status/1466486546929000448 . December 28, 2021 . live.
  210. Web site: January 5, 2022 . SpaceX Starlink Internet Service Is Now Available In Spain . tesmanian.com. January 6, 2022. January 22, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220122092136/https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/starlink-spain. live.
  211. Web site: January 7, 2022 . Starlink is officially available in Slovakia! . gearcoupon.com. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107020307/https://www.gearcoupon.com/starlink-is-officially-available-in-slovakia/. dead.
  212. January 18, 2022 . Starlink Mission . . YouTube . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220129131259/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yov854ZT1lg . January 29, 2022 . live.
  213. Web site: April 1, 2022 . Starlink no Brasil: quando a internet por satélite vai chegar no seu endereço? . April 26, 2022 . Canaltech . pt-BR . April 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220425063715/https://canaltech.com.br/internet/starlink-no-brasil-quando-a-internet-por-satelite-vai-chegar-no-seu-endereco-213029/ . live.
  214. Web site: Starlink, de Elon Musk, recebe autorização para oferecer internet no Brasil . April 26, 2022 . www.uol.com.br . pt-br . April 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220426201240/https://www.uol.com.br/tilt/noticias/redacao/2022/01/28/starlink-de-elon-musk-recebe-autorizacao-para-oferecer-internet-no-brasil.htm . live.
  215. News: Starlink и как интернетът на Илон Мъск вече може да бъде достъпен и от България . news.bg . bg . Simeon . Keremedchiev . February 26, 2022. April 6, 2022. April 5, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220405220912/https://news.bg/web/20220405220912/https://news.bg/web/20220405220912/https://news.bg/mobile/starlink-i-kak-internetat-na-ilon-mask-veche-mozhe-da-bade-dostapen-i-ot-balgariya.html. live.
  216. Elon Musk . elonmusk . 1497701484003213317 . Starlink service is now active in Ukraine. More terminals en route. . February 26, 2022.
  217. News: Starlink a debutat în România; Iată tarifele şi viteza promisă . April 7, 2022. April 8, 2022. April 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220408085828/https://www.mobilissimo.ro/stiri-diverse/starlink-a-debutat-in-romania-iata-tarifele-si-viteza-promisa. live.
  218. 1550555439779049473 . SpaceX . Starlink is available for service in 36 countries (or 41 markets) around the world, now including Luxembourg, Saint Martin, and St. Barthelemy → http://starlink.com/map . SpaceX . July 22, 2022 . July 22, 2022.
  219. Web site: Starlink is Now Available in the Caribbean After Dominican Republic President's Visit to SpaceX Headquarters . July 31, 2022 . July 31, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220731204659/https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/dr . live.
  220. 1554975109907066880 . SpaceX . Starlink is now live in Moldova → http://starlink.com/map . SpaceX . August 3, 2022 . August 3, 2022.
  221. 1557533515540881408 . SpaceX . SpaceX . Starlink is now available in Estonia → http://starlink.com/map . August 11, 2022 . August 11, 2022.
  222. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1563594331465797639 . Starlink is now available in Norway! . August 27, 2022 . August 30, 2022.
  223. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1568675521168347137 . Starlink is available in Malta – now serving 40 countries around the world! → starlink.com/map . September 10, 2022 . September 10, 2022.
  224. News: Musk says he will activate Starlink amid Iran protests . Reuters . September 23, 2022 . September 23, 2022 . October 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221020205519/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/musk-says-activating-starlink-response-blinken-internet-freedom-iran-2022-09-23/ . live.
  225. elonmusk . Musk . Elon . Elon Musk . 1573379244268437504 . Activating Starlink... . September 23, 2022 . October 10, 2022.
  226. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1579587196033462272 . Starlink が日本でのサービスを開始しました － アジアでは初めてのサービス国です → starlink.com/map . October 10, 2022 . October 11, 2022 . ja.
  227. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1584605119466725376 . Starlink is now available in Jamaica . October 24, 2022 . October 24, 2022.
  228. Web site: November 21, 2022 . SpaceX Says Starlink Now Reaches All of Alaska, Canada, Finland, Sweden, Norway . December 3, 2022 . December 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221204032525/https://teslanorth.com/2022/11/21/spacex-says-starlink-now-reaches-all-of-alaska-canada-finland-sweden-norway/ . live.
  229. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1595479623847944192 . Starlink is now available in Barbados . November 23, 2022 . February 10, 2024.
