Soyuz-2 Explained

Soyuz-2 (2.1a / 2.1b)
Function:	Medium-lift launch vehicle
Manufacturer:	Progress Rocket Space Centre
Country-Origin:	Russia
Cpl:	(Roscosmos)^[1] ^[2] (Arianespace)^[3]
Stages:	3 or 4
Capacities:	Kilos: A: B: Kilos: A: B: Kilos: A: B: Kilos: B: ^[4] Kilos: B:
Family:	R-7 (Soyuz)
Status:	Active
Sites:	Baikonur, Site 31/6 Plesetsk, Site 43 Vostochny, Site 1S Guiana, ELS (2011–2022)
Fail:	4 (A: 2, B: 2)
Partial:	2 (A: 1, B: 1)
First:	A: 8 November 2004 B: 27 December 2006
Last:	A: Active B: Active
Payloads:	Type: booster Diff: First stage Number: 4 Thrust: : Si: : Burntime: 118 seconds Stageno: Second Type: stage Diff: core Thrust: : Si: : Burntime: 286 seconds Stageno: Third Type: stage Thrust: A: B: Si: A: B: Burntime: 270 seconds Stageno: Fourth Type: stage Diff: optional Fregat / / ^[5] Diameter: Fregat / Fregat-M: Fregat-MT: Empty: Fregat: Fregat-M: Fregat-MT: Propmass: Fregat: Fregat-M: Fregat-MT: Burntime: Up to 1,100 seconds (up to 20 starts) Stageno: Fourth Type: stage Diff: optional Volga^[6] Engines: 1 × 17D64^[7]
Derivatives:	Soyuz-2 (CSG) Soyuz-2.1v

Soyuz-2 (GRAU index 14A14) is a modernized expendable medium-lift launch vehicle and the seventh major version in the Soyuz family. It includes key enhancements over its predecessors including improved engines along with digital flight control and telemetry systems, enabling launches from fixed platforms and the use of large payload fairings.

In its standard configuration, Soyuz-2 is a three-stage launch vehicle designed for low Earth orbit missions. Notably, its stage numbering differs from some rockets. The boosters are considered its the first stage, while the central core is the second. For higher orbits like Molniya or geosynchronous, an optional upper stage can be added. The most common upper stage is the Fregat, but the Volga is also an option. These upper stages have their own independent flight control and telemetry systems.

The Soyuz-2 rocket utilizes the existing facilities as its R-7 derived predecessors, Site 31 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and Site 43 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwestern Russia. Additional launch locations opened at the Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz at the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana in 2011 and the Site 1S at the Vostochny Cosmodrome in eastern Russia in 2016. However, Soyuz-2 launches from Guiana were suspended in 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[8]

The Soyuz-2 family has two major variants, with the Soyuz-2.1a being the base version that first launched on 8 November 2004. The Soyuz-2.1b, with a 15 percent more powerful third stage, followed on 27 December 2006. Soyuz rockets that use a larger payload fairing are called the Soyuz ST-A or Soyuz ST-B. The derivative Soyuz-2.1v with a more powerful core stage and no boosters was introduced in December 2013.

The Soyuz-2 has replaced the Molniya-M, Soyuz-U and Soyuz-FG since 2010, 2017 and 2019 respectively.^{[9] [10] [11]}

Variants

Soyuz-2.1a

The Soyuz-2.1a incorporates upgraded RD-107A engines on both booster and core stages, that have improved injection systems, to enhance overall performance.

The 2.1a also has a digital flight control system, replacing the analog system used on prior Soyuz models. This system allows the vehicle to adjust its trajectory in-flight (a capability the analog system lacked) eliminating the requirement for a complex rotating launchpad. The digital flight control system also unlocks the potential for deploying larger commercial satellites housed within wider and longer payload fairings. These fairings introduce too much aerodynamic instability for the old analog system to handle. The RD-110 engine remains in use for the third stage. When configured with the larger ST fairing, the Soyuz 2.1a is sometimes called Soyuz ST-A.

The first launch of a Soyuz-2.1a took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 8 November 2004 with a boilerplate payload, simulating the size and weight of a Zenit-8 spy satellite. The first launch of a Soyuz ST-A took place from Guiana Space Centre on 17 December 2011 carrying four satellites (including Pléiades-HR 1A, SSOT and ELISA).

Soyuz-2.1b

The Soyuz-2.1b has all the same features as the Soyuz-2.1a, but uses an upgraded engine (RD-0124) on the third stage, which greatly increases specific impulse (326 to 359 seconds), improving payload capability to LEO from to . When configured with the larger ST fairing, the Soyuz 2.1b is sometimes called Soyuz ST-B.

The first launch of a Soyuz-2.1b took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 26 July 2008 with a classified military payload.^[12] The first launch of a Soyuz ST-B took place from Guiana Space Centre on 21 October 2011 carrying two Galileo satellites.

Modifications for various launch sites

Guiana Space Centre

To accommodate the conditions and requirements of the Guiana Space Centre (CSG), Soyuz rockets underwent several key modifications. These adaptations ensure the vehicle's optimal performance and safety within the tropical environment.

Launch Infrastructure and Payload Integration

• Mobile Service Tower: Unlike other Soyuz launch complexes, the ELS employed a mobile service tower that enabled vertical payload integration directly on the launchpad.^[13]
• European Payload Adapters: Launch vehicles used European-supplied payload adapters, enhancing compatibility with a broader range of spacecraft.
• Engine Ignition: At the ELS, the engines of the boosters and first stage were pyrotechnically ignited. At other Soyuz launch complexes, engines are chemically ignited.^[14]

Enhanced Safety Systems

• European Safeguard Kit : This system can locate the rocket in real-time and, if necessary, transmit a flight termination signal, ensuring the safe destruction of the vehicle in the event of an anomaly.
• Destruct System for Boosters and Core Stage: Boosters and core stage are equipped with pyrotechnic devices to ensure they sink in the ocean for disposal after flight.
• S-Band Telemetry System Adaptation: The S band telemetry system is modified to operate on the Inter-Range Instrumentation Group standard used at the CSG.

Environmental Adaptation

• Tropical Climate Adaptation: The air conditioning system is adapted to keep the payload cool inside the faring, and protective measures are added to reduce icing when loading cryogenic fluids in the humid environment.
• Pest Control: To avoid potential wildlife intrusions, all cavities and openings within the rocket were studied and certified to be adequately sealed against insects and rodents.

Vostochny Cosmodrome

Modifications for the Vostochny Cosmodrome version includes:

• New and upgraded computer, N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika's Malachite-7, with six times more performance, better obsolescence protection, reduced weight.
• The new computer enabled a significant reduction on the cable network complexity thanks to multiplexing lines and using common buses.
• New nickel-cadmium batteries that eliminate the need for a dedicated battery charging station.
• The inclusion of on-board video system, that will enable real-time views of the launch.
• Since the launch pad at Vostochny also has a mobile gantry for vertical payload integration, similar to the ELS at Guiana, it has the necessary piping to direct the oxygen purges outside the gantry.

