SpaceX Mars Colonization Program explained

SpaceX Mars colonization program (also referred to as Occupy Mars colloquially) is a planned objective of the company SpaceX and particularly of its founder Elon Musk to colonize Mars. The main element of this ambition is the plan to establish a self-sustained large scale settlement and colony on Mars, claiming self-determination under direct democracy. The main motivation behind this is the belief that the colonization of Mars allows humanity to become multiplanetary and therefore secures the long-term survival of the human species in case of Earth being rid of human life.[1]

Colonization is to be achieved via the development and use of reusable and mass-produced super heavy-lift launch vehicles called Starship. Starship has been referred to as the "holy grail of rocketry" for extraplanetary colonization.[2]

These plans for colonization have garnered both praise and criticism, being supported as a result of public excitement for further human involvement beyond Earth and a desire to prefer human longevity, and being questioned for its existential perspective, execution, livability and legality.

History

Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX, has engaged in space advocacy relating to the colonization of Mars since at least 2001 at the Mars Society.[3]

As early as 2007, Elon Musk publicly stated a personal goal of eventually enabling human exploration and settlement of Mars.[4]

Subsequently, SpaceX has stated its goal is to colonize Mars to ensure the long-term survival of the human species,[5] proposing since the 2000s and early 2010s different concepts for reaching Mars, including space tugs.

Red Dragon

Red Dragon was a 2011–2017 concept mission which would have used a modified Dragon 2 spacecraft as a low-cost Mars lander. If flown, it would have been launched on a Falcon Heavy, and land solely via the use of its SuperDraco retro-propulsion thrusters,[6] as parachutes would have required significant vehicle modifications.

In 2011, SpaceX planned on proposing Red Dragon for the Discovery Mission #13, which would launch in 2022,[7] [8] [9] but it was not submitted. It was then proposed in 2014 as a low-cost way for NASA to achieve a Mars sample return by 2021. In the concept, the Red Dragon capsule would be equipped with the system needed to return samples gathered on Mars. NASA did not fund this concept.

In 2016, SpaceX planned on launching two Red Dragon vehicles[10] in 2018,[11] [12] with NASA providing technical support instead of funding.[13] However, in 2017, Red Dragon was cancelled, in favor of the much larger Starship spacecraft.[14]

Starship

The company's current plan was first formally proposed at the 2016 International Astronautical Congress alongside a fully-reusable launch vehicle, the Interplanetary Transport System. Since then, the launch vehicle was renamed to "Starship", and has been in development since.

The development program reached multiple milestones in 2024 such as on its third test flight, it reached its desired trajectory for the first time and on its fourth flight test, both stages of the vehicle achieved controlled splashdown after launch for the first time. The company has given many estimates of dates of the first human landing on Mars; the most recent discussion of which occurred during a company all hands meeting in April 2024.[15]

Composition

Goals

As early as 2007, Elon Musk stated a personal goal of eventually enabling human exploration and settlement of Mars.[4]

SpaceX has stated its goal is to colonize Mars to ensure the long-term survival of the human species.

Launch system

SpaceX has been setting up since 2014 a facility called Starbase and more recently a factory called Starfactory on the previously populated and wildlife area Boca Chica (Texas) peninsula in the Rio Grande delta at the Gulf of Mexico,[16] partly justified by SpaceX with its colonial perspective,[17] to launch and build an in development fully reusable super heavy-lift launch vehicle with the name Starship. Aiming with its rusability to drastically reduce launch costs and scaled construction and swift maintenance between flights,[18] this has been the basis for SpaceX to advance its Mars ambitions and when operational will allow it to provide the necessary transportation capabilities for its colonial goals. The reusability and its resulting reduced launch costs is expected to expand space access to more payloads and entities.[19]

Musk has stated that a Starship orbital launch could eventually cost $2 million, starting at $10 million within 2–3 years and dropping with time.[20] Starfactory is at the same time planned to produce at peak one Starship per day.[21]

