Soyuz programme explained

Soyuz programme
Country:	Soviet Union Russia
Organization:	Roscosmos (1991–present)
Programme:	y
Status:	Ongoing
Firstcrewed:	Soyuz 1
Launchsite:	Baikonur
Uncrewvehicle:	Progress
Crewvehicle:	Soyuz
Capacity:	1–3
Native Name A:	Союз Космическая Программа
Native Name R:	Soyuz Kosmicheskaya Programma

The Soyuz programme (; ru|link=no|Союз pronounced as /ru/, meaning "Union") is a human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon.^[1] It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok (1961–1963) and Voskhod (1964–1965) programmes.^[2]

The programme consists of the Soyuz capsule and the Soyuz rocket and is now the responsibility of the Russian Roscosmos.^[3] After the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011, Soyuz was the only way for humans to get to the International Space Station (ISS) until 30 May 2020, when Crew Dragon flew to the ISS for the first time with astronauts.^{[4] [5]}

Soyuz rocket

The launch vehicles used in the Soyuz expendable launch system are manufactured at the Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center (TsSKB-Progress) in Samara, Russia. As well as being used in the Soyuz programme as the launcher for the crewed Soyuz spacecraft, Soyuz launch vehicles are now also used to launch robotic Progress supply spacecraft to the International Space Station and commercial launches marketed and operated by TsSKB-Progress and the Starsem company. Currently Soyuz vehicles are launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwest Russia and, since 2011, Soyuz launch vehicles are also being launched from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana.^[6] The Spaceport's new Soyuz launch site has been handling Soyuz launches since 21 October 2011, the date of the first launch.^[7] As of December 2019, 19 Guiana Soyuz launches had been made from French Guiana Space Centre, all successful.^{[8] [9] [10]}

Soyuz spacecraft

See main article: Soyuz (spacecraft). The basic Soyuz spacecraft design was the basis for many projects, many of which were never developed. Its earliest form was intended to travel to the Moon without employing a huge booster like the Saturn V or the Soviet N-1 by repeatedly docking with upper stages that had been put in orbit using the same rocket as the Soyuz. This and the initial civilian designs were done under the Soviet Chief Designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, who did not live to see the craft take flight. Several military derivatives took precedence in the Soviet design process, though they never came to pass.

A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back):

• a spheroid orbital module
• a small aerodynamic reentry module
• a cylindrical service module with solar panels attached

There have been many variants of the Soyuz spacecraft, including:

• Sever early crewed spacecraft proposal to replace Vostok (1959)
  • L1-1960 crewed circumlunar spacecraft proposal (1960); evolved into the Soyuz-A design
  • L4-1960 crewed lunar orbiter proposal (1960)
  • L1-1962 crewed lunar flyby spacecraft proposal (1962); early design led to Soyuz
  • OS-1962 space station proposal (1962)
• Soyuz-A 7K-9K-11K circumlunar complex proposal (1963)
  • Soyuz 7K crewed spacecraft concept; cancelled in 1964 in favor of the LK-1
  • Soyuz 9K proposed orbital tug; cancelled in 1964 when the Soyuz 7K and Soyuz P were cancelled
  • Soyuz 11K proposed fuel tanker; cancelled in 1964 when the Soyuz 7K and Soyuz P were cancelled
• L3-1963 crewed lunar lander proposal (1963)
• L4-1963 crewed lunar orbiter proposal; modified 7K (1963)
• Soyuz 7K-OK (1967–1970)
  • Soyuz 7K-L1 Zond (1967–1970)
  • Soyuz 7K-L3 LOK (1971–1972)
  • Soyuz 7K-OKS (1971); also known as 7KT-OK
• Soyuz 7K-T or "ferry" (1973–1981)
  • Soyuz 7K-T-AF (1973); 7K-T modified for space station flight with Orion 2 space telescope
  • Soyuz 7K-T/A9 (1974–1978); 7K-T modified for flights to military Almaz space stations
• Soyuz 7K-TM (1974–1976)
  • 7K-MF6 (1976); 7K-TM modified for space station flight with MKF-6 camera
• Soyuz-T (1976–1986)
• Zarya planned 'Super Soyuz' replacement for Soyuz and Progress (1985)
  • Alpha Lifeboat rescue spacecraft based on Zarya (1995); cancelled in favor of a modified Soyuz TM
  • Big Soyuz enlarged version of Soyuz reentry vehicle (2008)
• Soyuz-TM (1986–2003)
• Soyuz TMA (2003–2012)
• Soyuz-ACTS (2006)
• Soyuz TMA-M (2010–2016)
• Soyuz MS (since 2016)
• Military Soyuz (P, PPK, R, 7K-VI Zvezda, and OIS)
  • Soyuz P crewed satellite interceptor proposal (1962); cancelled in 1964 in favor of the Istrebitel Sputnikov program
  • Soyuz R command-reconnaissance spacecraft proposal (1962); cancelled in 1966 and replaced by Almaz
    • Soyuz 7K-TK transport spacecraft proposal for delivering cosmonauts to Soyuz R military stations (1966); cancelled in 1970 in favor of the TKS spacecraft
  • Soyuz PPK revised version of Soyuz P (1964)
  • Soyuz 7K-VI Zvezda space station proposal (1964)
  • Soyuz-VI crewed combat spacecraft proposal; cancelled in 1965
  • Soyuz OIS (1967)
    • Soyuz OB-VI space station proposal (1967)
    • Soyuz 7K-S military transport proposal (1974)
    • Soyuz 7K-ST concept for Soyuz T and TM (1974)

Derivatives

The Zond spacecraft was designed to take a crew around the Moon, but never achieved the required degree of safety or political need. Zond 5 did circle the Moon in September 1968, with two tortoises and other life forms, and returned safely to Earth although in an atmospheric entry which probably would have killed human travelers.