  230. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1619091771581153296 . Starlink ahora está disponible en Perú! . January 27, 2023 . January 28, 2023.
  231. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1620166806722981890 . Starlink is now available in Nigeria – the first African country to receive service! . January 30, 2023 . January 31, 2023.
  232. Web site: SpaceX Starlink Internet service is now available across all of Colombia . February 3, 2023 . Evelyn Janeidy . Arevalo . tesmanian.com. February 7, 2023. March 18, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230318054600/https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/colombia. live.
  233. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1623671522819989504 . Starlink is now available in Iceland . February 9, 2023 . March 13, 2023.
  234. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1628396847076106240 . Starlink is now live in Rwanda . February 22, 2023 . March 13, 2023.
  235. Web site: Heads up! Starlink now available in Philippines, says Elon Musk's SpaceX. February 22, 2023 . ABS-CBN News . en. May 11, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230511122633/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/02/22/23/starlink-goes-live-in-philippines-spacex/. live.
  236. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1628192967935799297 . Available na ngayon ang Starlink sa Pilipinas . February 21, 2023 . February 22, 2023.
  237. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1638692986014900225 . Starlink is now available in Haiti . March 23, 2023 . March 23, 2023.
  238. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1641207206518616066 . Starlink ahora disponible en Ecuador . March 29, 2023 . March 30, 2023 . es.
  239. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1646260782940975104 . Starlink ahora disponible en El Salvador . April 12, 2023 . April 12, 2023 . es.
  240. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1658961362746503168 . ¡Starlink ya está disponible en Panamá! . May 18, 2023 . May 18, 2023 . es.
  241. Starlink . Starlink . 1664425134323810304 . Starlink está agora disponível em Moçambique! . June 2, 2023 . June 2, 2023 . pt.
  242. Starlink . Starlink . 1669055777443815425 . Starlink is now available in Trinidad and Tobago . June 14, 2023 . June 15, 2023 . en.
  243. Starlink . Starlink . 1679553136661532673 . Starlink is now available in Cyprus . July 13, 2023 . July 13, 2023 . en.
  244. Starlink . Starlink . 1679912808283262976 . ¡Starlink ya está disponible en Guatemala! . July 14, 2023 . July 14, 2023 . es.
  245. Starlink . Starlink . 1681287681341542400 . Starlink is now available in Kenya . July 18, 2023 . July 18, 2023 . en.
  246. Starlink . Starlink . 1683673673105018881 . Starlink is now available in Malaysia . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . en.
  247. Starlink . Starlink . 1683897037639790592 . Starlink is now available in Malawi! . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . en.
  248. Starlink . Starlink . 1689747288233857028 . Starlink is now available in the Bahamas . August 11, 2023 . August 11, 2023 . en.
  249. Starlink . Starlink . 1709941836331286984 . Starlink's high-speed internet is now available in Zambia . October 5, 2023 . October 5, 2023 . en.
  250. Starlink . Starlink . 1719581885200998485 . Starlink's high-speed internet is now available in the country of Georgia . November 1, 2023 . November 1, 2023 . en.
  251. Starlink . Starlink . 1720438167944499638 . Starlink's high-speed internet is now available in Benin . November 3, 2023 . November 3, 2023 . en.
  252. Starlink . Starlink . 1722718316777841138 . Starlink's high-speed internet is now available in the Maldives . November 9, 2023 . November 9, 2023 . en.
  253. Starlink . Starlink . 1729595379056832524 . Starlink's high-speed internet is now available in Costa Rica . November 28, 2023 . November 28, 2023 . en.
  254. Starlink . Starlink . 1732546542140285379 . Starlink's high-speed internet is now available in Honduras . December 7, 2023 . December 7, 2023 . en.
  255. Starlink . Starlink . 1736841420970066082 . Starlink is now live in Eswatini, marking the 8th country and 10 overall market in Africa where service is available . December 18, 2023 . December 19, 2023 . en.
  256. Starlink . Starlink . 1737914318522581489 . Starlink is now available in Paraguay, making it the 70th country on Earth where people can get connected by high-speed, low-latency internet from space . December 21, 2023 . December 21, 2023 . en.
  257. Starlink . Starlink . 1763427037782720980 . Starlink's high-speed internet is now available in Mongolia . March 1, 2024 . March 1, 2024 . en.