The rocket consists of a Super Heavy first stage booster and a Starship second stage spacecraft,[22] powered by Raptor and Raptor Vacuum engines.[23] Both stages are made from stainless steel.[24]

Methane was chosen for the Raptor engines because it is relatively inexpensive, produces a low amount of soot as compared to other hydrocarbons,[25] and can be created on Mars from carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and hydrogen via the Sabatier reaction.[26] The engine family uses a new alloy for the main combustion chamber, allowing it to contain of pressure, the highest of all current engines. In the future, it may be mass-produced and cost about $230,000 per engine or $100 per kilonewton.[27]

First missions

Musk has made statements on several occasions about aspirational dates for Starship's earliest possible Mars landing,[28] including in 2022, that a mission to Mars could be no earlier than 2029.[29]

SpaceX's early missions to Mars are to involve small fleets of Starship spacecraft, funded by public–private partnerships.[30]

SpaceX has stated on several occasions aspirational plans to build a crewed base on Mars for an extended surface presence, which it hopes will grow into a self-sufficient colony.[31] [32]

Before any people are transported to Mars, a number of cargo missions would be undertaken first in order to transport the requisite equipment, habitats and supplies.[33] Equipment that would accompany the early groups would include "machines to produce fertilizer, methane and oxygen from Mars' atmospheric nitrogen and carbon dioxide and the planet's subsurface water ice" as well as construction materials to build transparent domes for crop growth.[34] [35]

Musk plans for the first crewed Mars missions to have approximately 12 people, with goals to "build out and troubleshoot the propellant plant and Mars Base Alpha power system" and establish a "rudimentary base." The company plans to process resources on Mars into fuel for return journeys,[36] and use similar technologies on Earth to create carbon-neutral propellant.[37]

Populating

The company hopes that once infrastructure is established on Mars and launch cost is reduced, populating can begin.

After the first few windows of crewed Mars landings, Musk has suggested that the number of people who are sent to Mars could be ramped up rapidly.

A successful colonization, meaning an established human presence on Mars growing over many decades, would ultimately involve many more economic actors than SpaceX.[38] [39] [40]

For reference, Musk's timeline for the colonization of Mars involves a crewed mission as early as 2029 and the development of a self-sustaining colony by 2050.[41]

Musk has stated in 2024 that in-situ resource utilization will be critical for establishing a self-sustaining colony, and that SpaceX plans to begin its efforts in advancing that field in "seven to nine years".[42] Current theories for in-situ resource utilization involve harvesting CO2 from the atmosphere and splitting into its raw components. This will involve using the O2 as well as CH4 for fuel production, and specifically the O2 in addition to Nitrogen (the second-most common gas in the Martian atmosphere) for breathing air within habitats.[43]

The program aims to send a million people to Mars, using a thousand Starships sent during a Mars launch window, which occurs approximately every 26 months.[44] Proposed journeys would require 80 to 150 days of transit time, averaging approximately 115 days (for the nine synodic periods occurring between 2024 and 2041).[45]

Reception and feasibility

Mars colonization has gained increased interest, both supportive and critical, since the technical achievements of SpaceX's and Elon Musk's rise of popularity in the 2010s, and more so into the 2020s.

Support

Some experts, like Robert Zubrin, support the concept due to the prevalence of water ice in the form of permafrost and glaciers on Mars, as well as other resources like carbon dioxide and nitrogen.[46] According to Zubrin, Starship's planned lower launch cost could make space research profitable, allowing major advancements in medicine, computers, material science, making mining profitable as well and space-based economy and colonization practical.