On 1 October 2015, it was announced that parts of the assembly complex for the Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome were designed for a different modification of the rocket and are too small, so that the planned first launch in December 2015 was under question. The first launch occurred on 28 April 2016 at 02:01:21 UTC.^[15]

Notable missions

Suborbital test flight

On 8 November 2004, at 18:30 UTC, the first Soyuz-2 carrier rocket, in the Soyuz-2.1a configuration, was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The rocket followed a sub-orbital trajectory, with the third stage and boilerplate payload re-entering over the Pacific Ocean.

Maiden launch

The first attempt at launching a Soyuz-2 to orbit, with the MetOp-A satellite, occurred on 17 July 2006. It was scrubbed two hours before the launch by an automatic sequence, after the onboard computer failed to check the launch azimuth. Fuelling of the rocket was underway at the time, and all launch complex equipment and on-board preliminary checks had proceeded without incident. The rocket was left fuelled on the launch pad, for the next attempt on 18 July 2006. Launch was eventually conducted on 19 October 2006.

First crewed mission

First crewed launch of Soyuz-2 took place at 9 April 2020, carrying Soyuz MS-16 to the ISS.

Naphthyl fuel

Following successful ground testing, a naphthyl fueled Soyuz-2.1b launch took place on 22 October 2022 at Vostochny. Naphthyl is an environmentally safe hydrocarbon fuel with fewer aromatic compounds than kerosene, that also slightly improves engine performance. There are only minor differences in thermal properties, viscosity, and surface tension, so this did not require significant engine changes.^[16]

Launch statistics

Since 2006, Soyuz-2 rockets have accumulated a total of 178 launches, 171 of which were successful, yielding a success rate.

Launch sites

List of launches

See main article: List of R-7 launches.