  258. Starlink . Starlink . 1773122399661105221 . Starlink is now available in Argentina, making it the seventh country in South America and 72nd in the world where people can access high-speed, low-latency internet from space . March 27, 2024 . March 28, 2024 . en.
  259. Starlink . Starlink . 1777657231288287579 . Starlink's high-speed, low-latency internet is now available in Albania! . April 9, 2024 . April 9, 2024 . en.
  260. Starlink . Starlink . 1783237077829870049 . Starlink's high-speed, low-latency internet is now available in the Federated States of Micronesia! . April 25, 2024 . April 25, 2024 . en.
  261. Starlink . Starlink . 1786085342770258006 . Starlink's high-speed, low-latency internet is now available in Uruguay! . May 2, 2024. May 3, 2024 . en.
  262. Musk . Elon . Elon Musk . elonmusk . 1792129896690639175 . Honored to launch @Starlink in Indonesia! . May 19, 2024. May 19, 2024 . en.
  263. Starlink . Starlink . 1792344371138076821 . Starlink is now live across the 300+ islands in the Republic of Fiji . May 20, 2024 . June 11, 2024 . en.
  264. Starlink . Starlink . 1800601843376279871 . Starlink is available in Sierra Leone! . June 11, 2024 . June 11, 2024 . en.
  265. Starlink . Starlink . 1806406583452332471 . Starlink's high-speed, low-latency internet is now available in Madagascar! . June 27, 2024 . June 28, 2024 . en-US.
  266. Starlink . Starlink . 1819539422377136212 . Starlink is now available across the island nation of Tonga! . August 3, 2024 . August 3, 2024 . en-US.
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  272. Web site: Zafar . Ramish . SpaceX Successfully Tests Inter-Satellite Starlink Connectivity Via Lasers . wccftech.com . September 3, 2020. September 6, 2020. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160313/https://wccftech.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-laser-test/. live.
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  276. News: In 5G proceeding, SpaceX urges FCC to protect future satellite ventures . Alleven . Monica . FierceWirelessTech . February 22, 2015. March 3, 2015 . SpaceX pointed out that it recently announced plans to build a network of 4,000 non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) communications satellites, which it will manufacture, launch and operate.. February 26, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150226084948/http://www.fiercewireless.com/tech/story/5g-proceeding-spacex-urges-fcc-protect-future-satellite-ventures/2015-02-22. live.
  277. Web site: SpaceX hits two milestones in plan for low-latency satellite broadband . Brodkin . Jon . Ars Technica . February 14, 2018. May 13, 2019. November 17, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160316/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/02/spacexs-satellite-broadband-nears-fcc-approval-and-first-test-launch/. live.
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  279. Web site: High winds scrub SpaceX launch of 60 Starlink internet relay satellites . CBS News . May 15, 2019 . May 24, 2019. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160317/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-falcon-9-launch-kick-starts-space-based-internet-starlink-satellites/. live.
  280. Web site: Ralph . Eric . SpaceX's Starlink satellite lawyers refute latest "flawed" OneWeb critique . Teslarati . March 22, 2019. May 2, 2019. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160310/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starlink-lawyers-oneweb-critique/. live.
  281. KHT – KRYPTON HALL THRUSTERS – IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION AND TESTING OF ALTERNATIVE PROPELLANTS FOR ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS . Project KHT . European Space Agency . September 6, 2017. May 17, 2019 . The overall outcome is that propellant different from xenon can provide significant economic benefits in the long term for commercial telecom applications. In particular, krypton would allow for a major reduction of qualification and operation costs with minor performance drawbacks.. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160336/https://artes.esa.int/projects/kht-krypton-hall-thrusters. live.
  282. Web site: SpaceX on Instagram: "Among other enhancements, V2 minis are equipped with new argon Hall thrusters for on orbit maneuvering. Developed by SpaceX engineers, they have 2.4x the thrust and 1.5x the specific impulse of our first gen thrusters. This will also be the first time ever that argon Hall thrusters are operated in space" . February 26, 2023 . Instagram . en . February 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230226185851/https://www.instagram.com/p/CpImiuwOgsM/ . live.
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  286. News: Teardown of "Dishy McFlatface", the SpaceX Starlink user terminal . Jon Brodkin . December 2, 2020 . Ars Technica. April 23, 2021. April 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210423041141/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/12/teardown-of-dishy-mcflatface-the-spacex-starlink-user-terminal/. live.