The Progress series of robotic cargo ships for the Salyut, Mir, and ISS use the engine section, orbital module, automatic navigation, docking mechanism, and overall layout of the Soyuz spacecraft, but are incapable of reentry.

While not a direct derivative, the Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft follows the basic template originally pioneered by Soyuz.^{[11] [12]}

Soyuz crewed flights

See also: List of Soviet human spaceflight missions and List of Russian human spaceflight missions.

• Soviet human spaceflight missions started in 1961 and ended in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
• The Russian human spaceflight missions program started in 1991 and continues to this day. Soyuz crewed missions were the only spacecraft visiting the International Space Station, starting from when the Space Shuttle program ended in 2011, until the launch of Crew Dragon Demo-2 on 30 May 2020.^{[13] [14]} The International Space Station always has at least one Soyuz spacecraft docked at all times for use as an escape craft.^{[15] [16]}

Soyuz uncrewed flights

1. Kosmos 133 - launch failure
2. Kosmos 140 - reentry damage
3. Kosmos 186
4. Kosmos 188
5. Kosmos 212
6. Kosmos 213
7. Kosmos 238
8. Soyuz 2 - failed to dock
9. Kosmos 379
10. Kosmos 396
11. Kosmos 434
12. Kosmos 496
13. Kosmos 573
14. Kosmos 613
15. Kosmos 638
16. Kosmos 656
17. Kosmos 670
18. Kosmos 672
19. Kosmos 772 - partial fail
20. Soyuz 20
21. Kosmos 869
22. Kosmos 1001
23. Kosmos 1074
24. Soyuz 34
25. Soyuz T-1
26. Soyuz TM-1
27. Soyuz MS-14
28. Soyuz MS-23

See also

• Shenzhou, a Chinese spacecraft influenced by Soyuz
• Space Shuttle
• Buran (spacecraft)
• List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents

Notes and References

1. Encyclopedia: Soyuz . Harland . David M. . Encyclopedia Britannica . 20 February 2022 . 27 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220227040726/https://www.britannica.com/technology/Soyuz . live .
2. Book: Hendrickx, Bart . Russian Life Support Systems: Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz . Erik . Seedhouse . Shayler . David J. . Handbook of Life Support Systems for Spacecraft and Extraterrestrial Habitats . 2018 . 1–15 . 10.1007/978-3-319-09575-2_39-1 . Springer International Publishing . 20 February 2022 . 978-3-319-09575-2 . https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-09575-2_39-1 . 20 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220220215611/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-09575-2_39-1 . live .
3. Web site: What Is the Soyuz Spacecraft? . Wild . Flint . NASA . 27 June 2018 . 20 February 2022 . 23 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220123014158/http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-the-soyuz-spacecraft-k-4/ . live .
4. Web site: The Last Soyuz - NASA Ends Reliance On Russia With Final Launch Before Crew Dragon . O'Callaghan . Jonathan . Forbes . 9 April 2020 . 20 February 2022 . 20 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220220220054/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2020/04/09/the-last-soyuznasa-ends-reliance-on-russia-with-final-launch-before-crew-dragon/ . live .
5. Web site: SpaceX successfully launches Nasa astronauts into orbit . Luscombe . Richard . Sample . Ian . . 30 May 2020 . 20 February 2022 . 31 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200531003728/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/may/30/spacex-nasa-crewed-spaceflight-launch-dragon-capsule-elon-musk-trump . live .
6. Web site: Soyuz & Vega at the Spaceport . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090415214124/http://www.arianespace.com/news-soyuz-vega/2008/2008-10-03-Vega-Soyuz.asp . 15 April 2009 .
7. Web site: Galileo: Europe readies itself for October launch. 5 June 2011. 23 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175058/http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2011/5-23-2011-galileo-soyuz.asp. live.
8. Web site: CNES at Europe's Spaceport . European Space Agency . ESA . 26 December 2019 . 7 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161007135418/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Europe_s_Spaceport/CNES_at_Europe_s_Spaceport . live .
9. Web site: ESA at Europe's Spaceport . European Space Agency . ESA . 26 December 2019 . 7 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161007135422/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Europe_s_Spaceport/ESA_at_Europe_s_Spaceport . live .
10. Web site: Arianespace at Europe's Spaceport . European Space Agency . ESA . 26 December 2019 . 6 January 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170106041647/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Europe_s_Spaceport/Arianespace_at_Europe_s_Spaceport . live .
11. http://www.astronautix.com/articles/shefacts.htm Shenzhou-5 – Quick Facts
12. Web site: ShenZhou Manned Spacecraft . https://web.archive.org/web/20101202015355/http://www.sinodefence.com/space/spacecraft/shenzhou.asp . 2 December 2010 . sinodefence.com . 18 May 2021 .
13. Web site: Launch and Landing . 1 July 2011 . NASA . 14 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150914234157/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/ . live .
14. SpaceX Launched Two Astronauts—Changing Spaceflight Forever . 31 May 2020 . Wired . Oberhaus . Daniel . 4 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200604060047/https://www.wired.com/story/spacex-launched-two-astronauts-changing-spaceflight-forever/ . live .
15. Web site: LA times, U.S.-Russian Crew Blasts Off to Space, By David Holley, 26 April 2003, Times Staff Writer . . 26 April 2003 . 26 December 2019 . 26 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191226205018/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-26-fg-soyuz26-story.html . live .
16. Beyond the Saga of Rocket Science: In Space to Stay, By Walter Sierra, page 225-226, 2019