	Launch date Time (UTC)	Configuration	Spaceport	Result	Payload	Remarks
	18:30	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43		Zenit-8 (boilerplate)	Suborbital test flight
1	16:28	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31		MetOp-A	Weather satellite
2	08:34	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43		Meridian 1	Military communications satellite
3	14:28	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31		CoRoT	Astronomy satellite
4	18:31	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[17]	Kosmos 2441 (Persona No.1)	Reconnaissance satellite
	Launch was successful but satellite failed after a few months of operations due to an electrical fault.
5	21:53	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[18]	Meridian 2	Military communications satellite
	Bulging of third-stage combustion chamber led to fuel leak and automatic deactivation; satellite in unusable orbit after failed correction attempt.
6	15:55	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31		Meteor-M No.1	Weather satellite + 6 piggyback satellites
7	17:11	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31		Globalstar-2 F1 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
8	00:59	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Meridian 3	Military communications satellite
9	03:07	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2471 (GLONASS-K 11L)	Navigation satellite
10	17:41	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Meridian 4	Military communications satellite
11	02:27	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31		Globalstar-2 F2 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
12	20:15	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2474 (GLONASS-M 742)	Navigation satellite
13	10:30	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	^[19]	Galileo IOV-1/2	Navigation satellite First launch from Guiana Space Centre.
14	08:25	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[20]	Kosmos 2478 (GLONASS-M 746)	Navigation satellite
15	02:03	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	^[21]	Pléiades 1A SSOT ELISA 1/2/3/4	Remote sensing satellite Earth observation satellite for Chile Signals intelligence satellite
16	12:08	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[22]	Meridian 5	Military communications satellite
	Anomaly led to premature third-stage engine deactivation followed by an explosion which caused it to veer off course; satellite not deployed.
17	17:09	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	^[23]	Globalstar-2 F3 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
18	16:28	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31		MetOp-B	Weather satellite
19	18:15	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	^[24]	Galileo IOV-3/4	Navigation satellite
20	11:42	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Meridian 6	Military communications satellite
21	02:02	Soyuz ST-A Fregat	Guiana, ELS	^[25]	Pléiades 1B	Remote sensing satellite
22	16:04:24	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31		Globalstar-2 F4 (6 satellites)	Communications satellite
23	10:00:00	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Bion-M No.1	Biological science satellite + 5 piggyback satellites
24	05:23:46	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[26]	Kosmos 2485 (GLONASS-M 747)	Navigation satellite
25	18:37:59	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[27]	Kosmos 2486 (Persona No.2)	Reconnaissance satellite
26	17:28:48	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31	^[28]	Resurs-P No.1	Earth observation satellite
27	19:27:03	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	^[29]	O3b-1/2/3/4	Communications satellites
28	09:12:19	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	^[30]	Gaia	Space telescope
29	12:30	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk, Site 43		Aist 1, SKRL-756 #1/2	Maiden flight of Soyuz-2.1v
30	22:54:03	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[31]	Kosmos 2494 (GLONASS-M 754)	Navigation satellite
31	21:02:26	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	^[32]	Sentinel-1A	Earth observation satellite
32	13:49:35	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[33]	Kosmos 2495 (Kobalt-M)	Reconnaissance satellite
33	17:16:48	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[34]	Kosmos 2500 (GLONASS-M 755)	Navigation satellite
34	15:58:28	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	^[35]	Meteor-M No.2	Weather satellite + 6 piggyback satellites
35	18:55:56	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	^[36]	O3b-5/6/7/8	Communications satellites
36	20:50:00	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Foton-M No.4	Microgravity and biology research satellite
37	12:27:11	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	^[37]	Galileo FOC-1/2	Navigation satellite
	Fregat upper stage guidance problem left the satellites in an incorrect elliptical orbit. Traced to a flaw in the Fregat thermal design with a heat bridge from the coolant line to fuel line causing freezing of fuel line.
38	07:09:43	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Progress M-25M	ISS cargo spacecraft. This was the first time Soyuz 2.1a rocket was used for an ISS mission launch.
39	01:42:52	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Meridian 7	Military communications satellite
40	21:52:26	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2501 (GLONASS-K 12L)	Navigation satellite
41	18:37:00	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS		O3b-9/10/11/12	Communications satellite
	Although the mission successfully placed the O3b constellation into the correct orbit, the telemetry system ceased to send telemetry data to ground controllers moments before third Fregat burn. Mission control afterwards directly relied to the satellites to confirm their condition and their position.^[38]
42	03:01:13	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2502 (Lotos-S1 No.1)	nowrap	ELINT
43	18:55:50	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31		Resurs-P No.2	Earth observation satellite
44	11:01:35	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2503 (Bars-M 1L)	Reconnaissance
45	21:46:18	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS		Galileo FOC-3/4	Navigation
46	07:09:50	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Progress M-27M	ISS logistics
	Spacecraft lost communications and attitude control soon after separation after damaged by vibration issues during launch.^[39] International Space Station docking attempt cancelled.^[40] Mission declared a total loss.^[41]
47	15:23:54	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2505 (Kobalt-M)	Reconnaissance
48	16:44:00	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2506 (Persona No.3)	Reconnaissance
49	02:08:10	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS		Galileo FOC-5/6	Navigation
50	06:33:41	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2510 (EKS)	Missile early warning
51	14:09:00	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[42]	Kanopus-ST 1 (Kosmos 2511) KYuA 1 (Kosmos 2512)	Earth observation Radar calibration
	Soyuz-2.1v booster performed properly, however Kanopus-ST 1 satellite failed to detach from the satellite carrier atop the Volga upper stage. The KYuA-1 radar calibration sphere was mounted in the side of the satellite carrier and was able to successfully deploy.
52	11:51:56	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	^[43]	Galileo FOC-8/9	Navigation
53	08:44:39	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Progress MS-01	ISS logistics
54	00:21:07	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2514 (GLONASS-M 751)	Navigation
55	18:56:00	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31		Resurs-P No.3	Earth observation
56	09:42	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2515 (Bars-M 2L)	Reconnaissance
57	16:23:57	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Progress MS-02	ISS logistics
58	21:02:13	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	^[44]	Sentinel-1B^[45] MICROSCOPE^[46]	Earth observation Astrophysics research Technology
59	02:01:21	Soyuz-2.1a Volga	Vostochny, Site 1S		^[47]	Gamma-ray astronomy Technology demonstrations
60	08:48:43	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	^[48]	Galileo FOC-10/11	Navigation
61	08:44:37	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[49]	Kosmos 2516 (GLONASS-M 760)	Navigation
	Third stage shut down prematurely during the launch. Fregat upper stage detected the problem and compensated with an extended firing, delivering the satellite to the correct orbit.^[50]
62	01:03:34	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	^[51]	Hispasat 36W-1 a.k.a. Hispasat AG1 Small GEO	Communications
63	11:54:53	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	^[52]	SES-15^[53]	Communications
64	06:33	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[54]	EKS-2	Missile early warning
65	09:20	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Progress MS-06	ISS logistics
66	18:04	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[55]	Kosmos 2519	Military satellite, possibly geodesy project Nivelir-ZU
67	06:36:49	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31		Kanopus-V-IK Many cubesats	Earth observation Heliophysics
	At least 9 of the 72 cubesats were reported to have failed, possibly due to an issue with the Fregat upper stage.^[56] Glavkosmos, the cubesat launch provider, has later confirmed upper stage anomaly.^[57]
68	nowrap	00:02:32	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2522 (GLONASS-M 752)	Navigation
69	08:46:53	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Progress MS-07	ISS logistics
70	05:41:46	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	^[58]	Meteor-M No.2-1 Ionosfera Baumanets Several cubesats	Weather Ionospheric research
	The orbital insertion burn was conducted while upper stage was oriented in the wrong direction sending it back in to the atmosphere. Roscosmos investigation found 20 years earlier Baikonur co-ordinates had mistakenly been hardcoded in a Fregat subroutine, and the mistake only manifested itself for the first time due to launching from Vostochny. The Russian Government and independent experts however consider the conclusion as a way of escaping individual blame.^[59]
71	10:43:26	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[60]	Kosmos 2524 (Lotos S1 No.2)	ELINT
72	02:07:18 ^[61]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S^[62]	^[63] ^[64]	Kanopus-V No.3, No.4 Lemur-2 74, 75, 76, 77 S-Net 1, 2, 3, 4 D-Star One v.1.1 ^[65]	Earth observation Technology demonstrations
73	08:13:33	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	^[66]	Progress MS-08	ISS logistics
74	17:10:06	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS		O3b-13/14/15/16	Communications
75	17:38:42	Soyuz-2.1v	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[67]	Kosmos 2525 (EMKA)	Military satellite
76	21:30	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		Kosmos 2527 (GLONASS-M 756)	Navigation
77	21:51	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	^[68]	Progress MS-09	ISS logistics
78	00:15	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[69]	Kosmos 2528 (Lotos-S1 No.3)	ELINT
79	20:17	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[70]	Kosmos 2529 (GLONASS-M 757)	Navigation
80	00:47:27	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS		MetOp-C	Weather
81	13:37	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS	^[71]	CSO 1	Reconnaissance for the French Armed Forces