  287. News: SpaceX Reveals Monthly Cost Of Starlink Internet In Its 'Better Than Nothing Beta' . O'Callaghan . Jonathan . Forbes . October 27, 2020 . October 30, 2020. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160314/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2020/10/27/spacex-reveals-monthly-cost-of-starlink-internet-in-its-better-than-nothing-betabut-is-it-too-expensive/. live.
  288. News: SpaceX Starlink beta arrives in the UK, sets sights on rest of Europe and Australia . Ralph . Eric . Teslarati . January 4, 2021. January 4, 2021. January 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210104100044/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starlink-beta-uk-arrival-europe-australia/. live.
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  322. 1600595289995345920 . thesheetztweetz . After the FCC last week authorized SpaceX to deploy 7,500 Gen2 Starlink satellites, the company yesterday filed a request to put payloads on 2,016 of those satellites for its direct-to-cell system with T-Mobile to enable coverage "by mid-2024." . Michael Sheetz . December 7, 2022. December 27, 2022.
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  338. Web site: Roulette . Joey . April 9, 2021 . OneWeb, SpaceX satellites dodged a potential collision in orbit . April 14, 2021 . The Verge . en. April 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414094901/https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/9/22374262/oneweb-spacex-satellites-dodged-potential-collision-orbit-space-force. live.
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  340. News: Henry . Caleb . FCC OKs lower orbit for some Starlink satellites . SpaceNews . April 26, 2019. April 28, 2019 . lower the orbit of nearly 1,600 of its proposed broadband satellites. The Federal Communications Commission said 26 April 2019 it was correct with SpaceX changing its plans to orbit those satellites at instead of . SpaceX says the adjustment, requested six months ago, will make a safer space environment, since any defunct satellites at the lower altitude would reenter the Earth's atmosphere in five years even without propulsion. The lower orbit also means more distance between Starlink and competing Internet constellations proposed by OneWeb and Telesat. FCC approval allows satellite companies to provide communications services in the United States. The agency granted SpaceX market access in March 2018 for 4,425 satellites using Ku-band and Ka-band spectrum, and authorized 7,518 V-band satellites in November 2018. SpaceX's modified plans apply to the smaller of the two constellations.. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160100/https://spacenews.com/fcc-oks-lower-orbit-for-some-starlink-satellites/. live.
  341. News: October 15, 2019 . SpaceX submits paperwork for 30,000 more Starlink satellites . live . October 16, 2019 . https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20191016032000/https://spacenews.com/spacex%2Dsubmits%2Dpaperwork%2Dfor%2D30000%2Dmore%2Dstarlink%2Dsatellites/ . October 16, 2019.
  342. Web site: SpaceX Services Application for Blanket-licensed Earth stations . fcc.report . FCC . February 1, 2019. February 9, 2019. May 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190529075424/https://fcc.report/IBFS/SES-LIC-INTR2019-00217/1616678. live.
  343. Web site: FCC Form 442 – Application for new or modified radio station under Part 5 of FCC rules – Experimental radio service: 0517-EX-CN-2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160150/https://apps.fcc.gov/oetcf/els/reports/442_Print.cfm?mode=current&application_seq=93257&license_seq=94236 . November 17, 2020 . July 4, 2019 . Federal Communications Commission.
  344. Web site: June 2019 . 0517-EX-CN-2019 – Application Question 7: Purpose of Experiment . July 4, 2019 . FCC . SpaceX seeks experimental authority for two types of testing: (1) a total of 70 user terminals (mixed between the two types of antennas) so that it can test multiple devices at a number of geographically dispersed locations throughout the United States; and (2) up to 200 phased array user terminals to be deployed within the state of Washington at the homes of SpaceX employees for ongoing testing. Such authority would enable SpaceX to obtain critical data regarding the operational performance of these user terminals and the SpaceX NGSO system..
  345. Web site: FCC FORM 442 – APPLICATION FOR NEW OR MODIFIED RADIO STATION UNDER PART 5 OF FCC RULES – EXPERIMENTAL RADIO SERVICE: 0515-EX-CN-2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160146/https://apps.fcc.gov/oetcf/els/reports/442_Print.cfm?mode=current&application_seq=93244&license_seq=94223 . November 17, 2020 . July 4, 2019 . Federal Communications Commission.
