| Soyot | |
| Nativename: | Uncoded languages: сойыт тыл |
| States: | Russia, Mongolia |
| Region: | Buryatia, Khövsgöl Province |
| Ethnicity: | Soyots |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Extinct: | Second half of 20th century |
| Familycolor: | Altaic |
| Fam1: | Turkic |
| Fam2: | Common Turkic |
| Fam3: | Siberian Turkic |
| Fam4: | South Siberian |
| Fam5: | Sayan Turkic |
| Fam6: | Taiga Sayan Turkic[2] |
| Iso3: | none |
| Glotto: | soyo1234 |
| Glottoname: | Soyot |
| Elp: | 10480 |
| Revived: | 2000s[3] |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Map2: | Lang Status 01-EX.svg |
Soyot (or Soyot–Tsaatan) is an extinct and revitalizing Turkic language of the Siberian Sayan branch similar to the Dukhan language and closely related to the Tofa language. Two dialects/languages are spoken in Russia and Mongolia: Soyot in the Okinsky District of the Republic of Buryatia (Russia) and Tsaatan (Uriankhai Uyghur) in the Darkhad valley of Mongolia.
The language is revitalizing in primary schools. In 2002, V. I. Rassadin published a Soyot–Buryat–Russian dictionary.[4] In 2020, he published a children's picture dictionary in the Soyot language, along with Russian, Mongolian, and English translations.[5]
Soyot belongs to the Turkic family of languages. Within this family, it is placed in the Sayan Turkic branch. According to some researchers, the Sayan Turkic branch has five languages:[6] [7]
According to Glottolog, the Soyot is a dialect of the Taiga Sayan Turkic language:[8]
Ragagnin similarly divides the Sayan languages into two branches: Steppe and Taiga, but makes certain distinctions not made by Glottlog:[9]
Soyot has no official recognition in any of the countries where it is spoken. Until 1993, they were counted as part of the Buryat nationality in Russia. At this point, they were acknowledged as a separate nationality by the People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia. After applying to the Russian Duma for official recognition, they were acknowledged as an ethnic minority in 2001. Most Soyots in Russia live in Buryatia's Okinsky District.[10]
Rassadin reports that the Soyot and Tsaatan dialects, have very similar phonological systems. Information here is from Soyot.
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive or Affricate | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Affricate | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| Trill or Tap | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| Front | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Open | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
Soyot exhibits vowel harmony, that is, words containing front vowels take only suffixes containing front vowels, whereas words with back vowels take only suffixes with back vowels.
Soyot is not commonly written. Rassadin employs a Cyrillic-based writing system to represent Soyot in his dictionaries and grammars. Certain letters are only found in Russian loanwords.
| Аа | /a/ | Һһ | /h/ | Хх | /x/ | |
| Бб | /b/ | Лл | /l/ | Цц | /t͡s/ | |
| Вв | /v/ | Мм | /m/ | Чч | /t͡ʃ/ | |
| Ғғ | /ɣ/ | Нн | /n/ | Ҷҷ[11] | /d͡ʒ/ | |
| Дд | /d/ | Ңң | /ŋ/ | Шш | /ʃ/ | |
| Ее | /e, ʲe/[12] | Оо | /o/ | Щщ | /ɕ/ | |
| Ёё | /ʲo, jo/ | Өө | /ø/ | Ъъ | /◌ˤ/[13] | |
| Жж | /ʒ/ | Пп | /p/ | Ыы | /ɯ/ | |
| Зз | /z/ | Рр | /r/ | Ьь | /◌ʲ/[14] | |
| Ии | /i/[15] | Сс | /s/ | Ээ | /e/[16] | |
| Іі | /i/ | Тт | /t/ | Әә | /æ/ | |
| Йй | /j/ | Уу | /u/ | Юю | /ʲu, ju/ | |
| Кк | /k/ | Үү | /y/ | Яя | /ʲa, ja/ | |
| Ққ | /q/ | Фф | /f/ |
Nouns have singular and plural forms. The plural is formed with the suffix /-LAr/, which has six possible surface variations depending on vowel harmony and the preceding sound.
| Nasal consonant | -nær: hem-nær "rivers" | -nar: oyɯn-nar "games" | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless consonant | -tær: eʃ-tær "friends" | -tar: baˁʃ-tar "heads" | |
| Vowel or voiced consonant | -lær: øɣ-lær "houses" | -lar: barva-lar "saddle bags" |
| 1st person | -(I)m | -(I)vIs | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd person | -(I)ŋ | -(I)ŋAr | |
| 3rd person | -(s)I | -(s)I |
| Genitive | -nɯŋ, -niŋ, -tɯŋ, -tiŋ | |
|---|---|---|
| Dative | -ɣa, -gæ, -qa, -kæ | |
| Locative | -da, -dæ, -ta, -tæ | |
| Ablative | -dan, -dæn, -tan, -tæn | |
| Directive | -ɣɯdɯ, -gidi, -qɯdɯ, -kidi |
Certain adjectives may be intensified via reduplication. The involves taking the first syllable plus /p/ and adding it to the front of the word, e.g. qap-qara "very black", sap-sarɯɣ "very yellow". Other adjectives are intensified using the adverb tuŋ "very", e.g. tuŋ ulɯɣ "very big".
Soyot employs a base-10 counting system.
| biræː | 10 | on | ||
| 2 | iˁhi | 20 | t͡ʃeːrbi, t͡ʃeːrvi | |
| 3 | yʃ | 30 | yd͡ʒøn | |
| 4 | dørt | 40 | dørtøn | |
| 5 | beʃ | 50 | bed͡ʒøn | |
| 6 | aˁltɯ | 60 | aˁlton | |
| 7 | t͡ʃedi | 70 | t͡ʃedon | |
| 8 | ses | 80 | ses on | |
| 9 | tos | 90 | tos on | |
| 100 | t͡ʃys | 1000 | mɯŋ |
Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the word duɣaːr to the cardinal numeral, e.g. iˁhi duɣaːr "second".