82	02:07	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Kanopus-V No.5 and Kanopus-V No.6 Dove Flock-w × 12	Earth observation satellites.
83	19:47	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31	^[72]	EgyptSat A	Earth observation
84	21:37	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS	^[73]	OneWeb-1 (6 satellites) + mockups × 4 (pilot flight)	Communications
85	11:01	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	^[74]	Progress MS-11	ISS logistics
86	17:03:37	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	ELS Guiana		O3b (x4)	Low Earth orbit communication satellites
87	09:23	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[75]	GLONASS-M 758	Navigation. A lightning struck the rocket 14 seconds after start, without affecting its performance.
88	05:41	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S	^[76]	Meteor-M No.2-2 Microsputnik
89	17:14 ^[77]	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk, Site 43		14F150 No.2 / Nivelir-L ^[78]	Geodesy
	Launch of four classified military satellites, designated Kosmos 2535–2538, speculated to be part of the Nivelir series of Russian surveillance satellites.
90	05:56	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[79]	Meridian 8	Communications
91	12:10	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	^[80]	Progress MS-12	ISS logistics
92	03:38	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31	^[81]	Soyuz MS-14 (uncrewed flight test)	ISS crew transport
93	07:46	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43	^[82]	Kosmos 2541	Military reconnaissance
94	17:52	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk, Site 43/4	^[83]	Kosmos 2542	Satellite inspection ^[84]
95	09:34	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-13 / 74P	ISS logistics
96		Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		GLONASS-M 759	Navigation
97		Soyuz ST-A Fregat-MT	Guiana, ELS		CHEOPS COSMO-SkyMed (CSG 1) OPS-SAT	Space telescope Earth observation (radar) Technical demonstration
98	21:42:41	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6		OneWeb-2 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 1)^[85]	Communications
99	08:24:54	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Meridian M-9 (19L)	Military comsat^[86]	date=20 February 2020
100	18:28:00	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		GLONASS-M No.760 (Kosmos 2545)	Navigation
101	17:06:58	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6	^[87]	OneWeb-3 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 2)	Communications
102	08:05:06	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-16	ISS crew transport
103	01:51:41	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6	^[88]	Progress MS-14	ISS logistics
104	06:45^[89]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		EKS-4 (Tundra 14L)^[90]	Early warning
105	14:26:22	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-15	ISS logistics
106	11:20:00	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Gonets-M (17/18/19) GEN-1 (Antilles and Amidala) (Canada), Lemur-2 (4) (United States), MeznSat (United Arab Emirates), SALSAT (Germany), NetSat-1 to 4 (Germany), ICEYE-X6 and X7 (Finland), LacunaSat-3 (Lithuania), Yarilo-1 and 2 (Russia), Norbi (Russia) and Dekart (Descartes) (Russia) ^[91]	Communications
107	05:45:04 ^[92]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-17	ISS crew transport
108	19:08:42 ^[93]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2547 (GLONASS-K 15L)	Navigation
109	01:33:28 ^[94]	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS		FalconEye 2	Reconnaissance
110	01:14 ^[95]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Gonets-M 20/21/22 ERA-1 (Kosmos-2548) (nanosatellite)	Communication Technology - Russian Ministry of Defense
111	12:26:26 ^[96]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		OneWeb-4 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 1)	Communications
112	16:42:07 ^[97]	Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M	Guiana, ELS		CSO-2	Reconnaissance
113	20:45:28 ^[98]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2549 (Lotos-S1 No.4)	ELINT
114	04:45:05 ^[99]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-16	ISS logistics
115	06:55:01 ^[100]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Arktika-M No.1	Weather satellite
116	06:07:12 ^[101]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6		CAS500-1 A cluster of secondary commercial payloads (+37 satellites).	Earth observation
117	02:47:33^[102]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		OneWeb-5 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 2)	Communications
118	07:42:40^[103]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-18	ISS crew transport
119	22:14:08^[104]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		OneWeb-6 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 3)	Communications
120	17:38:39^[105]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		OneWeb-7 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 4)	Communications
121	19:50:00^[106]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2550 (Pion-NKS No.1)	SIGINT
122	23:27:20^[107]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-17	ISS logistics
123	12:48:33^[108]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		OneWeb-8 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 5)	Communications
124	22:13:40^[109]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31/6		OneWeb-9 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 3)	Communications
125	19:59:47^[110]	Soyuz-2.1v	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2551 (EMKA No.2)	Reconnaissance
126	18:07:19^[111]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31/6		OneWeb-10 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 4)	Communications
127	08:55:02^[112]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-19	ISS crew transport
128	09:40:10^[113]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		OneWeb (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 6)	Communications
129	00:00:32^[114]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-18	ISS logistics
130	13:06:35^[115]	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Prichal	ISS assembly
131	01:09:13^[116]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2552 (EKS-5, Tundra 15L)	Early warning
132	00:19:20^[117]	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guyana, ELS		Galileo FOC FM23 Galileo FOC FM24	Navigation
133	07:38:15^[118]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-20	ISS crew transport and space tourism
134	13:10:37^[119]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur, Site 31/6		OneWeb (36 satellites) (Baikonur flight 5)	Communications
135	07:00:00^[120]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Neitron №1	Reconnaissance
136	18:09:37^[121]	Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT	Guyana, ELS		OneWeb (34 satellites)	Communications
137	04:25:39^[122]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-19	ISS logistics
138	15:55:18^[123]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-21	ISS crew transport
139	12:48:22^[124]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Meridian-M 10 (20L)	Military communications
140	11:20:18^[125]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Kosmos 2554 (Lotos-S1 No.5)	ELINT
141	08:03:32^[126]	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2556 (Bars-M 3L)	Reconnaissance
142	09:32:16^[127]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-20	ISS logistics
143	09:18:06^[128]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2557 (GLONASS-K 16L)	Navigation
144	20:25:48^[129]	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2558 (Nivelir No.3)	Surveillance
145	05:52:38^[130]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Khayyam 16 rideshare cubesats	Earth observation
146	13:54:49^[131]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-22	ISS crew transport
147	02:52:32^[132]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Kosmos 2559 (GLONASS-K 17L)	Navigation
148	19:20:15^[133]	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2561 & Kosmos 2562	Surveillance
149	19:57:09^[134]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Gonets-M 23/24/25 (33L/34L/35L), Skif-D	Communications
150	00:20:09^[135]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6		Progress MS-21	ISS logistics
151	06:47:48^[136]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2563 (EKS-6, Tundra 16L)	Early warning
152	15:13:50^[137]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Kosmos 2564 (GLONASS-M 761)	Navigation
153	21:10:25^[138]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2565 (Lotos-S1 No.6) Kosmos 2566	ELINT
154	06:15:36^[139]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-22	ISS logistics
155	00:24:29^[140]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-23	ISS crew transport
156	06:40:11^[141]	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Kosmos 2567 (Bars-M 4L)	Reconnaissance
157	29 March 2023 19:57:02^[142]	Soyuz-2.1v	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2568 (EO MKA №4)	Reconnaissance
158	24 May 2023 12:56:07^[143]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-23	ISS logistics
159	26 May 2023 21:14:51^[144]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Kondor-FKA No.1	Reconnaissance
160	27 June 2023 11:34:49^[145]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Meteor-M No.2-3 42 rideshare satellites	Weather Various uses
161	7 August 2023 13:19:25^[146]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Kosmos 2569 (GLONASS-K2 13L)	Navigation
162	10 August 2023 23:10:57^[147]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Luna 25 (Luna-Glob lander)	Lunar exploration
163	23 August 2023 01:08:10^[148]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-24	ISS logistics
164	15 September 2023 15:44:35^[149]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-24	ISS crew transport
165	27 October 2023 06:04:43^[150]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/3		Kosmos 2570 (Lotos-S1 No.7) Kosmos 2571	ELINT
166	25 November 2023 20:58:06^[151]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2572 (Razdan 1)	Reconnaissance
167	1 December 2023 09:25:11^[152]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-25	ISS logistics
168	16 December 2023 09:17:48^[153]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Arktika-M No.2	Meteorology
169	21 December 2023 08:48:39^[154]	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2573 (Bars-M 5L)	Reconnaissance
170	27 December 2023 07:03:44^[155]	Soyuz-2.1v	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2574 (Razbeg No.1)	Reconnaissance
171	9 February 2024 07:03:44^[156]	Soyuz-2.1v	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2575 (Razbeg No.2)	Reconnaissance
172	15 February 2024 03:25:05^[157]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-26	ISS logistics
173	29 February 2024 05:43:26^[158]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Meteor-M No.2-4 18 rideshare satellites	Weather Various uses
174	23 March 2024 12:36:10^[159]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Soyuz MS-25	ISS crew transport
175	31 March 2024 09:36:45^[160]	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Resurs-P No.4	Earth observation
176	16 May 2024 21:21:29^[161]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43/4		Kosmos 2576 (Nivelir-L №4) 9 rideshare satellites	Reconnaissance Various uses
177	30 May 2024 09:42:59^[162]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-27	ISS logistics
178	15 August 2024 03:20:18^[163]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-28	ISS logistics