  346. Web site: June 2019 . Application question 7: Purpose of Experiment . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160127/https://apps.fcc.gov/els/GetAtt.html?id=233157&x= . November 17, 2020 . July 4, 2019 . FCC . SpaceX seeks an experimental authorization to test activities ... tests are designed to demonstrate the ability to transmit and receive information (1) between five ground sites ("Ground-to-Ground") and (2) between four ground sites and an airborne aircraft ("Ground-to-Air") ... This application seeks only to use an Earth station to transmit signals to the SpaceX satellites first from the ground and later from a moving aircraft..
  347. Musk . Elon . Elon Musk . elonmusk . 1186523464712146944 . October 22, 2019 . Sending this tweet through space via Starlink satellite . en . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220121222826/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1186523464712146944 . January 21, 2022 . live.
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  353. 1527575550784577536 . Alexphysics13 . SpaceX is on tap to begin Starlink launches to the third shell of their constellation this coming July with two launches from Vandenberg: Starlink Group 3-1 and Starlink Group 3-2 . Alcantarilla Romera . Alejandro . May 20, 2022 . October 10, 2022.
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  355. News: April 21, 2020 . SpaceX Seeks FCC Permission for Operating All First-Gen Starlink in Lower Orbit . SpaceNews . live. June 14, 2020. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20200422161329/https://spacenews.com/spacex%2Dseeks%2Dfcc%2Dpermission%2Dfor%2Doperating%2Dall%2Dfirst%2Dgen%2Dstarlink%2Din%2Dlower%2Dorbit/. April 22, 2020.
  356. Web site: April 17, 2020 . Application for Fixed Satellite Service by Space Exploration Holdings, LLC [SAT-MOD-20200417-00037] ]. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160336/https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/ib/forms/reports/swr031b.hts?q_set=V_SITE_ANTENNA_FREQ.file_numberC%2FFile+Number%2F%3D%2FSATMOD2020041700037&prepare=&column=V_SITE_ANTENNA_FREQ.file_numberC%2FFile+Number. November 17, 2020. January 26, 2021 . fcc.report . FCC . Space Exploration Holdings, LLC seeks to modify its Ku/Ka−band NGSO license to relocate satellites previously authorized to operate at altitudes from 1110 km to 1325 km down to altitudes ranging from 540 km to 570 km, and to make related changes..
  357. Web site: April 21, 2020 . SpaceX modifies Starlink network design . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160117/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/21/spacex-modifies-starlink-network-design-as-another-60-satellites-gear-up-for-launch/ . November 17, 2020 . April 22, 2020 . Spaceflight Now.
  358. Web site: May 26, 2020 . Starlink Gen2 FCC Application Narrative Attachment . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160150/https://fcc.report/IBFS/SAT-LOA-20200526-00055/2378669 . November 17, 2020 . June 18, 2020 . FCC.
  359. News: Sheetz . Michael . April 27, 2021 . FCC approves SpaceX change to its Starlink network, a win despite objections from Amazon and others . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427184844/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/27/fcc-approves-spacex-starlink-modification-despite-objections.html . April 27, 2021 . April 27, 2021 . CNBC.
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  361. Web site: January 20, 2021 . SpaceX surpasses 1,000-satellite mark in latest Starlink launch . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211001025115/https://spacenews.com/spacex-surpasses-1000-satellite-mark-in-latest-starlink-launch/ . October 1, 2021 . January 27, 2021 . SpaceNews.
  362. Web site: January 24, 2021 . SpaceX smashes record with launch of 143 small satellites . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125030820/https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/01/24/spacex-launches-record-setting-rideshare-mission-with-143-small-satellites/ . January 25, 2021 . January 25, 2021 . Spaceflight Now.
  363. Web site: Foust . Jeff . February 9, 2022 . Dozens of Starlink satellites from latest launch to reenter after geomagnetic storm . February 9, 2022 . SpaceNews.
  364. 1492964347794325506 . planet4589 . Object 51470, one of the failed Starlink satellites from the recent launch, reentered at 1708 UTC Feb 12 off the coast of California. I believe this to be the last of the failed satellites to reenter; the remaining 11 satellites still being tracked are slowly raising their orbits. Jonathan McDowell . February 13, 2022. February 19, 2022 . McDowell . Jonathan.
  365. News: February 3, 2022 . Geomagnetic storm and recently deployed Starlink satellites . SpaceX . February 8, 2022.
  366. Web site: SpaceX seeks to modify its V-band license so that it may deploy and operate up to 7,500 V-band payloads on satellites launched into its Gen2 system . March 22, 2023. August 23, 2023.