Others like Saul Zimet have expressed strong support for the concept, suggesting the possibility that the technological advancements that could be developed on Mars will come to benefit the whole of Earth.[47]

Criticism

Some people object to the concept of colonizing Mars, believing the planet's lack of both breathable air and protective magnetosphere to be problems, and that pressurized habitats would be an unacceptable solution.[48]

SpaceX's program to colonize Mars has been criticized as far-fetched, because of uncertainties regarding its financing and because it primarily addresses transportation to Mars and not the steps that follow. As of July 2019, SpaceX has not publicly detailed plans for the spacecraft's life-support systems, radiation protection, and in situ resource utilization, which are essential for space colonization.[49]

George Dvorsky writing for Gizmodo characterized Musk's timeline for Martian colonization as "stupendously unreasonable" and "pure delusion".[50] Mars colonization has been called a 'dangerous delusion' by Lord Martin Rees, a British cosmologist/astrophysicist and the Astronomer Royal of the United Kingdom.[51] A common sentiment among those opposed to expanding the scope of human civilization to Mars is that humans should solve all the problems on Earth before advancing to extraplanetary colonization.[52]

Law

SpaceX intends to base the colony's governing laws on self-determination,[53] and direct democracy, led by the citizens of the Martian colony. Some of this has been introduced through the terms and services agreement for individual users of SpaceX's Starlink platform, stating the following: "the parties recognize Mars as a free planet and that no Earth-based government has authority or sovereignty over Martian activities".[54] Starlink has been used extensively by individuals users, Ukrainian forces in the Russo-Ukrainian War, and people throughout rural parts of the world. This signifies that a growing population of individuals and governments is recognizing SpaceX's perspective on enabling Mars to be a free planet.[55] [56]

Somewhat contrary to SpaceX's objective, international space law does not see Mars as free to be governed democratically by its future colonists, with its legal status sharing some elements to that of international waters.[57]