Planned launches

Launch date Time (UTC)	Configuration	Spaceport	Result	Payload	Function	Remark
16:22 ^[164]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Soyuz MS-26	ISS crew transport
^[165]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		Ionosfera-M1 Ionosfera-M2	Ionospheric research
^[166]	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-29	ISS logistics
	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Vostochny, Site 1S		Kondor-FKA No.2	Reconnaissance
Q4	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk, Site 43		GLONASS-K 18	Navigation
Q4 ^[167]	Soyuz-2.1a	Vostochny, Site 1S		Obzor-R №1	Earth observation
^[168]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		Ionosfera-M3 Ionosfera-M4	Ionospheric research
^[169]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		Meteor-M No.2-5	Weather
^[170]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43		GLONASS-K2 No.2 (2xx)	Navigation
^[171]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43		Meridian-M 11 (21L)	Communications
	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-30	ISS logistics
	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Soyuz MS-27	ISS crew transport
	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-31	ISS logistics
	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-32	ISS logistics
	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Soyuz MS-28	ISS crew transport
	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-33	ISS logistics
^[172]	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Bion-M No.2	Biological science
^[173]	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur, Site 31		Resurs-P No.5	Earth observation
	Soyuz-2.1b	Vostochny, Site 1S		Resurs-PM №1	Earth observation
^[174] ^[175]	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		Kondor-FKA-M No.1	Reconnaissance
	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		Meteor-M No.2-6	Weather
	Soyuz-2.1b	Vostochny, Site 1S		Resurs-PM №2	Earth observation
	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-34	ISS logistics
	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Soyuz MS-29	ISS crew transport
	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-35	ISS logistics
	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-36	ISS logistics
	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31		Soyuz MS-30	ISS crew transport
	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur, Site 31/6		Progress MS-37	ISS logistics
^[176]	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Vostochny, Site 1S		Luna 26	Lunar orbiter
	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Plesetsk, Site 43		GLONASS-K 19–23	Navigation

See also

• Soyuz programme
• List of R-7 launches
• Medium-lift launch vehicle

External links

• Encyclopedia Astronautica article on Soyuz 2.1
• Encyclopedia Astronautica article on Soyuz 2.1/Fregat
• European Space Agency about Soyuz-ST (Russian name Soyuz-STK)
• Soyuz User's Manual, from Starsem
• Soyuz-2 launch vehicle, from Roscosmos