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  370. SpaceX . SpaceX . 1629898468373192707 . We call them "V2 Mini". They represent a step forward in Starlink capability . February 26, 2023 . March 4, 2023.
  371. Web site: SpaceX . February 28, 2023 . SpaceX . en.
  372. GewoonLukas_ . GewoonLukas_ . 1633003628221833216 . Image of a Starlink V2 Mini satellite in orbit. This also confirms that V2 Mini satellites gave 2 solar arrays xompared to the V1.5 satellites which have 1 solar array. . March 7, 2023 . March 7, 2023.
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  376. News: February 3, 2022 . Megaconstellations like SpaceX's Starlink may interfere with search for life by world's largest radio telescope . en-US . Space.com . February 8, 2022.
  377. Web site: IAU's statement on satellite constellations . International Astronomical Union. June 3, 2019. May 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200527073625/https://www.iau.org/news/announcements/detail/ann19035/. live.
  378. Web site: Statement on Starlink and "Constellations" of Communication Satellites . National Radio Astronomy Observatory. June 3, 2019. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160310/https://public.nrao.edu/news/nrao-statement-commsats/. live.
  379. Web site: SKAO needs corrective measures from satellite "mega-constellation" operators to minimise impact on its telescopes . Square Kilometre Array Organization . October 7, 2020. October 15, 2020 . November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160310/https://www.skatelescope.org/news/skao-satellite-impact-analysis/. live.
  380. Web site: New observations confirm unintended emissions from satellite constellations SKAO . June 24, 2024 . www.skao.int . en.
  381. Web site: Starlink Satellites Imaged from CTIO — IOTW1946 . November 20, 2019. May 3, 2020. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160314/https://noirlab.edu/public/images/iotw1946a/. live.
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  383. markmccaughrean . Mark . McCaughrean . 1132394346945421317 . May 25, 2019 . If predictions are correct that 400–500 Starlink satellites about that bright will also be visible *all the time*.
  384. Mack . Katie . AstroKatie . 1132377572170452992 . May 25, 2019 . SpaceX just launched 60 new satellites, which have been spotted as a chain of bright lights across the sky. As more are launched and orbits change, this could be a very big problem for ground-based astronomy. Musk's offhand "they can't be seen at night" is not true or reassuring. https://t.co/OwbsPJOw9H . en . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211229190706/https://twitter.com/AstroKatie/status/1132377572170452992 . December 29, 2021 . live.
  385. Jamie R Lomax . jrlomax . 1132408926811643905 . May 25, 2019 . @AstroKatie Even if they were only visible at dusk and dawn as claimed, they would still affect our data because we take calibrations then. Dusk/dawn flats are hard enough to take as is. Having a subset of 12,000 bright things running through those exposures would be infuriating. . en . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210207195715/https://twitter.com/jrlomax/status/1132408926811643905 . February 7, 2021 . live.
  386. Parker . Alex . Alex_Parker . 1132163931378610178 . May 25, 2019 . I know people are excited about those images of the train of SpaceX Starlink satellites, but it gives me pause. They're bright, and there are going to be a lot of them. If SpaceX launches all 12,000, they will outnumber stars visible to the naked eye. . en . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211222150705/https://twitter.com/Alex_Parker/status/1132163931378610178 . December 22, 2021 . live.
  387. Musk . Elon . Elon Musk . elonmusk . 1132902372458418176 . May 27, 2019 . @13ericralph31 @varunversion1 @Erdayastronaut @SpaceX If we need to tweak sat orientation to minimize solar reflection during critical astronomical experiments, that's easily done. Most orbital objects are close to Earth btw, as shown by this NASA density map. https://t.co/83MwIZAEP6 https://t.co/NllMXregRg . en . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108101158/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1132902372458418176 . November 8, 2021 . live.
  388. Musk . Elon . Elon Musk . elonmusk . 1132908689860415488 . May 27, 2019 . @Cosmic_Penguin Agreed, sent a note to Starlink team last week specifically regarding albedo reduction. We'll get a better sense of value of this when satellites have raised orbits & arrays are tracking to the sun. . en . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220107005704/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1132908689860415488 . January 7, 2022 . live.