Trivia

It has been pointed out that there is coincidentally a book about Mars colonization called , written by the lead engineer of the V-2 rocket, the first rocket to surpass the Karman Line and go to space, and of the Saturn V, the primary vehicle used in the Apollo program and the first vehicle to ever send humans to the Moon, Wernher von Braun. He envisioned a Mars colony with a publicly elected leader called the "Elon", elected in five year intervals.[58]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Sheetz . Michael . 2021-04-23 . Elon Musk wants SpaceX to reach Mars so humanity is not a 'single-planet species' . 2024-01-12 . CNBC . en . October 2, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211002130927/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/23/elon-musk-aiming-for-mars-so-humanity-is-not-a-single-planet-species.html . live .
  2. Web site: Sheetz . Michael . November 5, 2019 . Elon Musk: SpaceX is chasing the 'holy grail' of completely reusing a rocket . July 23, 2024 . CNBC.
  3. Book: Zubrin, Robert . Robert Zubrin . The Case for Space: How the Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility . 14 May 2019 . . 978-1-63388-534-9 . Amherst, New York . 1053572666.
  4. News: Hoffman . Carl . 2007-05-22 . Elon Musk Is Betting His Fortune on a Mission Beyond Earth's Orbit . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121114052527/http://www.wired.com/science/space/magazine/15-06/ff_space_musk?currentPage=all . November 14, 2012 . 2014-03-14 . Wired Magazine.
  5. Web site: Chang . Kenneth . 27 September 2016 . Elon Musk's Plan: Get Humans to Mars, and Beyond . limited . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160929095051/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/28/science/elon-musk-spacex-mars-exploration.html . 29 September 2016 . 27 September 2016 . The New York Times.
  6. News: David . Leonard . 7 March 2014 . Project 'Red Dragon': Mars Sample-Return Mission Could Launch in 2022 with SpaceX Capsule . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210302085401/https://www.space.com/24984-spacex-mars-mission-red-dragon.html . 2 March 2021 . 8 March 2014 . Space.com.
  7. http://nextbigfuture.com/2014/06/spacex-dragon-lander-could-land-on-mars.html Spacex Dragon lander could land on Mars with a mission under the NASA Discovery Program cost cap.
  8. News: Wall . Mike . July 31, 2011 . 'Red Dragon' Mission Mulled as Cheap Search for Mars Life . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20111201051520/http://www.space.com/12489-nasa-mars-life-private-spaceship-red-dragon.html . 1 December 2011 . 1 May 2012 . SPACE.com.
  9. Web site: 1 November 2011 . NASA ADVISORY COUNCIL (NAC) - Science Committee Report . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130120203325/http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/01/23/NAC_Science_Meeting_ReportOctober_31-November_1_2011-finalTAGGED.pdf . 20 January 2013 . 1 May 2012 . Ames Research Center, NASA.
  10. News: Agamoni Ghosh . 11 May 2017 . Nasa says SpaceX may send two Red Dragon spacecraft to Mars in 2020 in case one fails . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170518160945/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nasa-says-spacex-may-send-two-red-dragon-spacecraft-mars-2020-case-one-fails-1621053 . 18 May 2017 . 25 May 2017 . International Business Times.
  11. News: Davenport . Christian . 2016-06-13 . Elon Musk provides new details on his 'mind blowing' mission to Mars . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160610202809/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/06/10/elon-musk-provides-new-details-on-his-mind-blowing-mission-to-mars/ . 2016-06-10 . 2016-06-14 . Washington Post.
  12. News: Drake . Nadia . Nadia Drake . April 27, 2016 . SpaceX Plans to Send Spacecraft to Mars in 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211253/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/160427-spacex-mars-red-dragon-china-mission/ . 2018-09-19 . 2016-04-28 . National Geographic News.
  13. Web site: Newmann . Dava . Exploring Together . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160501034413/http://blogs.nasa.gov/newman/2016/04/27/exploring-together/ . 1 May 2016 . 27 April 2016 . NASA Official Blog. April 27, 2016 .
  14. Web site: Ralph . Eric . 2017-07-19 . SpaceX skipping Red Dragon for "vastly bigger ships" on Mars, Musk confirms . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210526153614/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-skipping-red-dragon-vastly-bigger-ships-mars-confirms-musk/ . 2021-05-26 . 2020-04-15 . TESLARATI . en-US.
  15. Web site: At Starbase, Elon Musk provided an update on the company's plans to send humanity to Mars, the best destination to begin making life multiplanetary .
  16. Web site: Reilly . Patrick . Residents of Elon Musk's 'space city' say he destroyed quiet beach town . New York Post . 2023-02-19 . 2024-07-15.