Notes and References

1. Web site: Russian launch service provider reveals cost of Soyuz-2.1 rocket launch. Russian Aviation. 24 May 2020.
2. Web site: The Soyuz-2 rocket series . Russian Space Web. 24 May 2020.
3. Web site: Office . U. S. Government Accountability . Surplus Missile Motors: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers . 2024-07-05 . www.gao.gov . en.
4. Web site: The Soyuz-2 rocket series . Russianspaceweb.
5. Web site: ru:Конструкция разгонного блока "Фрегат". http://www.laspace.ru/rus/fregat_construction.php. NPO Lavochkin. 10 March 2016. ru. 26 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151226122333/http://www.laspace.ru/rus/fregat_construction.php. dead.
6. Web site: Volga upper stage. russianspaceweb.com. 10 March 2016.
7. Web site: Soyuz 2-1 launches maiden mission from Vostochny NASASpaceFlight.com. nasaspaceflight.com. 27 April 2016. 2016-05-01.
8. Web site: Berger . Eric . 2022-02-26 . Russia pulls out of European spaceport, abandoning a planned launch . 2022-02-26 . Ars Technica . en-us.
9. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 30 September 2010 . Last launch of the Molniya-M on 30 September 2010 . RussianSpaceWeb.com.
10. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 1 June 2011 . Soyuz-2 to replace its predecessors . RussianSpaceWeb.com.
11. Web site: 1 June 2011 . Alexander Kirilin: "We are working on three rocket" . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120319223111/http://vkonline.ru/104627/article/aleksandr-kirilin-my-rabotaem-na-treh-kosmodromah.html . 19 March 2012 . 13 July 2011 . Volzkhskaya Kommuna.
12. Web site: Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload. Stephen Clark. Spaceflight Now. 26 July 2008. 27 August 2014.
13. Web site: Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre – User's manual . 2 . Arianespace . March 2012 . 16 December 2015 . 43.
14. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 23 August 2015 . Soyuz-2 launch vehicle (14A14) . 24 August 2015 . RussianSpaceWeb.
15. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz historic first mission from Vostochny . 27 April 2016 . Russian Space Web.
16. News: Soyuz rocket launches with demo satellite for Russian internet constellation . Clark . Stephen . Spaceflight Now . 22 October 2022 . 23 October 2022.
17. Web site: Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload. 26 July 2008. Spaceflight Now.
18. Web site: The Meridian satellite (14F112). Anatoly. Zak. RussianSpaceWeb. 3 May 2011.
19. https://archive.today/20130104175437/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=38800 Soyuz flight VS01 Lifts Off From French Guiana.
20. http://www.roscosmos.ru/main.php?id=2&nid=18346 Glonass-M satellite launched into orbit.
21. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/soyuz/vs02/111217launch/ Six defense satellites launched by Soyuz rocket
22. https://archive.today/20130124200506/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jl59KDboRbJQpYuMyMn1aTZ-6Ciw?docId=CNG.e5364138df255d3cdee93c8a12ba3e77.441 Russian satellite crashes into Siberia after launch
23. Web site: Globalstar satellites "flawlessly" orbited by Soyuz. Spaceflight Now. 28 December 2011.
24. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/10/soyuz-st-b-galileo-twins-to-orbit/ Soyuz ST-B launches Galileo twins successfully to orbit.
25. Web site: Soyuz VS-04 Pleiades 1B Launch Updates - SPACEFLIGHT101. 2013-06-24. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130212084657/http://www.spaceflight101.com/soyuz-vs-04-pleiades-1b-launch-updates.html. 12 February 2013.
26. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1304/26soyuz/ Third Soyuz launch in a week bolsters Glonass system
27. Web site: Graham. William. Russian spy satellite launched via Soyuz 2-1B. 7 June 2013. NASASpaceFlight.com. 8 June 2013.
28. Web site: Graham. William. Soyuz 2-1B successfully launches with Resurs-P. 25 June 2013. NASASpaceFlight.com . 25 June 2013.
29. Arianespace launch VS05 > Soyuz ST-B – O3b: Mission accomplished!. Arianespace. 25 June 2014. 16 December 2015.
30. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/12/soyuz-stb-launch-gaia-space-observatory/ Soyuz ST-B successfully launches Gaia space observatory
31. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1403/23soyuz/ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
32. Web site: Arianespace Soyuz ST-A launches Sentinel-1A mission. 3 April 2014. 2014-04-06. William. Graham. Chris. Bergin.
33. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/05/soyuz-2-1a-kobalt-m-reconnaissance-satellite/ Soyuz-2-1A launches Kobalt-M reconnaissance satellite
34. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/06/russian-glonass-launch-spotted-iss-crew/ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
35. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-28200846 Lift-off for British demo satellites
36. Web site: Arianespace advances O3b Networks' revolutionary vision with another Soyuz launch success. Arianespace. 10 July 2014. 16 December 2015.
37. Web site: Inquiry into Galileo launch anomaly to focus on Fregat.
38. News: de Selding. Peter. Soyuz Glitches Shake EC's Confidence in Vehicle. 6 December 2017. SpaceNews.com. 15 January 2015.
39. Web site: РОСКОСМОС: "ПРОГРЕСС М-27М" – ОПРЕДЕЛЕНА ПРИЧИНА АВАРИИ (ROSCOSMOS: "Progress M-27M" – cause of accident determined). Roscosmos. 1 June 2015. ru. 1 June 2015. 11 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150611064320/http://www.federalspace.ru/21513/. dead.
40. Web site: Progress M-27M. 2021-06-27. www.russianspaceweb.com.
41. Web site: Russian spacecraft Progress M-27M 'out of control'. bbc.com. British Broadcasting Company. 30 April 2015. 29 April 2015.
42. Web site: Russian Soyuz-2.1v launch a partial failure. 7 December 2015. 5 January 2016. 13 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170613183706/http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/defense/russia-successfully-launches-kanopus-st-satellite-into-orbit/. dead.
43. Web site: Soyuz completes its eighth mission with Galileo satellites. Anatoly. Zak. RussianSpaceWeb . 17 December 2015. 2015-12-17.
44. Web site: Soyuz blasts off with environmental satellite, general relativity probe. 25 April 2016. 2016-04-26. Stephen. Clark.
45. Web site: Sentinel-1 Spacecraft Overview. 25 April 2016. 2016-04-26. Patrick. Blau.
46. Web site: MicroSCOPE. 25 April 2016. 2016-04-26. Patrick. Blau.
47. Web site: Lomonosov Satellite (MVL-300). 25 April 2016 . 2016-05-07. Patrick. Blau.
48. Web site: Soyuz completes its ninth Galileo mission. 28 May 2016. 2016-05-30. Anatoly . Zak.
49. Web site: Russia deploys another GLONASS-M spacecraft via Soyuz 2-1B launch. Chris . Bargin. NASASpaceFlight.com. 29 May 2016. 2016-05-29.
50. Web site: Irregularity occurred as Soyuz upper stage was orbiting Glonass satellite. 2016-05-30. TASS.
51. Web site: Soyuz rocket supplies sendoff for multi-national telecom payload . 28 January 2017. 29 January 2017. Stephen. Clark.
52. Flight VS17: With Soyuz, Arianespace successfully launches SES-15 – the first all-electric satellite for SES. Arianespace. 18 May 2017. 18 May 2017.
53. Building on its 2016 successes, Arianespace looks to the future with confidence at the service of its customers. Arianespace. 4 January 2017. 8 January 2017.
54. News: Soyuz rocket successfully delivers EKS-2 early-warning satellite to rare orbit. spaceflightinsider.com. 25 May 2016.
55. News: Soyuz-2-1v launches a secret satellite. russianspaceweb.com. 12 July 2017.
56. Web site: Astro Digital announces first cubesats launched on Soyuz failed. 13 September 2017. 14 September 2017.
57. News: Glavcosmos confirmed launch anomaly. gazeta.ru. 12 March 2018. 13 March 2018.
58. Web site: Russian Launch Manifest. Steven. Pietrobon. 2 January 2020. 5 January 2020.
59. Web site: Russian space agency blames satellite loss on programming error.
60. News: Graham. William. Russia launches Lotos mission via Soyuz 2-1B rocket. 4 December 2017. nasaspaceflight.com. NASASpaceFlight.com. 2 December 2017.
61. News: Clark. Stephen. Soyuz rocket fires into space with 11 satellites. 1 February 2018. spaceflightnow.com. Spaceflight Now. 1 February 2018.
62. News: Two launches from Russia's new Vostochny space center due this year. TASS. 12 April 2017. 28 May 2017.
63. News: https://www.roscosmos.ru/24634/. ru:РОСКОСМОС. КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ АППАРАТЫ "КАНОПУС-В" № 3 И № 4 ВЫВЕДЕНЫ НА РАСЧЕТНЫЕ ОРБИТЫ. ru. ROSKOSMOS. SPACECRAFT "KANOPUS-B" No. 3 AND No. 4 ARE SEPARATED INTO INTENDED ORBIT. Roscosmos. February 1, 2018. February 1, 2018.