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  394. A Sky Brightness Model for the Starlink "Visorsat" Spacecraft . 2020 . 10.3847/2515-5172/abc0e9 . Cole . Richard E. . Research Notes of the AAS . 4 . 10 . 182 . 2107.06026 . 2020RNAAS...4..182C . 228996341. free.
  395. The Brightness of VisorSat-Design Starlink Satellites . Anthony Mallama . January 2, 2021 . astro-ph.IM . 2101.00374.
  396. Boley . Aaron C. . Byers . Michael . May 20, 2021 . Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth . Scientific Reports . 11 . 1 . 10642 . 10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7 . 34017017 . 2045-2322 . 8137964 . 2021NatSR..1110642B.
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  398. Web site: Brightness mitigation best practices for satellite operators.
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  400. Web site: Tingay . Steven . October 13, 2023 . Starlink satellites are 'leaking' signals that interfere with our most sensitive radio telescopes . November 19, 2023 . The Conversation . en-US.
  401. Detection of intended and unintended emissions from Starlink satellites in the SKA-Low frequency range, at the SKA-Low site, with an SKA-Low station analog . International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research . 2023 . 10.1051/0004-6361/202347654 . 2309.15672 . Grigg . D. . Tingay . S. J. . Sokolowski . M. . Wayth . R. B. . Indermuehle . B. . Prabu . S. . 678 . L6 . 2023A&A...678L...6G . 263152648.
  402. Web site: O'Callaghan . Jonathan . May 13, 2019 . SpaceX's Starlink Could Cause Cascades of Space Junk . Scientific American. live. August 2, 2020. November 17, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160329/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/spacexs-starlink-could-cause-cascades-of-space-junk/.
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  404. Web site: Foust . Jeff . Starlink failures highlight space sustainability concerns . July 2, 2019 . SpaceNews. September 18, 2019. July 7, 2020. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20200707123031/https://spacenews.com/starlink%2Dfailures%2Dhighlight%2Dspace%2Dsustainability%2Dconcerns/. live.
  405. Stephen Chen, SCMP (24 Feb 2023) China aims to launch nearly 13,000 satellites to 'suppress' Elon Musk's Starlink, researchers say in near-Earth orbit
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  407. Web site: SpaceX satellite was on "collision course" until ESA satellite was re-routed . arstechnica.com . September 3, 2019 . Ars Technica. April 29, 2020. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160331/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/09/spacex-satellite-was-on-collision-course-until-esa-satellite-was-re-routed/. live.
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  409. News: Elon Musk Faces Backlash In China After "Close Encounters" Between His Starlink Satellites And Chinese Space Station . December 28, 2021 . Forbes . December 27, 2021.
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  418. Web site: Boyle . Alan . October 27, 2015 . SpaceX's Gwynne Shotwell signals go-slow approach for Seattle satellite plan . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160244/https://www.geekwire.com/2015/spacexs-gwynne-shotwell-signals-go-slow-approach-for-seattle-satellite-operation/. November 17, 2020. October 28, 2015.
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  420. Web site: Musk's Internet-From-Space Subsidy at Risk as Rivals Protest . Shields . Todd . Yahoo!Finance . February 4, 2021. February 5, 2021. February 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210215060017/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/musk-broadband-space-subsidy-irks-070000411.html. live.
  421. Web site: Small internet service providers say SpaceX's Starlink shouldn't get federal funds to expand internet access . Khaled . Fatma . Business Insider . February 4, 2021. February 5, 2021. February 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210205125109/https://www.businessinsider.com/starlink-spacex-fcc-rural-america-2021-2. live.
  422. Web site: americanpost . September 1, 2021 . Elon Musk fights with Mexican businessman over StarLink trademark registration . December 7, 2022 . American Post . en-US.
  423. Web site: nv . April 14, 2023 . SpaceX to appeal losing Starlink trademark in Ukraine . January 4, 2024 . The New Voice of Ukraine . en-US.
  424. News: The race for space-based broadband: OneWeb launches 34 more internet satellites . Wattles . Jackie . CNN. February 7, 2020. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815055818/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/06/tech/oneweb-satellite-internet-launch-scn/index.html. live.
  425. News: Chinese rocket company Space Pioneer secures major funding ahead of first launch . Jones . Andrew . SpaceNews . July 27, 2021. July 27, 2021. July 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210727183506/https://spacenews.com/chinese-rocket-company-space-pioneer-secures-major-funding-ahead-of-first-launch/. live.

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