  17. Korpershoek . Karlijn . Accessibility to Space Infrastructures and Outer Space: Anthropological Insights from Europe’s Spaceport . International Journal of the Commons . 17 . 1 . December 26, 2023 . 1875-0281 . 10.5334/ijc.1284 . free . 481–491.
  18. Inman . Jennifer Ann . Horvath . Thomas J. . Scott . Carey Fulton . 24 August 2021 . SCIFLI Starship Reentry Observation (SSRO) ACO (SpaceX Starship) . Game Changing Development Annual Program Review 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211011134426/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210020835 . 11 October 2021 . 12 October 2021 . live . NASA.
  19. Mann . Adam . 20 May 2020 . SpaceX now dominates rocket flight, bringing big benefits—and risks—to NASA . live . . en . 10.1126/science.abc9093 . 219490398 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211107024440/https://www.science.org/content/article/spacex-now-dominates-rocket-flight-bringing-big-benefits-and-risks-nasa . 7 November 2021 . 28 November 2021 .
  20. Web site: Duffy . Kate . Elon Musk says he's 'highly confident' that SpaceX's Starship rocket launches will cost less than $10 million within 2-3 years . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240119200111/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-spacex-starship-rocket-update-flight-cost-million-2022-2 . January 19, 2024 . 2024-01-12 . Business Insider . en-US.
  21. Web site: Garofalo . Meredith . June 8, 2024 . SpaceX wants to build 1 Starship megarocket a day with new Starfactory . June 10, 2024 . Space.com . en.
  22. Web site: Amos . Jonathan . 6 August 2021 . Biggest ever rocket is assembled briefly in Texas . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210811063944/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58120874 . 11 August 2021 . 30 May 2022 . BBC News.
  23. Web site: Ryan . Jackson . 21 October 2021 . SpaceX Starship Raptor vacuum engine fired for the first time . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220609051830/https://www.cnet.com/science/spacex-starship-raptor-vacuum-engine-fired-for-the-first-time/ . 9 June 2022 . 9 June 2022 . CNET.
  24. Web site: Chang . Kenneth . Sep 28, 2019 . Elon Musk Sets Out SpaceX Starship's Ambitious Launch Timeline . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200407093459/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/28/science/elon-musk-spacex-starship.html . April 7, 2020 . 8 July 2022 . The New York Times.
  25. Web site: O'Callaghan . Jonathan . 31 July 2019 . The wild physics of Elon Musk's methane-guzzling super-rocket . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210222232043/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/spacex-raptor-engine-starship . 22 February 2021 . 9 December 2021 . Wired UK.
  26. Web site: Sommerlad . Joe . 28 May 2021 . Elon Musk reveals Starship progress ahead of first orbital flight of Mars-bound craft . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210823165544/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/space/elon-musk-starship-sn16-mars-b1855721.html . 23 August 2021 . 4 December 2021 . The Independent.
  27. Sesnic . Trevor . Starbase Tour and Interview with Elon Musk . 12 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210812114027/https://everydayastronaut.com/starbase-tour-and-interview-with-elon-musk/ . 12 August 2021 . live . . 11 August 2021.
  28. News: Chang . Kenneth . Sep 28, 2019 . Elon Musk Sets Out SpaceX Starship's Ambitious Launch Timeline . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200407093459/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/28/science/elon-musk-spacex-starship.html . April 7, 2020 . 8 July 2022 . The New York Times.
  29. News: Torchinsky . Rina . 17 March 2022 . Elon Musk hints at a crewed mission to Mars in 2029 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608022151/https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087167893/elon-musk-mars-2029 . 8 June 2022 . 16 June 2022 . .
  30. Web site: 2024-04-16 . SpaceX Mars Plans for 1,000 Spaceships to Deliver First Colonists Within 7 to 9 Years . 2024-04-16 . International Business Times UK . en.
  31. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-first-mars-bound-bfr-spaceships-martian-habitats/ "SpaceX wants to use the first Mars-bound BFR spaceships as Martian habitats"
  32. https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/mars-2024-elon-musk "We're going to Mars by 2024 if Elon Musk has anything to say about it"
  33. Gwynne Shotwell . 2014-03-21 . Broadcast 2212: Special Edition, interview with Gwynne Shotwell . audio file . 2014-03-22 . http://www.thespaceshow.com/detail.asp?q=2212 . 2014-03-22 . mp3 . 29:45–30:40 . The Space Show . 2212 . would have to throw a bunch of stuff before you start putting people there. ... It is a transportation system between Earth and Mars. .
  34. News: Huge Mars Colony Eyed by SpaceX Founder . 2012-12-13 . 2014-03-14 . Discovery News .
  35. News: Carroll. Rory . Elon Musk's mission to Mars . 2014-02-05 . TheGuardian . 2013-07-17 .