64. News: https://www.roscosmos.ru/24635/. ru:РОСКОСМОС. АМЕРИКАНСКИЕ И ГЕРМАНСКИЕ МАЛЫЕ КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ АППАРАТЫ ВЫВЕДЕНЫ НА ОРБИТУ ЗЕМЛИ. ru. ROSKOSMOS. AMERICAN AND GERMAN SMALL SPACECRAFT ARE RELEASED INTO EARTH ORBIT. Roscosmos. February 1, 2018. February 1, 2018.
65. Web site: Krebs. Gunter. Soyuz-2-1a Fregat-M. Gunter's Space Page. 1 February 2018. 18 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150418021239/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a_fregat-m.htm. dead.
66. Web site: Soyuz 2-1A launches at the second attempt with Progress MS-08. Chris Gebhardt . William Graham . Chris Bergin . NASASpaceFlight.com. February 13, 2018. 13 February 2018.
67. News: Graham. William. Spectacular Soyuz 2-1v launch deploys Kosmos 2525. 30 March 2018. nasaspaceflight.com. NASASpaceFlight.com. 29 March 2018.
68. Web site: Gebhardt. Chris. Progress MS-09 completes super fast 4-hour rendezvous with Space Station. 5 August 2018. nasaspaceflight.com. 9 July 2018.
69. News: Russia returns Soyuz rocket to flight with Lotos-S1 mission. William. Graham . NASASpaceFlight.com. 24 October 2018. 25 October 2018.
70. News: Soyuz 2-1b launches Uragan-M GLONASS satellite. William. Graham . NASASpaceFlight.com. 3 November 2018. 6 November 2018.
71. Web site: Arianespace Soyuz ST-A launches with CSO-1 . 19 December 2018 . NASASpaceFlight.com. 2018-12-20.
72. Web site: EgyptSat-A enters orbit after a close-call Soyuz launch. RussianSpaceWeb. 2019-03-04.
73. Web site: Bergin. Chris. OneWeb kick starts massive constellation with Soyuz ST-B launch. nasaspaceflight.com. 27 February 2019. 28 February 2019.
74. Web site: Progress cargo freighter docks with space station after fast-track rendezvous. 4 April 2019. Spaceflight Now.
75. https://tass.ru/proisshestviya/6475178 Молния ударила в ракету "Союз" при старте с Плесецка
76. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/07/soyuz-2-1b-launch-meteor-m-no-2-2/
77. Web site: Graham. William. Soyuz 2-1v conduts surprise military launch . NASASpaceFlight.com. 10 July 2019. 11 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190711044147/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/07/soyuz-2-1v-surprise-military-launch/. 11 July 2019. live.
78. Web site: Spooky world of military satellites. RussianSpaceWeb. Anatoly. Zak. 4 March 2017 . 11 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20120807023356/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_military.html. 7 August 2012. live.
79. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/07/soyuz-2-1a-launches-meridian-8-plesetsk/
80. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/07/31/soyuz-progress-ms-12-launch/
81. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/08/soyuz-ms-14-upgrades-ferry-skybot-robot-station/
82. Web site: Soyuz 2-1B launches latest Tundra satellite . www.nasaspaceflight.com . 26 September 2019 . 26 Sep 2019.
83. Web site: Graham. William. Bergin. Chris. Soyuz 2-1v lofts mystery military satellite. NASASpaceFlight.com. 25 November 2019. 25 November 2019.
84. News: Минобороны вывело на орбиту военный спутник-инспектор. MoD deployed a military satellite inspector. RIA Novosti. 25 November 2019. 25 November 2019. ru.
85. News: Источник сообщил, когда состоится запуск спутников OneWeb на ракете "Союз". ru. Source gives launch dates of OneWeb satellites on Soyuz rockets. RIA Novosti. 10 October 2018. 25 October 2018.
86. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/02/soyuz-2-1a-launches-ninth-meridian-satellite/
87. Web site: На Байконур доставлена вторая партия спутников системы глобального интернета One Web.
88. Web site: Gebhardt. Chris. Soyuz "Victory Rocket" launches Progress MS-14, followed by docking to the ISS. NASASpaceFlight.com. 24 April 2020. 28 April 2020.
89. News: Систему предупреждения о ракетном нападении пополнит четвертый спутник. ru. Fourth satellite to join early warning missile defense system. RIA Novosti. 24 December 2019. 1 January 2020.
90. Web site: Krebs. Gunter. Tundra (EKS, 14F142). Gunter's Space Page. 26 September 2019. 18 May 2020.
91. Web site: Soyuz launches with 22 satellites. Spaceflight Now. 29 September 2020. 1 October 2020.
92. Web site: Soyuz MS-17 delivers fresh ISS crew. russianspaceweb.com. 15 October 2020.
93. Web site: Russia launches Soyuz with next-generation navigation satellite. NASASpaceflight.com. 26 October 2020.
94. Web site: Soyuz launches 2nd Falcon Eye satellite. Gunter's Space Page. 28 November 2019.
95. Web site: Soyuz-2 rocket with Gonets satellite and Defense Ministry system launched in Russia. TASS. 3 December 2020.
96. Web site: Flight ST29: Successful OneWeb constellation's satellites deployment with Arianespace's first mission from the Vostochny Cosmodrome. Arianespace. 18 December 2020.
97. Web site: Soyuz orbits the French CSO-2 Earth observation satellite on Arianespace's 10th launch of 2020. Arianespace. 29 December 2020.
98. Web site: Russia launches classified payload to start 2021 campaign. Gray . Tyler. NASASpaceFlight.com. 2 February 2021. 2 February 2021.
99. Web site: Kanayama. Lee. Navin. Joseph. Roscosmos launches Progress MS-16 resupply ship on 2 day flight to Station. NASASpaceFlight.com. 14 February 2021. 14 February 2021.
100. Web site: Russia launches Arctic weather satellite . Spaceflight Now. 28 February 2021. 28 February 2021.
101. Web site: Russia launches multi-satellite rideshare mission on commercial Soyuz flight. nasaspaceflight. 22 March 2021.
102. Web site: Soyuz launches with 36 satellites for OneWeb's constellation. Spaceflight Now. 24 March 2021. 25 March 2021.
103. Web site: Pearlman . Robert . Soyuz MS-18 crew launches to station 60 years after first human spaceflight . . 9 April 2021 . 9 April 2021.
104. Web site: OneWeb Flight 6 launches aboard Soyuz-2.1b from Vostochny. nasaspaceflight.com. 25 April 2021. April 26, 2021.
105. Flight ST32: Arianespace successfully deploys OneWeb constellation satellites . . 19 May 2021 . 29 May 2021.
106. Web site: Ракета-носитель "Союз-2" вывела на орбиту аппарат нового поколения в интересах Минобороны . The Soyuz-2 launch vehicle launched a new generation vehicle into orbit in the interests of the Ministry of Defense . . 25 June 2021 . 25 June 2021 . ru.
107. Грузовой корабль "Прогресс МС-17" стартовал к МКС . Progress MS-17 cargo vehicle launched to ISS . 30 June 2021 . 30 June 2021 . . ru.
108. Flight ST33: Arianespace successfully deploys 36 OneWeb constellation satellites . 1 July 2021 . 1 July 2021 . Arianespace.
109. Web site: Arianespace Soyuz rocket launches 34 OneWeb internet satellites into space. space.com. 21 August 2021. 22 August 2021.
110. Web site: Ракета "Союз-2.1в" вывела на орбиту аппарат Минобороны . "Soyuz-2.1v" rocket puts Ministry of Defence apparatus into orbit . . 9 September 2021 . 9 September 2021 . ru.
111. Web site: Beil . Adrian . Soyuz mission launches 34 OneWeb satellites to orbit . . 14 September 2021 . 14 September 2021.
112. Web site: Gebhardt . Chris . Soyuz MS-19 launches film crew to Station amid tightened Russian space reporting regulations . 5 October 2021 . 5 October 2021 . NASASpaceFlight.com.
113. With Flight ST36, Arianespace sets a new mark; more than half of the OneWeb constellation now successfully deployed . 14 October 2021. 14 October 2021 . Arianespace.
114. Web site: 'Perfect launch' of Soyuz rocket sends Russian Progress 79 cargo ship to space station. 28 October 2021. Space.com. 28 October 2021.
115. "Причал" летит к МКС . "Prichal" flies to the ISS . 24 November 2021 . 24 November 2021 . Roscosmos.
116. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Russia launches a missile-detection satellite . RussianSpaceWeb . 25 November 2021 . 25 November 2021.
117. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz delivers a pair of Galileo satellites . RussianSpaceWeb . 4 December 2021 . 5 December 2021.
118. Web site: Neal . Mihir . Soyuz MS-20 space tourism flight launches . . 7 December 2021 . 8 December 2021.
119. Web site: Navin . Joseph . Soyuz 2.1b launches with 36 OneWeb Satellites . . 26 December 2021 . 27 December 2021.
120. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches a secret cargo . RussianSpaceWeb . 5 February 2022 . 5 February 2022.
121. Arianespace's thirteenth flight for OneWeb successfully deployed 34 additional satellites . 10 February 2022 . 11 February 2022 . Arianespace.
122. Web site: Clark . Stephen . Russian cargo ship launches in pursuit of International Space Station . Spaceflight Now . 15 February 2022 . 15 February 2022.
123. Web site: Gebhardt . Chris . First all-Roscosmos cosmonaut mission arrives at station . . 18 March 2022 . 19 March 2022.
124. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches 10th Meridian satellite . RussianSpaceWeb . 22 March 2022 . 22 March 2022.
125. Web site: Ракета "Союз" с военным спутником стартовала с космодрома Плесецк . Soyuz rocket with military satellite launched from Plesetsk cosmodrome . ru . 7 April 2022 . 7 April 2022 . Ria Novosti.
126. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches third Bars-M satellite . 19 May 2022 . 19 May 2022 . RussianSpaceWeb.
127. Web site: Navin . Joseph . Progress MS-20 docks to the International Space Station . 3 June 2022 . NASASpaceFlight. 3 June 2022 .
128. Web site: Спутник "Глонасс-К" вывели на орбиту . Glonass-K satellite launched into orbit . . 7 July 2022 . 7 July 2022 . ru.
129. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz-2-1v launches military satellite . RussianSpaceWeb . 1 August 2022 . 1 August 2022.
130. Web site: Russia's Fregat booster delivers Iranian satellite into orbit — Roscosmos . . 9 August 2022 . 9 August 2022.
131. Web site: Gebhardt . Chris . Soyuz MS-22 lofts two Russians and one American to ISS . . 21 September 2022 . 21 September 2022.
132. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Fifth GLONASS-K satellite lifts off . RussianSpaceWeb . 10 October 2022 . 10 October 2022.
133. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz-2-1v launches a pair of classified payloads . RussianSpaceWeb . 21 October 2022 . 21 October 2022.
134. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches Gonets trio, Skif-D proto-satellite . RussianSpaceWeb . 22 October 2022 . 22 October 2022.
135. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 25 October 2022 . Progress MS-21 to re-supply the ISS . 26 October 2022 . RussianSpaceWeb.
136. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 1 November 2022 . Soyuz launches a missile-detection satellite . 2 November 2022 . RussianSpaceWeb.
137. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 28 November 2022 . Soyuz-2 rocket launches the final GLONASS-M satellite . 28 November 2022 . RussianSpaceWeb.
138. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 1 December 2022 . Soyuz launches military payload . 1 December 2022 . RussianSpaceWeb.
139. Web site: Rosenstein . Sawyer . Progress MS-22 resupply ship launches to ISS . 9 February 2023 . 9 February 2023 . NASASpaceFlight.
140. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-22 lifts off . RussianSpaceWeb . 9 February 2023 . 9 February 2023.
141. Web site: Russia launches Soyuz-2.1a rocket with military satellite — top brass . . 23 March 2023 . 23 March 2023.
142. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 29 March 2023 . Soyuz-2-1v rocket launches military payload . 29 March 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
143. Web site: Mooney . Justin . Russia launches Progress MS-23 resupply mission to space station . 24 May 2023 . 24 May 2023 . NASASpaceFlight.
144. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . 26 May 2023 . Roskosmos launches radar-observation satellite . 26 May 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
145. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches a Meteor weather satellite and 42 hitchhikers . 27 June 2023 . 28 June 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
146. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Russia launches newly redesigned navigation satellite . 7 August 2023 . 7 August 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
147. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Luna-Glob mission lifts off . 10 August 2023 . 10 August 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
148. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-24 to re-supply the ISS . 23 August 2023 . 23 August 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
149. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz MS-24 carries crew to ISS . 15 September 2023 . 15 September 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
150. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches military payload . 27 October 2023 . 27 October 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
151. Anatoly Zak . RussianSpaceWeb . 1728525533330243853 . Russian military launches a #Soyuz rocket from Plesetsk with a classified payload at 23:58 Moscow Time (3:58 p.m. EST). Updates: https://russianspaceweb.com/index.html . 25 November 2023.
152. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-25 launches to the ISS . 1 December 2023 . 1 December 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
153. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Second Arktika satellite lifts off . 16 December 2023 . 16 December 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
154. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches military payload . 21 December 2023 . 21 December 2023 . RussianSpaceWeb.
155. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz-2-1v launches classified payload . 31 December 2023 . 3 January 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
156. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz-2-1v launches classified payload . 9 February 2024 . 9 February 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
157. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-26 to resupply the ISS . 15 February 2024 . 15 February 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
158. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches a weather satellite and 18 hitchhikers . 29 February 2024 . 29 February 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
159. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz MS-25 lifts off . 23 March 2024 . 23 March 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
160. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz launches Resurs-P4 imaging satellite . 31 March 2024 . 31 March 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
161. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Soyuz-2 launches a classified satellite, secondary payloads . 17 May 2024 . 17 May 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
162. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-27 to re-supply the ISS . 30 May 2024 . 30 May 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
163. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Progress MS-28 to re-supply ISS . 15 August 2024 . 15 August 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb.
164. Web site: Next year's Russian manned missions to ISS due in March, September — source . 1 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . TASS.
165. Web site: ЭКСКУРСИЯ НА КОСМОДРОМ ВОСТОЧНЫЙ . EXCURSION TO THE VOSTOCHNY COSMODROME . 11 February 2024 . Tayga-Tour . ru.
166. Web site: Космодром Байконур . Baikonur Cosmodrome . 7 January 2024.
167. Web site: Zak . Anatoly . Russian space program in 2024 . RussianSpaceWeb . 24 January 2024.
168. Web site: "Роскосмос" в 2023 г. планирует запустить 9 спутников дистанционного зондирования Земли . Roscosmos plans to launch 9 Earth remote sensing satellites in 2023 . . 14 November 2022 . 15 December 2022 . ru.
169. Web site: Спектрометр спутника "Метеор-МП" будет давать в два раза больше данных . Meteor-MP satellite spectrometer will provide twice as much data . ru . 19 July 2022 . 1 August 2022 . RIA Novosti.
170. Web site: Hendrickx . Bart . The secret payloads of Russia's Glonass navigation satellites . . 19 December 2022 . 20 December 2022 . The long-delayed flight of the first Glonass-K2 (serial number 13L) is now set for the first quarter of next year, with a second satellite (nr. 14L) expected to follow later in 2023..
171. Web site: Еще один спутник связи "Меридиан-М" запустят до конца года . Another communication satellite "Meridian-M" will be launched before the end of the year . 19 April 2022 . 20 April 2022 . . ru.
172. Web site: "Бион-М" №2 планируют запустить 1 сентября . "Bion-M" No. 2 is planned to be launched on September 1 . ru . 8 April 2024 . 18 April 2024 . TASS.
173. Web site: Спутник "Ресурс-П" №4 запустят летом 2023 года . Satellite "Resurs-P" No. 4 will be launched in the summer of 2023 . . 30 January 2023 . 31 January 2023 . ru.
174. Web site: В НПО машиностроения сообщили о продолжении разработки спутника "Кондор-ФКА-М" . NPO Mashinostroeniya announced the continuation of the development of the "Kondor-FKA-M" satellite . . 27 January 2023 . 30 January 2023 . ru.
175. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . Kondor-FKA-M 1 . Gunter's Space Page . 14 January 2023 . 30 January 2023.
176. Web site: Ученый сообщил об активном ходе работ по импортозамещению комплектующих "Луны-27" . The scientist reported on the active progress of work on import substitution of Luna-27 components . ru . 19 July 2023 . 27 July 2023 . TASS.