  36. Web site: Sommerlad . Joe . 28 May 2021 . Elon Musk reveals Starship progress ahead of first orbital flight of Mars-bound craft . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210823165544/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/space/elon-musk-starship-sn16-mars-b1855721.html . 23 August 2021 . 4 December 2021 . . en.
  37. News: Killelea . Eric . 16 December 2021 . Musk looks to Earth's atmosphere as source of rocket fuel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211220173105/https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Elon-Musk-SpaceX-rocket-fuel-16707544.php . 20 December 2021 . 31 March 2022 . . en-US.
  38. News: Berger . Eric . 2016-09-28 . Musk's Mars moment: Audacity, madness, brilliance—or maybe all three . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161013144816/http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/musks-mars-moment-audacity-madness-brilliance-or-maybe-all-three/ . October 13, 2016 . 2016-10-13 . Ars Technica.
  39. News: Foust . Jeff . 2016-10-10 . Can Elon Musk get to Mars? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161013071335/http://www.spacenewsmag.com/feature/can-elon-musk-get-to-mars/ . October 13, 2016 . 2016-10-12 . SpaceNews.
  40. News: Boyle . Alan . September 27, 2016 . SpaceX's Elon Musk makes the big pitch for his decades-long plan to colonize Mars . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161003205159/http://www.geekwire.com/2016/spacex-elon-musk-colonize-mars/ . October 3, 2016 . October 3, 2016 . GeekWire.
  41. Web site: Torchinsky . Rina . 17 March 2022 . Elon Musk hints at a crewed mission to Mars in 2029 . 25 January 2024 . NPR . June 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608022151/https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087167893/elon-musk-mars-2029 . live .
  42. Web site: April 6, 2024 . At Starbase, @ElonMusk provided an update on the company's plans to send humanity to Mars, the best destination to begin making life multiplanetary . SpaceX.
  43. Starr . Stanley O. . April 25, 2024 . Mars in situ resource utilization: a review . April 25, 2024 . Planetary and Space Science. 182 . 10.1016/j.pss.2019.104824 .
  44. Web site: Kooser . Amanda . 16 January 2020 . Elon Musk breaks down the Starship numbers for a million-person SpaceX Mars colony . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220207024444/https://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-drops-details-for-spacexs-million-person-mars-mega-colony/ . 7 February 2022 . 7 February 2022 . . en.
  45. Web site: 2016-09-27 . Making Humans a Multiplanetary Species . https://web.archive.org/web/20160928040332/http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/mars_presentation.pdf . 2016-09-28 . 2016-09-29 . SpaceX.
  46. Web site: Zubrin . Robert . January 2024 . The Case for Colonizing Mars, by Robert Zubrin . 25 January 2024 . NSS . January 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240126010318/https://nss.org/the-case-for-colonizing-mars-by-robert-zubrin/ . live .
  47. Web site: Zimet . Saul . May 28, 2021 . What Elon Musk's Critics Get Wrong About Colonizing Mars . April 25, 2024 . Foundation for Economic Education.
  48. Web site: Wattles . Jackie . December 12, 2023 . Colonizing Mars could be dangerous and ridiculously expensive. Elon Musk wants to do it anyway . live . August 15, 2024 . CNN.
  49. Web site: Grush . Loren . October 4, 2019 . Elon Musk’s future Starship updates could use more details on human health and survival . live . August 15, 2024 . The Verge.
  50. Web site: Dvorsky . George . June 3, 2024 . Elon Musk’s Plan to Send a Million Colonists to Mars by 2050 Is Pure Delusion . live . August 15, 2024 . Gizmodo.
  51. Web site: March 15, 2021 . Elon Musk's plans for life on Mars are a 'dangerous delusion', says British chief astronomer . live . August 15, 2024 . Sky News.
  52. Web site: Dorminey . Bruce . June 15, 2018 . Why We Should Save Earth Before Colonizing Mars . live . August 15, 2024 . Forbes.
  53. Web site: Cuthbertson . Anthony . Elon Musk's SpaceX says it will 'make its own laws on Mars' . The Independent . 2020-10-28 . 2024-07-12.
  54. Web site: Mosher . Dave . 2020-11-04 . 2 sentences in Starlink's terms of service show that SpaceX is serious about creating its 'own legal regime' on Mars . 2024-07-12 . Business Insider.
  55. Web site: Lyngaas . Sean . September 11, 2023 . ‘How am I in this war?’: New Musk biography offers fresh details about the billionaire’s Ukraine dilemma . live . August 15, 2024 . CNN.
  56. Web site: Warrington . James . May 18, 2024 . Elon Musk’s Starlink in talks to boost EE rural coverage . live . August 15, 2024 . The Telegraph.
  57. Eijk . Cristian van . Sorry, Elon: Mars is not a legal vacuum – and it's not yours, either . Völkerrechtsblog . 2020 . Fachinformationsdienst für internationale und interdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung . 10.17176/20210107-183703-0 . 2024-07-12 .
  58. Web site: Cooper . Gael . 2021-05-07 . Elon Musk's first name shows up in 1953 book about colonizing Mars . 2024-07-13 . CNET.

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